ElectroMagnetic Transients Program

VOLUME 1, NO. 6 April 2009 EDITION

Newsletter
Software News
The next version of EMTP-RV will be released this month.
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INSIDE:
SOFTWARE Software News TECHNICAL CORNER New EMTP-RV Equivalent Circuit Model of Core-Shielding Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Taking Into Account the Flux Di usion Phenomenon Mho Relay Model For Protection Of Series Compensated Transmission Lines SUPPORT Training Success

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A Word from the Editor

Daniel Katsman EMTP-RV Sales O ce at CEATI Email: daniel.katsman@ceati.com Tel.: 1-888 - 781-EMTP International Tel.: +1-514-904-5546 Hello and welcome to the May 2009 issue of the EMTP-RV Newsletter! In this edition, we are very pleased to present a couple of note worthy articles from Lcole Polytechnique de Montral and a collaborative e ort from Concordia University, University of Ontario Institute of Technology and IREQ . We would like to thank these organizations for contributing to the newsletter and sharing their experiences with other EMTP-RV users. Of course, the EMTP-RV newsletter would not be possible without the e orts of our editorial board which reviews and selects the articles. Members of the board include: Alain Xmard (Electricit de France), Harish Sharma (Electric Power Research Institute), Anish Gaikwad (Electric Power Research Institute), Sbastien Dennetire (Electricit de France), Teresa Correia de Barros (Energias de Portugal) and Mario Paolone (University of Bologna). We would also like to take this opportunity to share with you the success of our training seminar held in Montreal, Quebec (September, 2008), see back page

Whats new in version 2.2: 1. Full compatibility with Vista. 2. New documentation system including new navigation features. 3. Various improvements and additions to models. The data handling features for numerous models have been simpli ed to allow for easier loading with separately calculated data. 4. New capability to store complete circuits in libraries. A circuit appearing in a library folder now becomes listed in the library Parts Palette and can be dragged and dropped into a design just like standard parts. This is a very powerful feature that provides easy access to user circuits and allows you to maintain more complex models through libraries. 5. Subcircuits are now given the Model or Physical attribute in the Subcircuit Info menu. A model subcircuit is primarily intended to de ne the operation of the device represented by its parent symbol. A physical subcircuit is primarily used to contain some of the system. The devices inside the subcircuit represent actual physical elements of the system. The physical subcircuit may contain Model subcircuits. This distinction allows propagating computed data into Physical subcircuits for visualization purposes. 6. Several new scripting methods, including dynamic modi cation of device symbol using a separately stored symbol draw ing. 7. New and improved ScopeView package. A new HVDC benchmark (for 50 Hz and 60 Hz networks) originally developed by Professor Vijay Sood (University of Ontario Institute of Technology) is now available upon request. This work was prepared in collaboration with Sbastien Dennetire (lectricit de France) and cole Polytechnique de Montral.

1010 Sherbrooke St. West, Suite 2500 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2R7 www.ceati.com info@ceati.com Phone +1 (514) 904-5546 Fax +1 (514) 904-5038 1

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Technical Corner
NEW EMTP-RV EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL OF CORE-SHIELDING SUPERCONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITER TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE FLUX DIFFUSION PHENOMENON

Authors:
MouhamadouDione, FrdricSirois, FrancescoGrilli
In order to successfully integrate superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) into electricpowersystemnetworks,accurateandfastsimulationmodelsareneeded.Thisledusto develop a generic electric circuit model of an inductive SFCL, which we implemented in the EMTPRV software. The selected SFCL is of shieldedcore type, i.e. a HTS hollow cylinder surroundsthecentrallegofamagneticcore,andislocatedinsideaprimarycopperwinding, generatingan AC magnetic field proportional to the line current. Themodel accounts for the highlynonlinearfluxdiffusionphenomenonacrossthesuperconductingcylinder,governedby theMaxwellequationsandthenonlinearEJrelationshipofHTSmaterials.Thecomputational efficiencyandsimplicityofthismodelresidesinajudicious1Dapproximationofthegeometry, together with the use of an equivalent electric circuit that reproduces accurately the actual magnetic behavior for the flux density (B) inside the walls of the HTS cylinder. The HTS properties are not restricted to the simple power law model, but instead, any resistivity functiondependingonJ,BandTcanbeusedandinserteddirectlyinthemodelthroughanon linearresistanceappearingintheequivalentcircuit.

Introduction
GIVENthegrowingdemandforelectricpowerandtheincreasedneedforpowersystem interconnection,faultcurrentslevelsaremoreandmorelikelytoexceedtheshortcircuitrating of switchgear equipments and other power system components (bus bars, current transformers,etc.)[1][3].Toreducetheriskofdamagestothesecostlyelectricalequipments and associated system outages, fault current limiting devices are considered as serious candidates to be inserted into the grid. Among the technological possibilities are superconductingfaultcurrentlimiters(SFCL),whichpresenttheadvantageofverylowlossesin steady state operation, and high limiting impedance under fault conditions. SFCL for high voltage networks, together with medium and high voltage cables, are recognized as the two mostpromisingapplicationsofHTSmaterialsinpowersystemsintheshortterm[4]. Withinthepast15years,substantialworkhassuccessfullybeendoneontheproofof concept of SFCL, at increasingly higher voltages [5]. The most recent projects within the DOE superconductivity program target 138 kV class limiters [4], and manufacturers get more and

