Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
HOD Name
Manager (Hr): Mr. Rajbir Saini Mentors : Mr. Saurabh Kumar Yadav Mr. Farooque Ali
LIST OF CONTENTS
1. L & T Faridabad Campus Power Distribution. 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Power supply distribution through L.T Panels 1.3 Datasheet of L. T Panels 2. Transformer 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Main features and construction 2.3 Datasheet of transformer 3. Circuit Breaker 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Type of rating 3.3 Rating 3.4 Datasheet for Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) 3.5 Datasheet for Molten Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) 3.6 Datasheet for Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) 4. Emergency Power Supply 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Working Principle & Explanation of DG 4.3 Datasheet of Diesel Generator (DG) Sets
5. Relays 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Types of Relays witnessed in LT panel 5.3 Datasheet 6. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 HVAC refrigeration cycle 6.3 Datasheet of equipment used in HVAC 7. Air Handling Unit 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Air Handler Components 7.3 Datasheet of AHU 8. Fire Protection Unit 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fire protection room 8.3 Ratings and Datasheet of motors used in FPS 8.4 Fire Protection System Installed in the Main Building 9. Cables 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principles of power cable design 10. Elevators, UPS Room & CCTVs
11.1 Introduction 11.2 Flowchart and Explanation of flowchart 11.3 Datasheet of various Motors used in Sewage Treatment Plant 12. Power Factor Improvement and Capacitor Bank 13. Lighting System 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Various Types of Lighting Lamps used in Campus
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly I would like to thanks Larsen & Toubro Ltd for providing me an opportunity to complete my vocational training under their guidance. I would like to present my ward regards to Mr. Atanu Samanta, H.O.D Electrical Department for allowing me to undergo this training in his department. I would also like to thanks Mr. Farooque Ali and Mr. Saurabh Kumar Yadav for providing me all the database knowledge that I needed for completion of this training report.
I would also like to express my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Amit Kumar Singh, Mr. Manish Bhatia, Mr. Utkarsh Johri, Mr. Sachin Agrey and Mr. Suresh Chaudhary for their guidance and for sharing their knowledge and helping me to clear each and every query.
Last but not the least, I would like to thanks Prof. Nikhil Kumar, Training and placement in charge- Lingayas Institute of Management and Technology for providing me an opportunity to work as a trainee under such esteemed company like L&T.
History
Larsen & Toubro Limited is the biggest legacy of two Danish Engineers, who built a world-class organization that is professionally managed and a leader in India's engineering and construction industry. It was the business of cement that brought the young Mr. H.H Larsen and Mr. S.K. Toubro into India. They arrived on Indian shores as representatives of the Danish engineering firm F L Smidth & Co in connection with the merger of cement companies that later grouped into the Associated Cement Companies. Together, Mr. Larsen and Mr. Toubro founded the partnership firm of L&T in 1938, which was converted into a limited company on February 7, 1946. Today, this has metamorphosed into one of India's biggest success stories. The company has grown from humble origins to a large conglomerate spanning engineering and construction. ECC was conceived as Engineering Construction Corporation Limited in April 1944 and was incorporated as wholly owned subsidiary of Larsen & Toubro Limited. L&T's founders Mr. Larsen and Mr. Toubro laid the foundation for ECC. It has today emerged as India's leading construction organization.
PRESENT STATUS
Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T) is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Mumbai, India. The company has four main business sectors: technology, engineering, construction and manufacturing.
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L&T has an international presence, with a global spread of offices and factories, further supplemented by a comprehensive marketing and distribution network. The firm has more than 60 units in some 25 countries. Domestic business within India dominates, but the company is steadily growing its global operations with a focus on China and the Middle East.
ABOUT L&T-S&L
L&T-Sargent & Lundy (L&T-S&L), incorporated in May 1995, is an equally capitalized joint venture company of Larsen & Toubro Limited, India and Sargent & Lundy USA. L&T-S&L are committed to providing complete power plant engineering services to its customers.
L&T-S&L is an ISO 9001:2000 certified company which received its certification in December 1998 which was recertified in 2005.
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L&T-S&L Faridabad is also certified. Sargent & Lundy provides complete consulting, engineering and project development services for all types of fossil fuel power generation and power delivery projects. Its record of accomplishments includes the design of close to 1000 power plants totaling over 122000 MW for clients worldwide.
