Class XII Subject Biology General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory. 2. This question paper consists of four Sections A, B, C and D. Section -A contains 9 questions of 1 mark each, Section -B is of 10 questions of 2 marks each, Section -C has 9 questions of 3 marks each and Section D is of 3 questions of 5 marks each.

Section - A
Q1. The turkey usually produces females for several generations. How is this possible? A1 In a turkey, female gametes undergo development without fertilisation. This phenomenon is called parthenogenesis. [1 Mark] Q2. The meiocyte of an onion plant contains 32 chromosomes. Workout the number of chromosomes found in its endosperm. A2 meiocyte has 32 chromosomes (2n) hence its gamete will have 32/2 = 16 chromosomes therefore endosperm will have 16 3 = 48 chromosomes ( 3n) Q3) Which Mendels law of inheritance is universally acceptable and without any exception? State the A3. The law of segregation; The factors or alleles present in pairs segregate during gamete formation.

Q4. AaBb was crossed with aabb. What would be the phenotypic ratio of the progeny? Mention the term to denote this kind of cross.

Ans 15. 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : ; Test cross + = 1 Q5. In F.Griffiths experiment, how did the nonvirulent strain of Streptococcus Pneumoniae become virulent? Ans. Bacterial transformation/transfer of genetic material/by acquiring genes for smooth coat Q6 At what stage of life is oogenesis initiated in a human female? When does the oocyte complete oogenesis? 1 Ans 6. Embryonic life + = 1 When the sperm enters the egg/at the time of fertilization Q7. After a successful in-vitro fertilisation, the fertilised egg begins to divide. Where is this egg transferred before it reaches the 8-cell stage and what is this technique named? Ans . Fallopian tube/oviduct; ZIFT/zygote intra fallopian transfer
(Q8.) Give the name of a plant which causes pollen allergy. (1 Mark) (Ans) Parthenium. (Q.9) What are chasmogamous flowers? (1 Mark) (Ans)

Chasmogamous flowers open and exposes the stamensand style to the environment for cross pollination. These flowers are similar to flowers of the other species.

Section B

10. Fed up of a large family, a couple wanted to adopt a terminal method of contraception. Describe the process conducted by the doctor in either of the cases (male / female partner A10 Male Partner : Vasectomy - a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision in the scrotum. Female Partner : Tubectomy - a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.

11. The human male and female bird are heterogametic while the human female and male bird are homogametic. Why are they called so? A11 Genotype of human male is - XY Genotype of female bird is - ZW = The sex chromosomes are dissimilar and hence are called heterogametic. Genotype of human female is XX Genotype of male bird is ZZ = The sex chromosomes are similar, hence homogametic
(Q.12) Mention the fate of the following structures of the ovule after

fertilisation. a) Integuments b) Synergids c) Polar nuclei d) Egg cell

(2 Marks) (Ans)

a) Two integuments develop into seed coats. b) Synergids degenerate and provide nourishment to developing embryo. c) Polar nuclei develop into endosperm. c) Egg cell form zygote and later develop into embryo.
(Q.13) Differentiate between mammary duct and lactiferous duct. (2 Marks) (Ans)

Mammary duct - Within the mammary gland, the mammary tubules of each lobe join to form a bigger duct called mammary duct. Lactiferous duct - Several mammary ducts are joined to form a wider ampulla, which is connected to lactiferous duct through which milk is sucked.
(Q.14) Placenta is a temporary endocrine gland. Justify the statement. (Ans)

Placenta develops during the pregnancy only and secretes hormones to maintain the pregnancy. Hence it is a temporary endocrine gland.
(Q.15) Define test cross. What is its significance? (2 Marks) (Ans)

Test cross: Test cross can be defined as cross between an organism of an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual. Significance: It reveals the genotype of an organism showing a dominant phenotype.

(Q.16) What would be the phenotype ratio of pea plants obtained on crossing two Tt plants, if the gene for tall (T) plants was incompletely dominant over the gene for short (t) plants. What would be the result of crossing two Tt plants? (2 Marks) (Ans) 1/4 would be tall, 1/2 intermediate height and 1/4 short. The heterozygous offspring (Tt) would be of intermediate height.
(Q17.) If a double stranded DNA has 20% of cytosine, calculate the

percentage of adenine and guanine in the DNA.

(2 Marks) (Ans) Chargaffs rule : The DNA molecule should have an identical ratio of pyrimidine (cytosine and thymine) and purine (adenine and guanine). i.e., % A = % T and % G = % C If dsDNA has 20% of cytosine, then as per the Chargaffs rule, it would have 20% of guanine. Thus, percentage of G + C content = 40% The remaining 60% represents both A + T molecule. Since adenine and guanine are always present in equal numbers, the percentage of adenine molecule is 30%.