morematuritywiththecombinationHTSmaterials,cryogenictemperaturesandhighvoltages. In order to further progress towards the integration of SFCL in power systems, it becomes importanttodevelopcircuitmodelsofSFCLthatcouldbeintegratedinpowersystemtransient analysis software, such as EMTPRV [6]. This will allow assessing offline the real impact of integrating SFCL in power systems (such as the protection coordination, selectivity of fault detection schemes, etc.), and determine the aspects requiring further work before SFCL can safelybeintegratedinpowersystems.Suchmodelsmustbefast,whichdiscardsaccuratebut time consuming finite element models. In addition, these are difficult to couple directly with powersystemsimulators. In this paper, we propose a compromise between finite element models and circuit models.Indeed,intheparticularcaseoftheinductiveSFCL,weshowthatitcanbeaccurately modeledbya1Dpartialdifferentialequationthatcanbereproducedbyanequivalentelectric circuitdirectlywithinthepowersystemanalysissoftware.Thishastheadvantagetoconsider the fine physical behavior of the device without having to couple two software programs. In addition,themodeleddevicecaneasilybescaledupintermofpowersimplybychangingits physical parameters (dimensions, resistivity properties, etc.). Temperature and field dependencesoftheHTSmaterialarealsotakenintoaccountinthemodel. Note that even if the particular inductive SFCL considered here (BSCCObased) is not currentlythepreferredsolution,mostlyforeconomicalreasons,itiseasytoimplementatsmall scaleinalaboratory,andwillbeusedinthenextstageofthisprojecttodevelopaparameter identificationmethodologyusingrealtimepowersystemsimulators(withpowerhardwarein theloop),inwhichboththevirtualmodelandthephysicaldevicewillbeusedsidebyside.

ShieldedcoreinductiveSFCLmodelling
Generaldescription
TheshieldedcoreinductiveSFCLhasbeenwellstudiedoverthelast15years[7][20],so itisaperfecttopologytotesttheapproachproposedbelow.Itconsistsofatransformerwitha primary winding madeof copper and connected in series with the protected line, and a one turn secondary winding consisting of a bulk Bi2212 HTS cylinder. Fig. 1 presents its typical installationinaradialelectriccircuit(simplestcase).
Rs + + Xs

SFCL
S + RL +

Vs

Fig.1SimpleinstallationofaSFCLinaradialcircuit.TheswitchSisthereonlytosimulateashortcircuitofthe load.TheSFCLequivalentcircuitisshownonFig.7

During steady state operation, the applied AC load current generates a time varying magneticfieldshieldedbytheHTScylinder.Underafaultconditioninthenetwork,thecurrent increases enough to make the flux penetrate the iron core, which increases much the

impedance of the secondary since the primary winding passes from an aircore inductor to a magneticcorereactor.Thishighseriesimpedanceinsertedthereforelimitsthefaultcurrent.

Fig.2ConstructionalschemeofshieldedcoreSFCL

Fig.3 HollowBi2212HTScylinder

SFCLelectromagneticmodel
Finite element simulations show that the electromagnetic behavior of the SFCL configurationshowninFig.3canbeobtainedwithverygoodaccuracyusingasimple1Dflux diffusion model, as long as 1) there is no air gap between the top and bottom parts of the windings and the HTS tube, 2) no saturation occurs in the magnetic core (even though saturation effects could be easily introduced without significant error if needed), and 3) the magneticpermeabilityofthecoreissufficientlyhigh( 200 300 )inordertoneglecttheend effects and the flux return path outside the primary coil (considered as a magnetic short circuit). Under these assumptions, we end up solving a 1D axisymmetric partial differential equationinsidetheHTScylinder,i.e.: 1 Bz Bz (1) , r = r r 0 r t r r r r whichwasobtainedbycombiningMaxwell'sequations E = B / t and H = J r r r r r r togetherwiththeconstitutiveequations E = ( J , B) J and B = 0 H .

Fig.4Alternategridfor B and J whichformsthebasisofthemodelusedinthispaper

Tosolvethediffusionequationnumerically,theHTScylinder(Fig.2)canbedividedinto k sections where each section represents a cylindrical shell of thickness r = ( rext rint ) / k . Consideringanalternategridonwhich B and J areconstantoneachelementarysection r (see Fig. 4), an electric analogy can be drawn (Fig. 5) if we suppose B1 I1 , B2 I 2 . Therefore,usingafinitedifferenceapproximationforthespacederivatives, 1 B B2 B1 I1 I 2 I J= = = , (2) 0 r 0 r 0 r 0 r and, r 1 rE ( rE ) B 1 (3) E = = i , r r t ( ri + ri +1 ) ( ri +1 ri ) 2 inwhich ri +1 ri = r / 2 and i = 1, 2 .Considering V = rE ,(3)leadstothevoltagedrop acrossinductance Lk : i
(rE ) = V =

2 2 dt whichisalsogivenbytheclassicalequation: dI dB V = Lk i = Lk i . i i dt dt Combining(4)and(5)yields:

( ri + ri +1 ) r dBi ,

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(5)

and

r + r r k L1 = 1 2 , 2 2

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r + r r Lk = 2 3 , 2 2 2 1 where r1 = rint + ( k 1) r , r2 = rint + k r and r3 = rint + k r .Hence 2 3 r k L1 = rint + k r 4 2

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Fig.5Electricanalogyforthefluxandcurrentdensities