As supply from the board cannot be constant thus, 5 Diesel Generators are used in L&T Faridabad campus to provide emergency power backup. Out of these 5 Diesel Generator 3 are of 625kVA each, 1 is of 635kVA and 1 is of 320kVA. The last DG is always on standby for feeding the UPS of computers used in the main building and the servers. This is done so to ensure that no data loss occurs during the power cuts. The other DGs are both auto and manual driven. These setups are kept at an area at some distance with the main building. The area is known as Utility Area. It also consists of Chiller Units for HVAC plants, Sewage Treatment Plant and Fire Protection Room. SR.N Main Supply To General Technical Particulars Main PowerPower Supply L &T Faridabad Campus o 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Description Main Power Supply Source Main Power Supply Destination Main Power Supply KVA Rating Main Power Supply Current Rating Main Power Supply Voltage Rating No. of Phases/Wires Mode of Transmission Haryana State Electricity Board L & T Campus 11 KV 630 A 11 KV 3 , 1 Neutral Before L & T; Overhead Cables In L & T; Underground Cables
of different demands and amount of current supplied to different locations in L&T campus is given on the next page. This load is supplied from different feeders of the bus bar. A tabular representation of different feeders and the area they are serving is also provided in the forthcoming page.
Bus Coupler Ground Floor UPS 120 KVA 1st Floor Server UPS 60 KVA Bus Bar Chambers D.G I/C ACB Outdoor Lighting 30 KVA Ups
, 1 Neutral
2500 A 430 V Aluminum 2 17
2. TRANSFORMERS
2.1 Introduction:
A transformer is a static device which operates on the basis of electromagnetic induction. It consists of 2 windings, primary and secondary. Both of the windings are wounded on a same magnetic core but are not touching with each other. Generally the core is of ferromagnetic type material. It is used to step up or step down electric quantity. Both primary and secondary are wounded on a core which means that both will have some number of turns. By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
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If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. This transfer takes place at a constant frequency i.e. frequency is not changed. The induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) which is given as
Where Ns are no. of turns in secondary and Np are no. of turns in primary.
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In L&T campus Faridabad, 2 transformers are witnessed. One is a 1500 kVA, 11 kV/ 420 V and the other is 1000 kVA, 11 kV/ 433 V. These transformers step down the 11 kV supply from Haryana State Electricity Board (HSEB) to 420 or 433 V which are fed on the non segregated bus bars. Through different bus bars panels this supply is fed to different locations according to the requirements.
flux density than would a single conductor. The winding material depends on the application. Small power transformers are wound with insulated solid copper wire, often enameled. Larger power transformers may be wound with wire, copper or aluminum rectangular conductors, or strip conductors for very heavy currents. Each strand is insulated from the others. The 2 transformers witnessed in L&T are of delta star connection with H.V. side delta connected and L.V. side star connected. The neutral of the L.V. side is solidly grounded. 3. TAP CHANGER: Windings on both primary and secondary of a power transformer may have external connections (called taps) to intermediate points on the winding to allow adjustment of the voltage ratio; taps may be connected to automatic on-load tap changer switchgear for voltage regulation of distribution circuits. The 2 transformers witnessed in L&T have taps on the H.V. side i.e. the primary side of the transformer. Automatic On Load Tap Changers (OLTC) are used. The gears used in taps are immersed in oil. 4. MAIN TANK: Main tank is an important feature of a transformer. It contains of the oil in which core and windings are immersed. It is generally made up of rolled steel plates.
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5. INSULATION: The conductor material must have insulation to ensure the current travels around the core and not through a turn-to-turn short-circuit. In power transformers, the voltage difference between parts of the primary and secondary windings can be quite large. Insulation is inserted between layers of windings to prevent arcing, and the transformer may also be immersed in transformer oil that provides further insulation. To ensure that the insulating capability of the transformer oil does not deteriorate, the transformer casing is completely sealed against moisture ingress. The oil serves as both cooling medium to remove heat from the core and coil and as part of the insulation system. 6. COOLING MATERIAL: The windings of high-power or highvoltage transformers are immersed in transformer oil - a highlyrefined mineral oil. The oil cools the transformer, and provides part of the electrical insulation between internal live parts. It has to be stable at high temperatures so that a small short or arc will not cause a breakdown or fire. The oil-filled tank may have radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection. The transformers used in L&T campus Faridabad uses ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural) type of cooling. This means that both oil and air are naturally circulated and no forced methods are used. 7. CONSERVATOR TANK: Conservator tank is positioned above the transformers main tank which rest on a rigid frame. Just like the main tank it also contains oil but it is not fully filled. The main purpose of conservator is to maintain the level of oil in the main tank at the times of contraction or expansion due to change in temperature. Generally when a transformer operates huge heat is dissipated. This causes the oil to evaporate causing level of oil to fall. This loss of oil is compensated by the oil in conservator.