(Q.18) Depending upon the chemical nature of the template (DNA or RNA) and the nature of nucleic acids synthesised from it (DNA or RNA), list the types of nucleic acid polymerases. (2 Marks) (Ans) There are two different types of nucleic acid polymerases: (1)DNA-dependent DNA polymerases (2)DNA-dependent RNA polymerases The DNA-dependent DNA polymerases use a DNA template for synthesising a new strand of DNA, whereas DNA-dependent RNA polymerases use a DNA template strand for synthesising RNA.

(Q19.) How does transcription come to an end? (Ans)

Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase encounters a termination sequence on the DNA. After this termination can occur in either of the two ways: (i) The RNA might form a hairpin loop with itself and destabilize the RNA-DNA hybrid.

(ii) Some protein factors namely, rho factor can participate and break the RNA-DNA hybrid.

(Q20.) How can DNA polymorphism help in DNA fingerprinting? (Ans)

DNA fingerprinting works on the principle that the DNA sequence of individuals in a single species differs at certain single points. This difference is known as DNA polymorphism. This helps to assert a specific identity to one person just like his fingerprint would have done but in a more effective way.

Section C
(Q21.) Both amphibians and reptiles are oviparous animals, yet they differ in certain aspects of reproduction. What are the differences? What is the disadvantage to oviparous animals? (3 Marks) (Ans)

Amphibians (such as frogs) exhibit external fertilisation (outside the body of the organisms) while reptiles exhibit internal fertilisation (inside the body of the organism). Amphibians release large number of gametes into the external medium (water) to enhance the chances of fertilisation. In reptiles, egg is formed inside the female body where they fuse with the male gamete. They lay fertilised eggs. The fertilised eggs are laid in a safe place in the environment and after a period of incubation, the young ones hatch out.
The major disadvantage in case of oviparous animals is that the Offspring are extremely vulnerable to predators threatening their survival up to adulthood.

(Q22.) Distinguish between oestrus cycle and menstrual cycle.

Ans Differences between oestrus cycle and menstrual cycle: S.No. Oestrus cycle Menstrual cycle 1. Interval between two consecutive cycles Interval between two consecutive

2.

3.

4. 5. 6.

varies between a few months to over a year.cycles is about 4 weeks. Females exhibiting this cycle are normally Females exhibiting this cycle can be sexually active only during the oestrus sexually active throughout their phase of their cycle. This is also referred as cycle, even when they are not about being in heat. to ovulate. Reabsorbs the endometrium(inner Shed the endometrium through membrane of the mammalian uterus) if menstruation if conception does not conception does not occur during that occur during that cycle. cycle. No blood loss occurs. Blood loss occurs. This cycle continues until death. This cycle ends at menopause. Example: Non primate mammals - cows, sheep, rats, deer, dogs etc. Example: Primates -humans, apes

(Q23.) Differentiate among autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy. (3 Marks) (Ans)

Autogamy:The type of pollination, in which pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower of the same plant. Geitonogamy: The type of pollination, in which pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant. Xenogamy:The type of pollination, in which pollen grains are transferred from the anther of the one plantto the stigma of aother plant. (Q24.) Name the following and give the function of any two: a. Three cells present at the chalazal end in the embryo sac. b. A small pore in the ovule through which the pollen tube enters. c. Wall of fruit having mesocarp, endocarp and epicarp. d. Two cells present on either side of the egg cell in an embryo sac. e. Mass of parental cells enclosed within the integument.
(Ans)

a. Antipodals b. Micropyle c. Pericarp d. Synergids : Plays an important role in guiding the pollen tubes into the synergids. e. Nucellus : Cells of nucellus have abundant reserve food materials.

(Q25.) Define parturition. Discuss the role of oxytocin in the process of

parturition.
(3 Marks)

(Ans)

Parturition - The process of delivery/ expulsion of the foetus through birth canal due to vigorous contraction of the uterus is called parturition. a) Oxytocin secreted from the mother pituitary acts on the uterine muscle and cause stronger uterine contractions, which in turn stimulates further secretion of oxytocin. b) The stimulatory reflex between the uterine contraction and oxytocin secretion continues resulting in stronger contractions leads to expulsion of baby out.