1 r Lk = rint + k r . 2 4 2

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The resistance R k can easily be calculated since the current I is only defined in r2 , R = V2 / I = r2 E2 / I = r2 J / I ,where = ( J , B, T ) istheresistivityofthe k th cylindricalshell modeledbyanelementaryblock.Thus Rk =

k ( J , B, T ) 1 rint + k 2 r . 0 r

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Finally,thecompletediffusionofthefluxinsidetheHTScylinderisreproducedwiththe assemblyofthe k elementaryblocks. Themostinterestingperhapsisthesimplicityofintegrationoftheresistivityfunction. Parametersfor arecalculatedfromcurrents I1 , I 2 and I (correspondingto B and J ),as shown in Fig. 5, except for the temperature, which must be computed in a thermal model coupled with the current electric analogy (not shown here). In order to complete the circuit analogy,itisnecessarytoaddanadditionalelementthataccountsfortheinsidepartoftheHTS 2 cylinderfilledwiththeironcore.Therefore,aninductance Lint = r rint / 2 isusedtomodelthe magneticeffectofthecore,andaresistance Rcore accountsfortheironlosses.Finally,weuse the expression Bext = I (t ) to relate the current I flowing in the primary winding with magneticfield Bext appliedattheoutsidewalloftheHTScylinder.Theproportionalityconstant wasdeterminedfrom2Dfiniteelementsimulations.Theentiremodel,basedontheelectric analogy,isgiveninFig.6,inwhichtheappliedfieldcorrespondstoacontrolledcurrentsource, i.e. I a Bext .

Fig.6SFCLelectromagneticmodelbasedonelectricanalogy

The resistivity sc used in our model was taken from an empirical model proposed in [21]withadaptedmaterialparametersfortheBSCCO2212HTStubesavailableinourlab[22]. InordertomodelthetransitionoftheHTSresistivityfromthesuperconductingtothenormal state, an experimentally based value n (T ) = 3.5 106 (1 + 0.01(T 77)) m , representing the normalstateresistivitywasaddedinparallelwiththeusualpowerlawmodel,i.e.

HTSmodel

E0 J (J ) = J c ( B, T ) J c ( B, T )

n 1

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Theresultingnonlinearresistivity sc isgivenbythefollowingequation, n (T ) ( J ) sc ( J , T ) = . n (T ) + ( J , B, T )

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CouplingofSFCLmodelwithelectricalcircuit
ThecouplingoftheelectromagneticSFCLmodelwiththepowersystemelectriccircuitis achievedusingacontrolledvoltagesource.First,theconservationofpowerisapplied.Infact, theinstantaneouselectricpower( Ps )consumedbythecontrolledvoltagesourceoftheSFCL modelcorrespondstotheinstantaneouspowerdeliveredbythecontrolledcurrentsource I a in the electric analogy ( Pa ). It is then possible to determine the SFCL voltage based on Pa = Ps = Va (t ) I a (t ) = V (t ) I (t ) , where Va (t ) and V (t ) are respectively the voltage across the controlledcurrentsourceinFig.6andthecontrolledvoltagesourceoftheSFCLmodelinFig.7, and I (t ) isthecurrentflowingintotheSFCL.Itisimportanttonotethatthepowerequation naturally takes into account both the magnetic energy and the losses in the limiter. We can thereforecalculatethevoltageofthecontrolledsourcedirectlyandwithoutambiguityusing: I (t ) B (t ) = Va (t ). V (t ) = Va (t ) a = Va (t ) ext (13) I (t ) Bext (t ) /

CompleteSFCLequivalentcircuit
Fig.7showsthecompleteSFCLequivalentcircuit(theEMTPsubcircuitsareshowninthe enclosed attachment). The remaining parameters to be defined, i.e. the coil resistance ( Rcoil ) and the leakage inductance ( L f ), are either computed with standard formulas or measured experimentallyifaprototypeisavailable.

Fig.7EquivalentelectriccircuitofourSFCL:thecontrolledvoltage sourceaccountsforallthemagneticenergyandlossesinthe limiter

Thermalmodel
A simple equivalent electric circuit model is used to simulate the temperature dependence(uniquetemperature T forthewholeHTScylinder).Thismodelaccountsforthe factthattheincreaseofthetemperatureisduetothepowerlosses( Psc )intheHTScylinder obtained by summing the losses of each elementary section of the model. The thermal equationsolvedis: dT (14) Psc = CscVsc + h(T T0 ), dt where Csc , Vsc and T0 arerespectivelythethermalcapacity,thevolumeofthecylinder andthetemperatureoftherefrigerantliquid(nitrogeninthecaseconsideredbelow),and h is aneffectiveconvectioncoefficientbetweenthecylinderandthenitrogenbath.

Applicationexample
DimensionsofSFCL
The main components of the shieldedcore type SFCL considered here are (see Fig. 3 andFig.2): Bi2212hollowcylinder:50mm(height),14.4mm(innerradius)and2.8mm(wall thickness) Primarycopperwinding:50mm(height),17.2mm(innerradius),10.7mm(winding thickness)and254turns Ironcore:50.5mm(height),27mm(radius)and r = 290 . These dimensions are based on a small prototype available at our lab for which we measured Rcoil = 0.1 , L f = 1.6 mH and Rcore = 100 (with Rcore Rcore / 2 and = 0.0035 ).

Simulationresults
InordertoevaluatethebehaviorofthedevelopedSFCLmodel,shortcircuitsimulations wereperformedinEMTPRV,basedonthecircuitofFig.1.Thesupplyvoltage VS wassetto 100 V peak, and X S = 0.38 , RS = 0.13 (i.e. Z = 4% and X / R = 3 , which is typical of a distributionsystem), RL = 10 andtheswitch(S)wasclosedattime t = 50 mstocreatethe shortcircuit.TheresultingcurrentwaveformisgiveninFig.8.Weremarkthatassoonasone cycle after the application of the fault, the current is limited to 30 A peak (roughly 3I nominal ), withafirstpeakof 8 I ( 80 A).Notethattheprospectivefaultcurrentwas325Apeak
nominal

(symmetric). Therefore, the SFCL behaves as expected. Nevertheless, a comparison with measurementswillberequiredtofullyvalidatethemodel.Themainchallengehereistofinda good ( J , B, T ) modelforBSCCO2212overawiderangeof J , B ,and T values.