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8. BREATHER: A dehydrating breather removes most of the moisture from the air which is drawn into the conservator as the transformer cools down. The absence of moisture in the air largely eliminates any reduction in the breakdown strength of the insulation and prevents any build up of condensation in the conservator. Therefore, the dehydrating breather contributes to safe and reliable operation of the transformer. 9. SILICA GEL: Breather is filled with silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride which absorbs the moisture of air. The original color of silica gel is blue and when it absorb moisture it turns into pink color.
10. BUCHHOLZ RELAY: Buchholz relay is a gas- actuated relay installed in oil-immersed transformers for protection against all kind of faults. It is used to gives an alarm in case of slow developing faults or incipient faults in the transformer and to disconnect the transformer from the supply in the event of severe internal faults. It is installed in the pipe between the conservator and main tank. This relay is used in oil-immersed transformers of rating above 750 kVA.
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, 1 Neutral
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, 1 Neutral
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
Impedance Voltage No Load Current at Rated V & F Termination HV Termination LV Tapping Type Tapping Range Weight of Oil Weight of Winding Weight of T/f IS reference
6.49 % 78.73 A (HV) 2000.66 A (LV) 11 kV 420 V On- Load 1 17 1150 kg 1700 kg 4729 kg 02411
5.234 % 52.5 A (HV) 1333.33 A (LV) 11 kV 433 V On- Load 17 745 kg 1750 kg 3405 kg 2026 1997
*NOTES* 1. Vector Group: The phase windings of a polyphase transformer can be connected together internally in different configurations, depending on what characteristics are needed from the transformer. Points to be noted of representation of vector are * uppercase letter denotes the connection of H.V. side. * lowercase letter denotes the connection of L.V. side. * n represents neutral. * d represents delta connected * y represents star connected * numeric value represents leading or lagging of H.V. to L.V. 1 represents shift of 30, 2 represents shift of 60 and so on.
Here Dyn11 represent that H.V side i.e. primary is delta connected, L.V is star connected with neutral solidly grounded and 11 represents that L.V leads H.V by 30.
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2. The 1000kVA transformer is installed to feed the chiller plant only and the 1500kVA transformer serves the other load.
3. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
3.1 Introduction
During the operation of power systems , it is often desirable and necessary to switch on or off the various circuits like transmission lines, distributors, generating plants etc, under both normal and abnormal conditions. In earlier days, this was done by a switch or a fuse placed in series with the circuit. But with advancement in technology CIRCUIT BREAKERS are used. Circuit Breakers is a piece of equipment which can
Make or break a circuit either manually or by remote under normal conditions. Break a circuit automatically under fault conditions. Make a circuit either manually or by remote under faulty conditions.
Operating Principle of Circuit Breaker A circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts. Under normal conditions, these contacts remain closed and will not open
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automatically until and unless the system becomes faulty. When the fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip coils of the circuit breaker energize and the moving contact are pulled apart by spring mechanism. When the contacts are separated under fault condition, an arc is struck between the contacts. The current is thus able to continue until this arc is quenched.
