1.

(ii) (b)

(a)

(i)

Hypothalamus ; 1

Hypothermia ;

(i) Temperature stayed the same from 0 to 5 minutes ; Increased from 5 to 20 minutes / peaks at 20 minutes ; Then temperature decreased from 20 to 40 minutes ; Same at the end as at start ; [accept time references] Credit any quantitative description (e.g. temperature increased by 0.9oC from start to 20 minutes) ; (ii) 0 to 20 minutes Temperature of water higher than body temperature ; Heat gained by conduction ; Therefore temperature increased ; Reference to sweating being ineffective in water as a way to reduce body temperature ; 20 to 40 minutes Correct reference to vasodilatation ; Increased heat loss by radiation ; Increased sweating ; Reference to evaporation (of water) ; Correct reference to latent heat ; Therefore body temperature decreased / body cools ;

5
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2. (b)

(a)

Hypothalamus;

Reference to water temperature lower than body temperature / converse; Heat lost by conduction (therefore body temperature decreased); (i) Decrease in temperature when swimming was faster than when tying still ; Decrease in temperature when swimming was greater than when lying still; Credit quantitative comparative difference;

(c)

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Reference to muscles used (when swimming); Increased {blood flow / vasodilation} to {muscles / limbs}; Reference to increased ventilation; (Therefore) increases heat loss from body; Credit reference to the fact that the volunteer was thin therefore less insulating effect of fat; Idea that warm(ed) water is moved away from bodys surface temperature gradient maintained; 2
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3. (ii)

(a)

(i)

650 250 = 400; 2

400 250 100 = 160%; [All points in the context of increased cardiac output] Contractions (of cardiac muscles) are {harder / faster / eq (Cardiac muscle) requires more oxygen; For more (aerobic) respiration / to generate more ATP; (i) skin; (Overall) increase to cardiac muscle and (increase then) decrease to

(b)

Manipulation of figures, e.g. 414% increase and 33.3% fall; (Flow) increase to both as exercise increases from low to medium; (Flow) increase to cardiac muscle but decreases to skin as exercise increase from medium to high; (ii) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. By muscle; More blood flow to skin (from low to medium exercise) allows more heat to be lost; (From medium to high exercise) less blood available to flow to skin / eq; As greater demand by / diversion to (cardiac / skeletal) muscle; 3
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More heat generated (as exercise increases);

4.

(a) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1.

Changes in temperature detected;

(Peripheral) receptors / hypothalamus; {Reference to / description of} negative feedback; Increased {muscular activity / shivering}; Less sweating; Liver biochemistry; Reference to behavioural mechanisms / eq; Increased {metabolic rate / respiration}; Peripheral vasoconstriction / less blood flow to extremities / reduces radiation of heat to surroundings / less cold blood goes to core; Increased hydrolysis of {fat / brown fat}; (i) In hypothalamus; Reduces bacterial growth / reproduction; Increases phagocytosis; Reference to denaturation of bacterial enzymes; Human enzymes work quicker; Faster immune response / eq; Can no longer reduce temperature / uncontrolled (temperature) rise; Delirium; Positive feedback; Reference to critical temperature / {42 / 43} C; Enzymes denature; Death; 3
[10]

10. (b) (ii) (iii)

3 1 1

{Set point / norm} raised / thermostat reset higher / eq; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(c)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

5. No mark scheme available

6.

(a) B

(i)

Epidermis / epithelium ;

Adipose tissue / fat / hypodermis ;

3

C (ii) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (b)

Sweat gland ;

Secretion of sweat ; Increases as temperature increases / converse ; Evaporation of water(in sweat) ; Has cooling effect / reduces body temperature ; Reference to latent heat ; 3

(i) As percentage body fat increases, core temperature increases ; Credit a quantitative reference / reference to variability ; (ii) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reference to insulation effect of fat ; As fat is a poor conductor ; More fat means {less heat loss / more insulation } / converse ; By conduction / radiation ; More fat, more substrate (for respiration) ; (Therefore) more heat generated ;

3
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7.

(a)

Increase by 0.3 degrees per hour;

5 degree change; = 16.7 hours / 16 hours 40 minutes / 16 hours; (to 1 significant figure) [Full marks for just correct answer] (b) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. Change / increase detected;

Reference to {hypothalamus / (thermo) receptors}; Change in activity; Change in behaviour (eg find shade, cold shower); Lose heat; Slower generation of heat / reduced metabolic activity; Temperature fall / no increase; Reference negative feedback; Radiate / eq; Vasodilation / eq; 5
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8.

(a) changed body temperature; (detected by) thermo-regulatory centre/hypothalamus;

ref. to thermoreceptors /eq; causes changed heat production/changed heat loss; example heat loss mechanism; example heat gain mechanism; return to normal temp; regulatory mechanisms switched off/eq; (b) raised set point; ref. chemical secretions; in hypothalamus; increased body temp/fever; loss of control if too high/positive feedback;

2
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9. 2. 3. (ii) 2. 3.

(i)

1.

increase in body temperature; max 2

credit manipulated quantitative comment; due to conduction of heat from water to body; 1. reduction in body temperature;

credit manipulated quantitative comment; heat lost by {radiation / conduction / evaporation of water / convection / lower {air / room / chair} temperature}; max 2
[4]

10. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (b) 2. 3. 4.

(a)

1.

detection by (thermo) receptors;

hypothalamus; sweating; vasodilation; reduced activity / reduced metabolic rate; effectors stopped when return to normal; 1. set point normal / higher; max 3

effectors not activated until higher temperature /eq; switched off sooner / at higher temperature; reference to chemicals / lymphokines; max 2

(c) 2. 3. 4.

1.

higher core temperature at death;

cooling takes longer / raises cooling curve; higher measured temperature; estimated time since death shorter / eq; max 2
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