Experiment 3. The cascade impactor Q1.How many impactor stages do the three impactors consist of?

Describe the geometry and typical distances inside them. Ans: 1st impactor consist of 8 stages.2nd and 3rdimpactor consist 4, 5 stages respectively. There is distance between stages so that the different sizes of particle kept in different stages. Q 2. How does the impactor work? Briefly describe the principle of operation. Ans: Inside the cascade impactor aerosol is go down from stage to stage providing progressively smaller jets. Aerosol flows at impactor stages. That leads to the collection of successive small particles. Q 3.What particle sizes do you think can be separated with them? Why? Ans: Particle size depend on the diameter of the inject nozzles and filters. The amount of particles decreases as the stages smaller. 4. Microscopy Q1 Try to estimate the size of particles on different impactor plates. Can you describe the shape of the particles on different impactor stages? What does the size distribution look like (How much material do you find on the different plates)? Ans:Cascade impactor is arranged with in order of decreasing cutoff size with the largest cutoff size first. Particles captured on the impaction plate of a given stage represent all particles smaller than the cutoff size of the previous stage and larger than the cutoff size of the given stage, therefore the size of particles is vary on different impactor plates. For example, the impactor plate number 15 has the particles with size range from 1 m to around 40 m. Shape of particles also different, some are circular and mostly clusters even some particles are in perfect rectangular shape. Particles are randomly distributed on the impactor plate itself in regard of their size. On different impactor plates, particles were distributed with different sizes based on the cutoff size of previous stage. Q2.The samples were collected during 2-3 days in typical Gteborg air. What do you think the particles consist of? What is their origin? Ans: The particle consist of carbon,sulfer,chloride ,silicon , zinketc.The origin of the particle is might be industry dust,agriculture,traffic emissions and road dust. Q3. Describe what you see on the microscope pictures provided on paper by the assistant, and relate the results to the operation of the impactor.

Ans:We have seen the pictures provided on paper by the assistant .We have seen that particle sizes are different from stage to stage. First stage has the largest particle size and last stage has the lowest particle size.

5. Light scattering from particles Q1.How does the light scattering depend on scattering angle? Make a rough plot of the light intensity as a function of angle from the incident light beam. Ans:Light scatteringintensity decreases with the increase of scattering angle until reach at 900.Then again increase the light scattering intensity with the increase of scattering angle. A rough plot of the light intensity vs light scattering angle is given bellow,

Q2.What do you think the size of the observed particles is? Ans:From the graph we can get the =0.802.Light sourse has wavelength which is given as 675nm.We know = ,Here =675nm, =0.802.so that d=1.72m.

6. Settling velocity Q 1.Determine the typical settling velocity of aerosol droplets in the spray. Ans:Totallenth is 72cm=0.72m.

We know that settling velocity V=S/t.Here S=0.72m;aerosol spray time t=5s;water spray timet=1.5s. For aerosol spray,V=0.144ms-1. For water spray,V=0.48ms-1. Q 2.Calculate the diameter of the droplets. Ans: According to theory we know that, VTS = ( Pdp2 g) / 18 Here, VTS for water= 0.48 m/s
P=

1000 Kg/ m3

g = 9.8 m/s2 = 1.81e-5 Ns/m2 (at 20C) so,DP(water)=1.265810-4m. Here

P(aerosol

particle) = 500 Kg/ m3;viscosity of aerosol = 110-6 Ns/m2.

So,DP(aerosol spray)=2.23510-5m. Q 3.What are the sources of error? Estimate the error in the determined diameter. Ans:Sources of errors could be made by human such during measuring length. Q 4.How could the experimental setup be improved? Ans:All the errors made by human.We can use modern instrument so that errors can be reduced.