A brief description of all types of circuit breakers is given below. 1. Oil Circuit Breakers In some circuit breaker, insulating oil, generally transformer oil is used as an arc quenching medium. The contacts are open in oil and arc is struck between them. The high temperature evaporates the oil and hydrogen gas is produced. Hydrogen has very good cooling properties and this cools the arc and finally arc is quenched. 2. Air Blast Circuit Breakers These are that type of circuit breaker which uses a blast of air as an arc quenching method. The air blast is at high pressure. As the contacts open, the blast of air enters area of contacts and this high pressure air cools the arc & thus quenches it. 3. Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers
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Sulphur Hexafluoride is an electronegative gas and has a high tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts are opened in a high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between the contacts. The conducting free electrons are absorbed by SF6 gas and arc is quenched. 4. Vacuum Circuit Breakers In such circuit breakers vacuum of degree being 10-7 to 10-5 torr is used as the arc quenching medium. Since vacuum offers the highest insulating strength, it has far better superior arc quenching properties than any other circuit breaker medium. The dielectric strength between the contacts build up at a rate of thousand times higher than that obtained with other circuit breakers. In recent times, vacuum circuit breakers are of utmost usages.
50 KA 50 KA
50 KA 50 KA
50 KA 50 KA
50 KA 50 KA
7.
8.
50 KA 105 KA A
50 KA 105 KA A
50 KA 105 KA A
50 KA 105 KA A
9. 10.
General Technical
General Technical
General Technical
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8.
9. 10.
Design Type Rated Current (40c) Operational voltage Rated Insulation Voltage No. of Poles Rated Frequency Rated Ultimate Short Circuit breaking capacity Rated Service Short Circuit breaking capacity Rated Making Capacity Rated Impulse Withstand Voltage
48 kA 143 kA 8 kV
48 kA 143 kA 8 kV
48 kA 143 kA 8 kV
50 kA 143 kA 8 kV
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The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any regular internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Diesel engines are manufactured in two stroke and four stroke versions.
OPERATING MODE: As explained above, diesel generator is a combination of diesel engine and alternator. Both of them are mechanically coupled. Alternator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. As engine and alternator are coupled, once engine is started it drives the alternator and thus causes the electricity to produce. Below given is the datasheet for the DGs witnessed in L&T Campus Faridabad.
Diesel Generator
SR.N o 1. 2. 3. 4. Diesel Generator Specification Diesel Generator Manufacture No of Diesel Generator Set Diesel Generator KVA rating Diesel Generator Voltage rating
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General Technical Particular 4 Generators- Sudhir GenSet 1 Generator- Volvo Penta 5 3 x 625 KVA 1 x 635 KVA 1 X 320 KVA 415 KV
5. 6.
5 Incomers for 5 DGs Auto (presently not Available) & Manual 1 always on standby for UPS
5. Relays
5.1 Introduction:
In a power system consisting of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution circuits, it is inevitable that sooner or later some failure will occur somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and disconnected from the system. The reason for so is firstly, if a fault is not cleared it may cause unnecessary interruption of service to the customer. And secondly, rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into system. The detection of fault is done by a device called Relay or better called as Protective Relay. A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. Relay sense the abnormal conditions caused during the faulty conditions. These abnormal conditions can be change in voltage, current, frequency and phase angle. Most of the relays used are of either Electromagnetic Attraction type or Electromagnetic Induction type.
relays which are witnessed in the LT panel at the L&T campus Faridabad. 1. Over current Relay- It monitors the current in each phase and gives tripping signal if the current exceeds the pre set value. This value can be changed by setting the values of PSM. 2. Over/Under Voltage Relay- This relay operates when the system voltage exceeds or falls below the pre set value. 3. Auxiliary relay- Protective relays have a limited number of contacts hence auxiliary relays are used to relive the protective relays from duties such as giving alarm, showing indication etc. 4. Motor Protection relay- As name suggest used for protection of various motors used. It provides protection for thermal overload, earth fault and locked rotor. 5. Trip Circuit supervisory Relay-This is the relay which is used to monitor the trip circuit continuously and activates an alarm if a problem in the trip circuit is detected.
Motor Protectio n Relay L&T MPR 300 0 - 60c Less than 400g Micro Controlle r Less than 8VA
Trip Supervisi on Relay L&T TCS 01 0 - 55c Less than 1.5 kg Static Less than 10VA
6. HVAC
6.1 Introduction:
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) refers to technology of indoor environmental comfort. HVAC system design is a major sub discipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. HVAC systems use ventilation air ducts installed throughout a building that supply conditioned air to a room through rectangular or round outlet vents, called diffusers. HEATING: There are many different types of standard heating systems. Central heating is often used in cold climates to heat buildings. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air, all in a central location such as a mechanical room in large buildings. The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known as hydronics. The system also contains either ductwork, for forced air systems, or piping to distribute a heated fluid and radiators to transfer this heat to the air. The radiators may be mounted on walls or buried in the floor to give under-floor heat. Forced air systems send heated air through ductwork. During warm weather the same ductwork can be used for air conditioning.