 Fig.8Shortcircuitsimulationresultwith I lim 3 I nominal = 30 A peak(firstpeak 80 A).The

prospectivefaultcurrentwas245Apeak

Conclusion
In this project, a 1D partial differential equation representing the behavior of a shieldedcoretypeSFCLhasbeenreproducedbyanequivalentelectriccircuitwithinEMTPRV. Themodelaccountsforthenonlinearfluxdiffusionwithinthesuperconductinghollowcylinder. The model is simple to implement, and can easily be scaled up to larger physical dimensions and power rating simply by changing a few geometric parameters. It would be equally applicable to shieldedcore SFCL using YBCO thin film tubes, as the latter may have better thermalproperties.Furthermore,thetemperatureandfielddependencesoftheHTSmaterial are directly taken into account, so there in no limitation in the resistivity model that can be used.Inanearfuture,asmallscaleinductiveSFCLwillbetestedinsimilarconditionsforthe purposeofvalidatingourmodel. Futureworkswillconsiderthecouplingofthephysicaldevicesandthemodelwithareal time simulator to develop a new parameter identification methodology, and for investigating newprotectionschemesrequiredfortheintegrationofthoseinnovativedevicesintothepower system.

References
[1]M.Steurer,M.Noe,andF.Breuer,``FaultcurrentlimitersR&Dstatusoftwo selectedprojectsandemergingutilityintegrationissues'',inProc.IEEEGeneralMeeting, Denver,CO,June2004,pp.14231425. [2]H.Yamaguchi,K.Yoshikawa,``Currentlimitingcharacteristicsoftransformertype superconductingfaultcurrentlimiter'',IEEETrans.Appl.Supercond.,vol.15,no.2,June2005, pp.21062109. [3]FaultCurrentLimitersUtilityNeedsandperspectives,EPRI,PaloAlto,CA:2004,

1008696. [4]DOEEPRI,``Demonstrationofasuperconductingfaultcurrentlimiter'',EPRI,July 2008,1009035. [5]M.Noeetal,``Conceptualdesignofa110kVresistivesuperconductingfaultcurrent limiterusingMCPBSCCO2212bulkmaterial'',IEEETrans.Appl.Supercond.,June2007,pp. 17841787. [6]J.Mahseredjian,S.Dennetire,L.Dub,B.KhodabakhchianandL.GrinLajoie,``On anewapproachforthesimulationoftransientsinpowersystems'',ElectricPowerSystems Research,vol.77,issue11,September2007,pp.15141520. [7]V.Sokolevsky,V.Meerovich,G.Grader,G.Shter,``Experimentalinvestigationsofa currentlimitingdevicebasedonhighTcsuperconductors'',PhysicaC,vol.209,1993,pp.277 280. [8]L.S.Fleishman,Y.Bashirov,V.A.Aresteanu,Y.Brissette,J.R.Cave,``Design considerationsforaninductivehighTcsuperconductingfaultcurrentlimiter'',IEEETrans.Appl. Supercond.,vol.3,no.1,March1993,pp.570573. [9]W.Paul,Th.Baumann,J.Rhyner,``Testsof100kWhighTcsuperconductingfault currentlimiter'',IEEETrans.Appl.Supercond.,vol.5,no.2,June1995,pp.10591062. [10]M.Ichiharu,M.Okazaki,``Amagneticshieldingtypesuperconductingfaultcurrent limiterusingaBi2212thickfilmcylinder'',IEEETrans.Appl.Supercond.,vol.5,June1995,pp. 10671070. [11]D.Ito,M.Urabe,T.Yasunaga,andN.Jindo,``ApplicabilityofhighTc superconductingbulktosuperconductingfaultcurrentlimitingdevice'',IEEETrans.Magn.,vol. 32,July1996,pp.27282730. [12]J.R.Cave,D.W.A.Willen,R.Nadi,W.Zhu,A.Paquette,R.Boivin,Y.Brissette, ``Testingandmodellingofinductivesuperconductingfaultcurrentlimiters'',IEEETrans.Appl. Supercond.,vol.7,no.2,June1997,pp.832835. [13]W.Paul,M.Lakner,J.Rhyner,P.Unternahrer,Th.Baumann,M.Chen,L. Windenhorn,andA.Guerig,"Testofa1.2MVAhighTcsuperconductingfaultcurrentlimiter'', inInst.Phys.Conf.Ser.,vol.158,1997,pp.11731178. [14]V.Meerovich,V.Sokolovsky,J.Bock,S.Gauss,S.Goren,G.Jung,``Performanceof aninductivefaultcurrentlimiteremployingBSCCOsuperconductingcylinders'',IEEETrans. Appl.Supercond.,vol.9,no.4,Dec.1999,pp.46664676. [15]E.M.Leung,``Superconductingfaultcurrentlimiters'',IEEEPowerEngineering Review,August2000,pp.1518. [16]G.Zhang,Z.Wang,M.Qiu,``TheimprovedmagneticshieldtypehighTc superconductingfaultcurrentlimiterandthetransientcharacteristicsimulation'',IEEETans. Appl.Supercond.,vol.13,no.2,June2003. [17]H.Yamaguchi,T.Kataoka,K.Yaguchi,S.Fujita,K.Yoshikawa,K.Kaiho, ``Characteristicsanalysisoftransformertypesuperconductingfaultcurrentlimiter'',IEEETrans. Appl.Supercon.,vol.14,no.2,June2004,pp.815818. [18]J.Langston,M.Steurer,S.Woodruff,T.Baldwin,andJ.Tang,``Agenericrealtime computersimulationmodelforsuperconductingfaultcurrentlimitersanditsapplicationin systemprotectionstudies'',IEEETrans.Appl.Supercond.,vol.15,no.2,June2005,pp.2090 2093.

