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A. Characterization of HID Lamps
A brief characterization of HID lamps (HPS and MH lamps) and the related ballast
requirements are summarized in the following points.
1. Ignition. HID lamps need an appropriate voltage across the electrodes to initiate and
maintain glow discharge. Furthermore the ballast should provide sufficient current at
glow discharge voltage(app. 90V for HPS and 180V for MH) forcing the glowtoarc
transition. Therefore, the ballast should provide increased open circuit voltage (>600V)
for MH(Type I, 2+1 electrodes) lamps and high voltage pulses (2000 3000V, 1µs) for
MH (Type II, 2 electrodes) and HPS(2 electrodes) lamps.
2. Warm up time. The warm up time for HID lamps is several minutes (shorter for MH
and longer for HPS lamps). In this period the resistance of the lamp (measured by
applying square wave current) continuously increases from a low value [6Ω (400W, MH)]
to an essentially higher nominal value [40Ω (400W, MH)]. Therefore, the ballast should
act as a nearly constant current source providing sufficient increasing (nearly linear)
power for the lamp.
3. Lamp Voltage Rise. HPS lamps in particular, have an excessive rise in lamp voltage
during their life time. This voltage rise can achieve approximately one hundred seventy
percent (170%) of the one hundred hour operation value. Therefore, a ballast should keep
the lamp power within an acceptable power range derived from the ballast curve.
4. IV Characteristics. If the lamp current is forced to change with a certain value (∆I)
the lamps can respond in two different ways as it is shown in Fig 1.
If the current is changed slowly, (i.e. within a minute), and with a certain value (∆I) the
lamp voltage changes only with a small value . In this case the lamp acts like a nonideal
bidirectional Zener diode. Furthermore, if the change is fast (< 1s) a decreased lamp
voltage is produced by the increased lamp current and vice versa. Therefore, if a lamp is
connected directly to a voltage source, a highly unstable state can be resulted. Any small
current fluctuation can cause extinction or a very fast current increase, which can damage
the lamp resulting a practically short circuited voltage source. Evidently, a ballast should
act as a current source allowing the lamp to determine its voltage.
5. Acoustic Resonance. At high frequency (f > 4 kHz) operation of HID lamps, standing
pressure waves (acoustic resonances) can occur in the discharge tube. This phenomenon
may lead to visible arc distortions, resulting in decreased lamp life time and, in some
cases, cracking of the discharge tubes. Acoustic resonances are driven by periodic
instantaneous lamp power. In conclusion it may be stated that the occurrence of acoustic
resonances at high frequency can be considered as a limitation factor for a wide and
reliable application of high frequency (< 60kHz) electronic ballasts supplying HID lamps.
6. Cataphoretic phenomenon. Cataphoretic effects may result when a lamp is operated
with DC current. Such operation results in demixing of the gasfilling as the sodium is
transported toward the cathode side of the tube, making the lamp inadequate for lighting
purposes. Therefore, the polarity of the lamp current should be periodically changed by
the ballast (i.e. every 10 ms) providing an axially homogeneous discharge. An
approximately zero DC component is recommended. Obviously the situation is different
for special HID lamps designed for DC operation.
B. Definition of Ballast
According to the particular features of HID lamps described previously, a ballast, as it is
shown in Fig. 2, having an input which is connected to a given (usually 50/60 Hz
sinusoidal) voltage source, can be considered as an HID ballast if the output connected to
a HID lamp acts:
1. as a symmetrical AC current source providing:
a) nearly constant effective current between zero and the minimum lamp voltage at
nominal lamp power;
b) nearly constant effective power equal to the nominal lamp power between the minimum
and maximum lamp voltage and
2. it includes an appropriate ignitor for starting purpose.
According to the definition of a ballast for HID lamps, the lamp current (I) vs. lamp
voltage (V) and the lamp power (P) vs. lamp voltage V(ballast curve) diagrams are
illustrated in Fig.2. All values should be interpreted as effective values.
The lamp voltage(arc discharge voltage!) at cold start is approximately 20V(30V). In the
definition, for simplicity, zero(short circuit) value was used as minimum output voltage.
The current in the range of 0 < Vout< 20V can be lowered but it should be sufficiently
high forcing the transition from glow discharge to arc discharge at a certain glow
discharge voltage determined by the lamp.
C. Ballast Classification
With the temperature modulation depth in the central discharge channel (flickering,
reigniting peak), maximum current density in the electrodes, and acoustic resonances, the
frequency and the crest factor of the lamp current (or power) can be considered the
logical starting points for a simple classification method of ballasts. From the ballast
perspective, the efficiency (power loss) can be considered as a basic parameter, directly
affecting the temperature rise. The ambient temperature surrounding the electronic ballast
will affect the reliability and, necessarily, the expected product lifetime. Furthermore, the
energy saving is also directly determined by the efficiency.