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The heating elements (radiators or vents) should be located in the coldest part of the room, typically next to the windows to minimize condensation. Ventilating: Ventilating is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to control temperature or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types. Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air.
Mechanical or forced ventilation "Mechanical" or "forced" ventilation is provided by an air handler and used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates much energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air. Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhaust to control odors and sometimes humidity. Natural ventilation Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It can be achieved with open able windows or trickle vents when the spaces to ventilate are small and the architecture permits. Air conditioning: Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. The definition of cold is the absence of heat and all air conditioning systems work on this basic principle. Heat can
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be removed through radiation, convection, and by heat pump systems through a process called the refrigeration cycle. Refrigeration conduction mediums such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as refrigerants.
The gas used in L&T Campus Faridabad is R134a i.e. Tetra Flouro Ethane.
Description of Evaporator
SR.N O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Evaporator Description Product & Model No. Net Weight Manufacturing Date Classification Heat Exchanger Area Design Pressure Design Temperature Testing Pressure Medium Used General technical particulars Model No.-30YA-7951 Product No.-MEMO239 418 Kg 07/08 2 24.30 m2 Shell side- 2.0 MPa Tube Side-1.0 MPa Shell Side - 70c Tube Side 70c Shell Side 2.42 MPa Tube Side 1.25 MPa R134a
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SR.N O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Motor Description Manufacturer Machine No. Rated Power Rated Voltage Efficiency Bearing DE/NDE IS Reference Frame Rated Speed Rated Current Insulation class
General technical particulars Crompton Greaves NADL 54A 0.22 KW/30 HP 41510% 92% 6310-22 6210 ND180L 1475 rpm 40A F
General technical particulars ABB HX2255SMB4 37 KW/50 Hp 41510% 631206/6312C3 325-1996 1470 rpm 67 A F
L&T uses 3 chiller plants which can control the temperature of the building. Out of the 3 chiller plants used, 2 are of 200 TR and 1 is of 350 TR. The new transformer and DG installed in the campus is used to feed only these chiller plants.
An air handling unit (AHU) is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. An air handling unit is usually a large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling element, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to ductwork that distributes the conditioned air through the building and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and admit (return) air directly to and from the space served without ductwork.
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upon the grade of filtration required, typically filters will be arranged in two (or more) banks. Mixing chamber In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers commonly have provisions to allow the introduction of outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building. In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of cooler outside air with warmer return air can be used to approach the desired supply air temperature. A mixing chamber is therefore used which has dampers controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air. Vibration isolators The blowers in an air handler can create substantial vibration and the large area of the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration to the occupants of the building. To avoid this, vibration isolators are normally inserted into the duct immediately before and after the air handler and often also between the fan compartment and the rest of the AHU. The rubberized canvas-like material of these sections allows the air handler to vibrate without transmitting much vibration to the attached ducts.
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PPM or preventive measure including filters maintenance is done on every weekend as filters are the most important part of the AHU.
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1. JOCKEY PUMPS
Jockey Pumps are the pumps which are used to feed the sprinklers. Jockey pumps are low pressure and low HP (horse power) pumps as sprinklers are used for low scale fires.
Sprinklers
2. HYDRANT PUMPS
Hydrant Pumps are the pumps which are used to feed the hydrants. Hydrant pumps are high pressure and high HP (horse power) pumps as they are used in needs of high scale fires.
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3. INTERCONNECTION PUMPS
OF
JOCKEY
&
HYDRANT
Jockey and hydrant pumps are interconnected with each other and with the diesel engine (explained below) for providing a backup to each other. For example, if a medium scale fire takes place in the office premises and jockey pumps themselves are not capable of feeding the sprinklers, Hydrant pumps start automatically for feeding the sprinklers. Same is the case with the hydrants also. Both of the pumps provide backup to each other when one pump fails to meet the pressure.
4. DIESEL ENGINE
Diesel engine is kept for ultimate backup. If both the jockey and hydrant pumps are not able to meet the requirement of water pressure, diesel engine is switched on and it is used for feeding water. Diesel engine is of high capacity and it can provide huge pressure water for extinguishing fire.