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[19]S.Kozak,T.Janowski,G.Wojtasiewicz,J.Kozak,andB.A.Glowacki,``Experimental andnumericalanalysisofelectrothermalandmechanicalphenomenainHTStubeofinductive SFCL'',IEEETrans.Appl.Supercond.,vol.16,no.2,June2006,pp.711714. [20]H.Yamaguchi,T.Kataoka,``Currentlimitingcharacteristicsoftransformertype superconductingfaultcurrentlimiterwithshuntimpedanceandinductiveload'',IEEETrans. Appl.Supercond.,vol.18,no.2,June2008,pp.668671. [21]J.Duron,F.Grilli,B.Dutoit,``ModellingtheEJrelationofhighTcsuperconductors inanarbitrarycurrentrange'',PhysicaC,vol.401,2004,pp.231235. [22]F.Sirois,J.Cave,Y.BasileBellavance,``NonlinearmagneticdiffusioninaBi2212 hollowcylinder:measurementsandnumericalsimulations'',IEEETrans.Appl.Supercond., vol.17,no.2,June2007,pp.36523655.

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Attachment:subcircuitsofthepresentedSFCLmodel

HTS_cylinder

p2

+ p1
5Blocs 2

Rcoil +

Lf

SFCL
L1 DEV1 DEV2

p1

+
#Lint# 8.16M + R2 ?p Fm1
1 2

DEV3

Out P T

DEV4

Tfo_ideal

In
BlocTe

Out P T

DEV5

In
BlocTe

Out P T

In
BlocTe

Out P T

In
Bloc Te

Out P T

In
p1 i(t) BlocTe

p2

?s

f(u)

3 4 5

p2 v(t) Fm6
1 2 SUM

cI2 14.0374 0/100

C1

#inv_K#

?v
VM +

+ R1

#T0#

DC1

Fm7 Fm9
f(u) 1 2 f(u) 1

Thermal model
Fm 1 6
1 2 f ( u)

m1

?v

HTS Cylinder

?s

L3 Ou t

Ou t

+
#L1n#

i(t)

p3

i(t)

p4

L4

+
#L2n#

In In

p1

i(t)

Fm 6 p(t) P P
1 f ( u)

p6

Fm 5 Y
f ( u) 1

Fm 1 8
1 f ( u) 2 3

Fm 4 Fm 1 7
f ( u) 1 f ( u) 2 1

+
Rn 2 I 0 Y I

Elementary block (Block Te)

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MHO RELAY MODEL FOR PROTECTION OF SERIES COMPENSATED TRANSMISSION LINES A.B.Shah1,V.K.Sood2andO.Saad3 1. Dept.ofElectrical&ComputerEngineering,ConcordiaUniversity, Montreal,Quebec,Canada.H3G1M8.email:abhaybshah@ieee.org 2. FacultyofEngineeringandAppliedScience,UniversityofOntarioInstituteof Technology,Oshawa,Ontario,Canada.L1H7K4.email:vijay.sood@uoit.ca 3. IREQ,1800MonteSte.Julie,Varennes,QC.J3X1S1,email:saad.omar@ireq.ca AbstractThispaperpresentsthedesignofanEMTPRVbasedMhorelaymodelforthe protectionoftwoparallel500kV,280kmlongtransmissionlines.Thetransmissionlinesare 40%compensatedwithfixedseriescapacitors,installedattheremoteendofthelines.An averagevaluecurrentcompensationalgorithmisusedtocompensatefortheerrorinthe impedancemeasurementanddetectfaultlocationunderearthfaultconditions.The algorithmdetectsfaultsbycomparingphaseanglesbetweenvoltageandcurrentsignals, usingfourspeciallyshapedcharacteristics(threeforwardzonesandonereversezone)and applyingappropriatelogicfunctions.Simulationresultsforimprovingthemeasuringaccuracy ofdistanceprotectionundervariousfaulttypesandfaultlocationsarepresented. KeywordsSeriescompensatedline,distancerelayalgorithm,transmissionlineprotection, EMTPRVsimulation. 1. NOMENCLATURE R0,R1=Zeroandpositivesequenceresistancerespectivelyoftheprotectedline, L0,L1=Zeroandpositivesequenceinductancerespectivelyoftheprotectedline, Ictp=Primarycurrentofthecurrenttransformer(CT), Icts=SecondarycurrentoftheCT, Vcvtp=Primaryvoltageofthecapacitorvoltagetransformer(CVT), Vcvts=SecondaryvoltageoftheCVT, Zline=Impedanceoftheline, Zangle=Angleofthelineimpedance, tzone=Zonedelaytime, Icomp=Compensationcurrent,