1. Frequency. From practical viewpoint the following frequency ranges can be taken into
consideration.
Low frequency range: 50 Hz < f < 500 Hz
High frequency range : f > 20 kHz,
2. Crest Factors. The lamp current and lamp power are fluctuated periodically where
frequency of the instantaneous power is twice of the lamp current frequency with the
exception of the square wave operation where the instantaneous power is constant. The
fluctuation can be characterized by crest factors as it will be shown in the following part.
Current crest factor: Ci = Im/Ie (Ci > 1) where Im is the amplitude (or max. value) and Ie is
the effective value of the lamp current . Ci depends strongly on the current wave form: Ci
= 1 (square wave), Ci = 1.4 (sinusoidal), 1.1 < Ci < 1.7 (piecewise exponential). For
current pulse operations Ci can be essentially higher than one.
Power crest factor: Cp =Pm/Pe (Cp > 1), where Pm is the maximum instantaneous power
and Pe is the effective power . If the lamp resistance is nearly constant in a period time,
then Cp is approximately equal to Ci2. In the case of a square wave lamp current, Cp = Ci =
1. Furthermore if Cp > 1 acoustic resonances can occur at high frequency operation.
Using the frequency and current crest factors a simple classification of HID ballasts is
shown in Fig.3. The current pulse operation ( Ci >> 1 ) has some specific features such as
decreased light output, with a slightly increased color temperature at low frequency
operation, stronger acoustic resonance problems and practical circuit difficulties at high
frequency operation. At square wave operation there are no flickering, reignition peaks
and acoustic resonance related problems, but the ballast circuit is more complex and more
expensive.
3. Efficiency. The efficiency and the closely related energy savings, ambient temperature
handling capability and reliability can be considered as a crucial factor according to the
practical application of ballasts. Therefore the following subclassification of ballasts
with respect to the efficiency may be justified:
1. Conventional (core & coil)
• low efficient (< 80% )
• high efficient (> 85%)
2. Electronic
• very low efficient ( < 85% )
• low efficient (85% 90% )
• high efficient( 90% 93% )
• very high efficient( > 93% )
The average temperature inside an electronic ballast (this is a very global approach,
separate temperature measurements are recommended for crucial components) depends
on the external ambient temperature (which can be high as 50°C for industrial HID
applications) and the temperature rise which is directly related to the power loss of the
ballast. Therefore the efficiency of an electronic ballast for HID lamps (especially at high
lamp power range) can be a crucial limitation factor according to the applications.
4. Power Factor. High power factor ballast are recommended especially in the high power
range(> 150W).
High power factor: PF > 90%
Low power factor: PF < 90%
Low power factor equipments can result an increased harmonic distortion and effective
value of the current in the power line. On the other side an extra unit (power factor pre
regulator) is required decreasing the efficiency and reliability. The cost of ballast can be
approximately increased by 30%.
Bibliography
Further readings:
1. The high pressure sodium lamp, J.J de Groot, J.A.J.M. van Vilet, 1986 MacMillan.
2., The need for highpressure sodium ballast classification, M.C. Unglert,, Lighting
Design and Application, March 1982.
3. An elementary arc model of the high pressure sodium lamp, J.F. Waymouth, Journal of
IES/April 1977.
4. Ballast Curves for HPS Lamps Operating on High Frequency, J. Melis, IAS 1992
Technical Conference, Houston, Texas.
5.A power controlled current source, circuit and analysis, J. Melis, APEC' 94, IEEE
Technical Conference, Orlando, Florida.
6. An output unit for low frequency square wave electronic ballasts, J. Melis,
SOUTHEASTCON' 94, IEEE Technical Conference, Miami, Florida.
Some HID lamp related technical papers:
7. A theoretical investigation of the pulsed highpressure sodium arc, C.L. Chalek and
R.E.Kinsinger, J.Appl. Phys. February 1981.
8. Study of HID lamps with reduced acoustic resonances, S. Wada, A. Okada, S. Moori,
JOURNAL of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Winter 1987.
9. Characteristic of RadiationDominated Electric Arc, J. J. Lowke, J.Appl. Phys. May
1970
10. HighIntensity Sodium Lamp Design Data for Various Sizes, W. C. Louden, W. C.
Matz, LIGHT SOURCES II preprint no. 13.
For more information’s please contact Prof. Mohamed Helal info@futeklighting.com