(Q26.) State the functions of the following:

a) Acrosome b) Corpus luteum c) Relaxin d) Trophoblast e) Vas deferens

(3 Marks) (Ans)

a) Acrosome- Releases certain enzymes, which help sperm to penetrate egg membranes. b) Corpus luteum - Secrete progesterone, which is essential for maintainance of endometrium. c) Relaxin -At the end of gestation, placenta releases relaxin which helps in parturition by softening the connective tissue of pubic symphysis. d) Trophoblast- Provides nourishment to developing embryo and helps in implantation. e) Vas deferens- A duct of male reproductive system which stores and transports sperms.
(Q27

A woman with normal vision gives birth to a daughter with red-green colour-blindness. Knowing that colour-blindness is a sex-linked recessive gene, a) what is fathers genotype? b)The woman marries a man with normal vision. What is the probability they will have sons who are red-green colour-blind c)What is the probability the above couple will have daughters who are redgreen colour-blind? Ans) a) Women-XbX Father- XbY b) 50% c) 50%

(Q28.) (a) The accessibility of promoter region of prokaryotic DNA is regulated by the interaction of a protein with a definite sequence of DNA. What name is given to such a DNA sequence? (b) State the function of DNA polymerase in prokaryotes excluding the polymerising of DNA during DNA synthesis. (c) DNA is unzipped twice in a cell. Mention the two events and the enzyme responsible for it.
(Ans)

(a) Operator (b) Functions of DNA polymerase excluding the polymerizing of DNA during DNA synthesis are: Proof reading of DNA replica. Removal of any wrong base added during the replication of DNA. (c) The enzyme responsible for unwinding of DNA molecule is known as DNA helicase. The two events when DNA molecule unwinds are: During DNA replication i.e. in the S-phase of interphase. During transcription for protein synthesis.

(Q29.) In the medium where E. coli was growing, lactose was added, which induced the lac operon. Then, why did lac operon shut down some time after the addition of lactose in the medium?
(Ans)

Lacoperon is a segment of DNA that is made up of three adjacent structural genes, namely, an operator gene, a promoter gene and a regulator gene. It works in a coordinated manner to metabolise lactose into glucose and galactose. Inlacoperon, lactose acts as an inducer. It binds to the repressor and inactivates it. Once the lactose binds to the repressor, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region. Hence, three structural genes express their product and respective enzymes are produced. These enzymes act on lactose so that lactose is metabolised into glucose and galactose.

After sometime, when the level of inducer decreases as it is completely metabolised by enzymes, it causes synthesis of the repressor from regulator gene. The repressor binds to the operator gene and prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon. Hence, the transcription is stopped. This type of regulation is known as negative regulation.

Section D
(Q30.) Enlist all the events that take place during a menstrual cycle. (5 Marks) (Ans)

The whole event of menstrual cycle is divided into following phases:i) Follicular phase (Proliferative phase)a) Primary follicles in the ovary grow to become fully mature graffian follicles. b) Endometrium also develops simultaneously in the uterus. c) Secretion of gonadotropins increases gradually and stimulates follicular development and release of estrogen by growing follicles. ii) Ovulatory phase - In the middle of the cycle (14th day), the level of LH becomes quiet high and induces rupturing of graffian follicle and release of functional ovum into fallopian tube. iii) Luteal phase - The left over part of graffian follicle is transformed into a yellow structure called corpus luteum, which secrete progesterone for maintaining endometrium for expected pregnancy. iv) Menstrual phase - In the absence of fertilisation, corpus luteum degenerates, endometrium ruptures leading to menstruation.

(Q31.) Wolves have been seen with black coats and blue eyes. If normal coat

colour (N) is dominant to black (n) and brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue (b). Suppose the breeding male and female are black with blue eyes and normal coloured with brown eyes respectively and female is also heterozygous for both traits. How many of the offspring (assume 16) living in the pack will have each of the following genotypes?

a) 1)nnBB 2)Nnbb b)What percent of the offspring will be normal coloured with blue eyes? c)What percent of the offspring will be brown with brown eyes? (5 Marks) (Ans) a) Male-nnbb Female-NnBb NB Nb nB nb nb NnBb Nnbb nnBb nnbb nb NnBb Nnbb nnBb nnbb nb NnBb Nnbb nnBb nnbb nb NnBb Nnbb nnBb nnbb 1) nnBB-0 2) Nnbb-4 b) Normal coloured with blue eyes Nnbb 25% (4/16x100) c) Brown with brown eyes NnBb 25% (4/16x100)

(Q32.)

Study the RNA segment given below which is completely translated into a polypeptide chain.

(i) Identify the bases a and b. (ii) What do the codon 'aUG' and 'UAb' code for? (iii) How is peptide bond formed between two amino acids in the ribosome? (5 Marks) (Ans) (i) 'a' is A (AUG) and 'b' is A/G (UAA/UAG). (ii) AUG codes for methionine. UAA/UAG is a stop codon /nonsense codon/does not code for any amino acid. (iii) Charged tRNAs are brought closer together on mRNA in the ribosome. Ribosome acts as a catalyst (ribozyme) in forming the peptide bond.