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Ipn=Phasecurrent, Iavg=Averagevalueofinputcurrents(Averagecurrent), kc=Conventionalaveragecompensationfactor, kmag=Magnitudecompensation, krad=Anglecompensation, ZR1,ZR2,ZR1a,k1,k2,1,2,1,2=Comparatordesignconstants[8], ZR11,ZR12andZR13=ImpedancesofZones1,2and3respectively, Rf=Resistanceinfaultpath. 2.INTRODUCTION Utilities find it is cost effective to better utilize their existing transmission assets with series compensation techniques to compensate for the inductive reactance of long transmissionlines[1].Addingseriescompensationisoneofthesimplestandcheapestwaysof increasing transmission line capacity, power transfer capability, system stability, voltage regulation[2][3]andloweringlosses.However,installationofseriescapacitorsandtheirover voltageprotectionsystemwithnonlinearMetalOxideVaristors(MOVs)etc.,introducescertain difficulties for fault location and protective relaying reach, particularly when distance protectionschemesareapplied[4].Forthisreason,itisnecessaryforthedistanceprotection scheme to do the impedance measurement with sophisticated algorithms with the series capacitorbankincircuit. Different algorithms and models have been put forward for the protection of series compensatedtransmissionlines[5][7].Inparticular,theMhorelayhasacircularcharacteristic withdirectionality,goodphaseselectionandasimplecriterion. Atransmissionlinedemonstratesapredictableimpedance,whichincreaseswiththe lengthoftheline.Adistancerelayhasapreestablishedimpedancesetting,whichdetermines thesizeoftherelay'simpedancecharacteristic,whichistypicallyintheformofacircleinthe impedance(RX)diagramandmatchedtothelengthofthelinetobeprotectedbytherelay. Therelayiscapableofrapidlydetectingfaultsonthetransmissionline,indicatedbyadropin themeasuredimpedanceoftheline.Thismeansthattherelayiscapableofdetectingfaults whentheimpedanceofthelineisinsidetheimpedancecharacteristicoftherelay.The operationboundaryoftheMhorelaycanbeadjustedtoprovideconsistentZonecoverageover theareaofinterest. In this paper, an EMTPRV based Mho relay model and is used to evaluate the performance of a distance protection scheme applied to a 500 kV, two parallel lines, series compensated transmission network. Simulation results are presented for single and three phasetogroundfaultscreatedatthebeginningoftheprotectedlineandattheremoteend, behindthecapacitorofthenetwork.

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3.METHODOLOGY 1.TestSystemModel(Fig.1)

The500kVtestsystem,modeledwithEMTPRV[10],iscomprisedoftwoparallellines L1andL2.ThetwolinesareparalleledatBusesA,BandC.Seriescompensationcapacitorsare located just ahead of Bus B. The series capacitors are protected by a parallel metal oxide varistor MOV, spark airgap and breaker. Line L1 of the power system is protected with the distance relay model placed at the beginning of the line, next to Bus A. The distance relay monitorsthephasevoltageandlinecurrentthroughacapacitorvoltagetransformer(CVT)and currenttransformer(CT)respectively.

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2.TheRelayModel(Fig.2)

ThediagramofaconventionalMhorelaymodelforaseriescompensatedtransmission lineisshown.Therelayhastwo3phaseinputs,three1phasevoltagesfromtheCVTandthe threelinecurrentsfromtheCTs,andprovidesonelogicaloutputwhichgivesaTripindication totheprotectionsystem.TheMhorelayiscomprisedof3fundamentalblocks: BlockAFaultDetectionandCompensationBlock, BlockBZoneDetectionandTimeDelayBlock,and BlockCLogicBlock. A.FaultDetectionAndCompensationBlockA:

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 ThefaultdetectionandcompensationblockreceivesinputsfromtheCVTandCTand derivesasoutputseitherphasetophaseorphasetogroundvoltagesorcurrents.BlockAhas threesubblocks,asdescribedbelow. Data Acquisition subblock: A bandpass filter is used to remove harmonics from the three phase voltages andcurrents. If Ia, Ib and Ic are the inputcurrents, then theaverage current is derivedas: Iavg=(1/3)*(Ia+Ib+Ic) (1) Calculation subblock: Since a fault may or may not involve the ground connection, input voltages and currents, after being filtered, are converted into phasetophase and phaseto neutralvaluesbythecalculationsubblock.Sincethissubblockreceivesonlyphasetoground values, phasetophase values are obtained by subtracting two voltages or two currents i.e. Vab=VanVbn. Detectionandcompensationsubblock:Thissubblockprovideseitherphasetophaseorphase togroundvoltagesandcurrentsasoutputsdependingonthetypeoffault.Theselectionis carriedoutbasedonthecurrentflowingthroughthecircuit.Duringafaultcondition,currentin eachphasevariesdependingonthetypeoffault. TheimpedanceseenbytherelayisgivenbytheratioV/I(=Z).Theimpedancemeasured bytherelay[8]isinfluencedbythefaulttypeandalsobyanumberofpowersystem parameterssuchasMOVrating,seriescapacitanceetc.Here,analgorithmcalledaverage valuecurrentcompensationisemployedwhereanaveragevalueoftheinputcurrentisadded tothephasecurrentstoobtaintheimpedancemeasurementfromtherelaylocationtothe faultlocation.Thecurrentseenbytherelayforimpedancemeasurementisgivenby: (2) I=Ipn+Icomp Here,Icomp=kc*Iavgandkc=kmagwithangle(krad) kmag=

( R0 R1) 2 + ( L0 L1) 2 ( R1) 2 + ( L1) 2

L0 L1 1 L1 krad= tan 1 tan R0 R1 R1

B.ZoneDetectionAndTimeDelayBlockB: AftercomputationsontheinputsreceivedfromBlockA,theoutputfromthisblock providesdataaboutthephase(s)andtheZone(s)wherethefaulthasoccurred.Intotal,six outputsareobtainedfromthisblock:oneeachforZones1,2and3,andoneeachforphasesa, bandc.BlockBhasthreesubblocks,describedbelow.