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NOTES:
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1. Insulation Class: Basically we have 7 classes of insulations which are categorized on the basis of their temperature ranges. A schematic table depicting the classes and range of temperature of insulations are shown below: Insulation Classes Class Y Class A Class E Class B Class F Class H Class C Temperature Range Below 90 c 90 c to 105 c 105 c to 120 c 120 c to 130 c 130 c to 155 c 155 c to 180 c Above 180 c
Thus for all pumps class F is so used so that it can withstand a temperature of range 130 c to 155 c. 2. Degree of Protection: IP 55 (Ingress Protection) signifies Protected from limited dust ingress & Protected from low pressure water jets from any direction. 3. Duty Cycle: By duty cycle we mean that what kind of duty the machine has to perform. S1 signifies a continuous duty for some specific time. This means that for a particular period of time, the machine, here motors have to be continuously driven.
L&T main campus at Faridabad is a five floor building. 2 fire panels are installed in the building. Out of these 1 panel is installed at the BMS room on the ground floor and 1 is installed on the 4th floor. The purpose of these panels is to indicate the position of fire in the building. The panel installed in the BMS room covers ground up to 3rd floor. The other takes care of 4th and 5th floor. Both the panels are EST3 make. Also a total of 108 fire extinguishers are installed in the building. These are of either CO2 or water type cylinders. Numerous Smoke Detectors are installed in the building, which are linked to these panels. 4th and 5th floor are also provided with sprinklers facility.
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9. CABLES
9.1 Introduction:
The power cables are used for transmission of power in power plants, industries, projects and all other electrical installations. The power cables can be used for under-ground transmission or over-head transmission. Generally for transmission purposes Medium Voltage cables are used. Cables can be categorized in various categories but classification on basis of number of cores is done in this section. Classification of Cables on basis of no. of Core: 1. Single Core Cable: As the name suggest, number of core is 1.
2. Dual Core Cable: Number of cores are 2. They are generally used for single phase DC voltage.
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3. Three Core Cables: They are of utmost usages in the power transmission lines after 3 and half core. No. of cores are 3
4. Three and Half Core Cables: They the commonly used cables. There are 3 cores and a half core.
5. Four Core Cables: the no. of core is 4. They can be used as an alternative to the dual core cables.
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Cables for direct burial or for exposed, installations may also include metal armor in the form of wires spiraled around the cable. The armor may be made of steel or aluminum. Power cables use stranded copper or aluminum conductors, although small power cables may use solid conductors. The overall assembly may be round or flat. Non-conducting filler strands may be added to the assembly to maintain its shape. Cables have a plastic or metal sheath enclosing all the conductors. The materials for the sheath will be selected for
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resistance to water, oil, sunlight, underground chemical vapors, impact, or high temperatures.
conditions,
In L&T campus Faridabad, mostly 3 and a half core cables are used which are of aluminium as conductor.
10. Elevators
In L&T campus 3 passenger lift and 1 service lift is installed. All the lifts are driven by LT panels of 10kW and 63A ratings. The lifts are operated by squirrel cage induction motors which are installed on the roof of the L&T campus Faridabad. A lift consists of various parts like: 1. Car: The box for carrying passengers is known as car. Car should be furnished with stainless steel lining, fans and lightings. 2. Car Frame: Lift car should be carried in a complete frame of steel which shall be sufficiently rigid to withstand pressure without deformation of frame. 3. Car Enclosure: Car should be enclosed on all sides by means of car body or door. 4. Speed Governor: The lift should start from the rated speed but it should slow down before reaching its destination. 5. Lighting: The lift should be provided with sufficient lighting in the lift cabin.
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6. Car position Indicator: This should be installed inside the lift car as well as at every floor to indicate the location of lift. 7. Load Plate: Every lift is provided with a load plate which indicates the number of passenger or weight a lift can carry. This doesnt include the weight of lift car. In L&T campus, a new lift safety system is installed. The name of the system is KRD system. This is the protection system installed for passenger safety at the times of light failures. In this system, if power failure occurs and DG fails to backup the elevator, the lift will automatically reach to the nearest floor and doors will open, although lift will be non functional until power is resumed.