17

 Zonedetectionsubblock:Aphasecomparatorcomparesthetwoinputquantitiesandoperates ifthephaseanglebetweenthemislessthanorequalto90[9].The3phaseinputvoltagesand currentsarefedthroughthephasecomparatorstodetecttheZones.Theoutputsignalsare basedoneachphaseandZonesuchasZone1_a,Zone1_b,Zone2_aetc.Forinstance,ifthe faultoccursonphaseaandinZone2,thenZone2_agivestheoutputsignalforfurther processingandtheotheroutputsignalsprovideazerosignal.Duringthisprocess,therelaycan detecttheZonewherethefaulthasoccurred. Duringafaultcondition,thevoltageandcurrentvalueswillchangetheimpedanceseen. ThefaultZoneindicationisbaseduponwhethertheimpedancemeasuredattherelaylocation isgreaterthanorlessthantheprotectedlineimpedance. Zone1primaryimpedancemagnitude=Length*Zline (5)where Length=0.85oftheprotectedlineof280km Zline= ( R1) 2 + ( L1) 2

L1 Zone1primaryimpedanceangle,Zangle=tan1 R1 ThesettingvalueofeachZoneisexpressedasapercentageofthelinelength.Normally, thefirstZonecoversonlyupto80to90%oftheprotectedlinelength.ThesecondZonecovers theremainderofthelineleftunprotectedbytheZone1setting,plus50%oftheadjacentline section. The third Zone is used for backup protection and covers the first and section line sections,plus20to25%oftheadjacentline. Faulted phase detection subblock: The 3phase input voltages and currents are fed to the phasecomparators.Outputofthisblockprovidesthesequenceofphasesa,borcthroughthe phase comparators and the impedance trajectory of each phase in the impedance (RX) diagram.Selectedvaluesforphasecomparatordesignconstantparametersk1,k2,1,2,1,2 areshownintheAppendix. TimedelayandZonerepresentationsubblock:Thissubblockincorporatestwofunctions.The firstisaTimeDelayfunction.WhensignalsarereceivedfromZonedetectionandfaultyphase detection,theypassthroughalogicalORfunctiontodeterminetheZonewherethefaulthas occurred.AfterthedetectionofthefaultedZone,Zone1relaytripsinstantaneously.However, Zone 2 and Zone 3 relays have some intentional time delays added to coordinate with the relaysattheremotebus,beforeprovidinganoutput.Timedelaysmayvarydependingonthe circumstances. ThesecondfunctioninthissubblockistheZoneRepresentationfunctionwhichdrawsa distance relay characteristic on an impedance (RX) diagram. With internal mathematical calculations, this subblock decides the centers and radii of the circles on an RX diagram for different Zones according to the data chosen for the system. These circles pass through the

18

originandhavedifferentradiifordifferentZones.Eachcircledenotesaparticularlengthofthe line. The diameter of the circle is proportional to the impedance of the line or indirectly the lengthofthelinecoveredbytheeachZone.Forinstance,ifthelengthofthelineis280kmand if Zone 1=0.9 is selected, it means that circle 1 will cover 90% of the protected line length. When a fault occurs within that area, this can be located within Zone 1 circle in the RX diagram. C.LogicCircuitBlockC: Theoutputofthisblockdeterminesthefinaldecisionoftherelayfortrippingacircuit breaker (CB). If the fault is temporary and can be isolated within the reset time of the relay, thenthisblockwillnotsendatripsignal.However,ifthefaultispermanent,thenitwillsenda tripsignalfortheCB.Thisblockhastwosubblocks. Logicsequencesubblock:TheZonesdetectionsignalfromBlockBispassedthroughalogical OR function, and the output gives the final Zone decision and identifies where the fault has occurred. Now, as information about the Zone and the faulted phase(s) is available, a logical ANDfunctionprovidesanoutputbasedonthecombinationoffaultedZonewithfaultedphase. Reclosing subblock: A single phase autoreclosing scheme is employed, in which only the faultedphasepoleoftheCBistrippedandreclosed.Atthesametime,synchronizingpowerstill flowsthroughthehealthyphases.Foramultiphasefault,allthethreephasesaretrippedand reclosed simultaneously [9]. When the Zone and faulted phase(s) are decided then it is necessarytodeterminewhetherthefaultistemporaryorpermanentinnaturebeforetripping thethreephasesCBs. Whenever this block receives the information about faulted phase(s) and Zone where the fault occurs, the relay sends a trip signal for the faulted phase(s). The relay checks the status of the fault again after a reset time and depending upon the nature of the fault; thereafter,eithertherelaysendsatripsignalforthethreephaseCBsorrestoresthelineafter theresettime.

19

4.RESULTS Due to space restrictions, only a small sample of the tests carried out are presented next. Singlephasetoground(ag)faultatF1(Fig.3) Thiscaseshowsresults fromapermanentsinglephasetogroundfault(ag)placedat 280kmfromtherelay,behindthecapacitor(atlocationF1)withfaultresistanceRf =10ohms. Thefaultoccursattime=0.06s,andthesimulationisrunforatotaltimeperiodof0.7s.

Operating time of the relay Phase atoground fault

0.8

Trip Signal

0.6

0.4

Phase a Phase b Phase c

0.5618s

0.2

0.3816s
0.2 0 0.1 0.2

0.5774s
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Time (Second)

0.3

Figure3(a)

Fig. 3(a) shows the trip signals for phases a, b and c. For phase a the trip signal is generated after 0.3816s (including0.3s Zone 2 delay). The relay checks the status of the fault after reset time (0.18s) and due to the permanent fault; all three phase circuit beakers are trippedafter0.5174s.