LIFT SYSTEM
SR.N O 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Description of Motors Used for Lift System Manufacturer Year of Manufacturing Rated Power Rated Voltage Rated Current Rated Speed Rated Frequency Power Factor Duty Cycle General Technical Particulars for Main Lift KONE 2006 6.6 kW 400 V 18 A 1380 rpm 50 Hz 0.8 Intermittent General Technical Particulars for Service Lift KONE 2005 13.5 kW 360 V, at Y Conn 208 V, at Conn 30 A, at Y Conn 52 A, at Conn 1475 rpm 50 Hz 0.82 Intermittent
Due to advancement in technology most of the official work is done on computers. Even a small trip in electricity can cause the loss of any unsaved data. To avoid such data loss at times of non availability of electricity, UPS are provided with the computers. UPS can provide a backup for some time till the electricity from the grid of from the DG is not resumed. A UPS consist of the following parts: 1. Rectifier: A rectifier is a device which converts Alternating Current (A.C) into a direct current (D.C). Rectifier is provided in the UPS system so that the A.C voltage gets converted into D.C voltage and it can be stored in the Battery. 2. Battery: A battery is a device which can store Direct Current Voltage and this can be used at the time of failure of grid or not availability of power from DG. 3. Inverter: An inverter is a device which converts direct current (D.C) into Alternating Current (A.C). Inverter is used at times when battery operates. Battery gives D.C output but UPS systems operate on A.C. Thus this D.C current is converted into A.C by the means of an Inverter. Shown below is the layout of a UPS system.
L&T campus consists of a UPS room at ground floor which is used to feed the UPSs of the computers used in the building. There are 4 UPS panels of 120kVA rating each. It consists of 4 battery banks of battery. Each bank consists of 40 batteries resulting in total of 160 batteries. These batteries can provide a backup of half hour to the system UPS. There is another UPS room for backup of server UPS which contains 2 UPS panels of 60kVA each.
CCTV PROVISION
L&T Campus Faridabad is under CCTVs supervision. CCTVs are installed in the Reception area and ground floor. Outside building is also under supervision. There are a total of 12 CCTVs in L&T campus. The reception area is installed with DOME shape CCTV cameras and WALL MOUNTED CCTVs are installed in area outside building. A central BMS room consists of a monitor where live footage of all these CCTVs is shown and a provision of recording is also done. This provision can record footage of a week.
SHAPED
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11.1 Introduction:
The objective of sewage treatment is to produce a disposable effluent without causing harm to the surrounding environment, and also prevent pollution. Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from waste water from toilets, sinks and washbasins. It includes physical, chemical and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid waste stream and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Sewage treatment generally involves three primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.
stages,
called
Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment. Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.
Tertiary treatment is defined as the process of final treating of water before letting it to be reused for various purposes. Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically prior to discharge into a stream or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes.
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SEPTIC TANK
COLLECTING TANK
AIR BLOWER
DRY BED
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EXPLANATION of FLOWCHART
The untreated or waste water from the building is collected in the Septic Tank. This is the main tank of the sewage treatment plant. The waste water from the Septic Tank goes into the Collecting Tank where the large objects like paper; bags etc. are filtered by the means of screen chamber. The process is also called screening. The water gets collected in this tank and a continuous mixing and circulation of water is done by the means of Air Blowers. Water from the collecting tank goes into the Effluent Lifting Pump which pumps the water to the Saff Reactor. The purpose of using Saff Reactor is to provide the place where waste can be kept so that the bacteria present in waste decomposes it. Bacteria multiplication is also done in this compartment by the use of urea or other fertilizers. Waste takes form of sludge. The output of Saff Reactor is fed to the Tube Settler. Disinfection is done by the means of chlorine from the Chlorine Tank. The Sludge formed being heavier gets accumulated in the Tube Settler and is sent to the Drying Bed through pipes. This sludge can be used as fertilizers. The water from the tube settler is filtered by the means of Rapid Sand Filter and Activated Carbon Filter. Rapid Sand Filter uses coarse sand to remove impurities trapped and purify the water. Activated Carbon Filter contains a piece activated carbon which is used remove contaminants and impurities by using means of chemical adsorption. The treated water is pumped out which can be used gardening and various other purposes. In L&T campus the sewage tank is of capacity of 60,000 Liters per day. The sewage treatment plant setup incorporates different pumps which are driven by 3 phase squirrel cage induction motors. A datasheet of various motors is discussed in forthcoming topic.
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Model name N090325 N0903269 N0910315 N030326 and no. 8 6 Rated 5/3.70 1/0.75 7.50/5.50 1.00/0.75 Hp/kW Rated 1430 rpm 2830 rpm 2920 rpm 2830 rpm speed Rated 7.3 A 1.658 A 10.10 A 1.658 A current Rated 415 V 415 V 415 V 415 V voltage No. Of 3 3 3 3 phases Rated 505% 505% Hz 505% Hz 505% frequency Hz Hz Power factor 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 Efficiency Insulation class Degree of protection DE/NDE Manufacturi ng year Weight of 85% F/B IP55 Grease 2009 32 kg
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1. Large kVA rating of equipment: The electrical machinery is always rated in kVA.
It is clear that kVA rating is inversely proportional to cos . The smaller the power factor the larger will be the kVA rating. 2. Large Conductor Size: To transmit a fixed amount of power at constant voltage, the conductor will have to carry more current at low power factor. This necessitates large conductor size.
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3. Large Copper Losses: The large current at low power factor causes I2R losses to in all the elements of supply system. This results in low efficiency. 4. Poor Voltage Regulation: The large current at low lagging power factor causes greater voltage drop in alternators, transformer, transmission lines and distributors. This results in decreased voltage available at supply end, thus impairing the performance of utilization devices. In order to keep receiving end voltage in permissible limits, voltage regulators are required.
CAUSES OF LOW POWER FACTOR Following are the causes of low power factor: Most of the a.c. motors are of induction type which have low lagging power factor. Arc lamps, electric discharge lamps, tube lights using choke and industrial heating furnace operate at a low lagging power factor. The load on the power system is varying; being high in morning and evening and low at other times. During low load period, supply voltage is increased which increases the magnetizing current resulting in low power factor. POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT If the circuit is inductive the power factor is lagging and if the circuit is capacitive the power factor will be leading. For power factor improvement some device should be connected in parallel to the load which can take the lagging current and can provide a leading current. Capacitor is one such device hence, capacitor are used to improve the power factor. Synchronous condensers can also be used.
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In L&T Campus Faridabad, static capacitor banks are used to improve the overall power factors. The capacitors of different kVAR ratings are used.
IMPORTANCE OF POWER FACTOR IMPRROVEMENT The importance of power factor improvement is very important for both consumer and generating stations. 1. For Consumers: A consumer (industries) has to pay electricity charges for his maximum demand in kVA plus the units consumed. If the consumer improves the power factor, then there is a reduction in his maximum kVA demand and consequently there is an annual saving due to maximum demand charges. Although power factor improvement devices involves extra annual expenditure but yet improvement of p.f to a proper value results in the net annual saving for the consumer. L&T Faridabad saves a monthly tariff of over 50,000 Rs by improving its overall power factor.
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2. For Generating Stations: A generating station is as much concerned with power factor improvement as the consumer. The generators in a power station are rated in kVA but the useful output depends upon kW output. The greater the power factor of the generating station, the higher is the kWh it delivers to the system. This leads to the conclusion that improved power factor increases the earning capacity of the power station.
applicable for ambient temperature and for relative humidity of up to 100% and materials shall be of long life, non corrosive type.
* Explanation of Some types of Lamps * 1. Metal Halide: Metal-halide lamps, a member of the highintensity discharge (HID) family of lamps, produce high light output for their size, making them a compact, powerful, and efficient light source. By adding rare earth metal salts to the mercury vapor lamp, improved luminous efficacy and light color is obtained. Originally created in the late 1960s for industrial use, metal-halide lamps are now available in numerous sizes and configurations for commercial and residential applications.
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2. CFL: A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) or energy saving light (or less commonly as a compact fluorescent tube), is a type of fluorescent lamp. Many CFLs are designed to replace an incandescent lamp and can fit into most existing light fixtures formerly used for incandescent. Compared to general service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs use less power and have a longer rated life.
3. Sodium Vapour: A sodium vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light. There
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are two varieties of such lamps: low pressure and high pressure. Because sodium vapor lamps cause less light pollution than mercury-vapor lamps, many cities that have large astronomical observatories employ them.
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THANK YOU
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