20

(1) Phase a current

2

1 pu

0.3816s

pu

0 2 0

0.06s
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

0.5618s
0.5

0.5774s
0.6 0.7

(2) Phase b current

2

1 pu

pu

0 2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.5774s
0.6 0.7

(3) Phase c current

2

1 pu

0.5774s

pu

0 2 0 0.1 0.2

Time (Second)

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Figure3(b)

21

(1) Phase a voltage

2

1 pu

0.3816s

pu

0 2 0 2

0.06s
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

0.5774s
0.5 0.6 0.7

(2) Phase b voltage 1 pu

pu

0 2 0 2

0.06s
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

0.5774s
0.5 0.6 0.7

(3) Phase c voltage 0.06s 0.5774s

pu

0 2 0

1 pu
0.1 0.2

Time (Second)

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Figure3(c) Fig.3(b)and(c)showtheLineL1,3phasecurrentandvoltagewaveformsrespectively measured at the relay location. When the fault occurs at 0.06s, the current for phase a increasesandatthesametimevoltagedecreases.TherelaytripsthephaseaCBat0.3816s, therefore,nocurrentpassesthroughthephasea.Duetoapermanentfault,afterresettime (0.18s), the relay trips the three phase CBs at 0.5174s and the protected line is completely disconnectedfromservice.

22

Impedance diagram
30 25 20

zone 3 zone 2 zone 1 Phase a Impedance Trajectory

Reactance (X) in Ohms

15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 10

Reverse Zone

Phase b Impedance Trajectory

Phase c Impedance Trajectory

15 20 25 30

Resistance (R) in Ohms

10

Figure3(d) Theimpedance(RX)diagram(Fig.3(d))showsthethreecirclescoveringZones1,2and 3 and another smaller circle covering Reverse Zone operation. The trajectories of the impedancedetectionforphasesa,bandcarealsoshown.Thetrajectoryofphaseaindicates thatthefaultinvolvedphaseaandiscoveredbytheZone2circle.

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Voltage across capacitor for phase a

2

0.06s

pu

0 2 1 pu 0 4 2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Capacitor current for phase a 0.06s

pu

0 2 4 0 4 2

1 pu
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

0.5627s
0.5

0.5668s
0.6 0.7

MOV current for phase a 0.3808s

pu

0 2 4 0

0.0677s
0.1 0.2

0.5668s Time (Second)

0.3 0.4 0.5

0.5753s
0.6 0.7

Figure3(e) Fig.3(e)showsthecapacitorvoltage(toptrace),capacitorcurrent(middletrace)and theMOVcurrent(bottomtrace)forphasea.Theresultsshowthatwhenthefaultoccurs at0.06s,thecapacitorvoltageandcurrentincrease.Thevoltageincreaseisenoughtotrigger theMOVtoconductalsotoprotectthecapacitor.ThecapacitorandtheMOVtaketurns conductingcurrents. Many results were obtained with the test system. The findings of some of these evaluations are summarized in Table 1. The performance of the relay operation and the algorithm scheme on single phasetoground (SLG), two phasetoground (2LG) and three phasetoground(3LG)permanentfaultsattwodifferentlocationsF1andF2asshowninFigure 1.AtF1thefaultislocatedattheremoteend,behindthecapacitor.AtF2thefaultislocatedat thebeginningoftheprotectedline.Therelayoperationandthealgorithmistestedwith75kV MOVreferencevoltageanddifferentfaultresistances(0,5,10and20ohms).Typeoffaultsand faultresistancearelistedincolumns1and2respectivelyinTable1.Columns3and4showthe twodifferentfaultlocations,whichincludethezoneofoperation,numberofcyclesandsecure,

24

insecureormissingoperationforeachfaultcase.Thedatashowninthetableindicatesthatthe relayoperatessecurelyandcorrectlyforallcloseinfaults(F2).Forallcloseinfaults,therelay operatesinZone1andanaveragetrippingtimeislessthan1cycleor16.7ms.Thetablealso showsthattherelayoperatescorrectlyandsecurelywith20ohmsfaultresistanceineachfault case and at both locations. In summary, out of 56 permanent faults with different fault resistance,44secureoperations(relayoperatesintheexpectedzone),12insecureoperations (relayoperatesinotherzonethanexpected)and0missingoperations(relayfailstooperate) wereobtained. 5.CONCLUSIONS ThispaperevaluatestheperformanceofaMhorelaymodelanddistanceprotection algorithmfora500kV,40%seriescompensatedtransmissionsystemwithtwolines.AnEMTP RVbasedsimulationmodelisusedtotesttheMhorelay.Aschemebasedontheaveragevalue ofcurrentisusedtocompensatetheerrorintheimpedancemeasurement.Thedistance protectionschemeisbasedonmeasuringphaseangleoftheinputsignalsandcomparingthem throughphasecomparatorsandusingfourspeciallyshapedcharacteristics. Theresultsshowthattherelaymodeldetectsthefaultscorrectlyandgeneratestrip signalswithregardstothelocationofthefault.TheMOVprotectsthecapacitoragainstover voltageduringfaultconditions.Furthermore,itisnotedthattheoperatingtimeoftherelayisa functionofthedistancetothefault. Finally,forcloseinfaults,satisfactoryrelayperformancewasobtainedandanaverage trippingtimeislessthan1cycle.However,therelaymaynotbeassecureoncertain unbalancedfaulttypesgeneratedattheremoteend,behindthecapacitor. 6.APPENDIX 1.Systemdata: Ratedvoltage=500kVrms, Ratedpower=1450MW, Lengthoftheprotectedline=280km, Ictp=1074A, Icts=5A, Vcvtp=410kV, Vcvts=115V, R0=0.06162/km,L0=1.05/km, R1=0.0205/km,L1=0.35/km, Zone1=85%oftheprotectedline, Zone2=1.5andZone3=2.1, tzone1=0.001s,tzone2=0.3sandtzone3=0.6s, Resettime=0.18s,

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ZR11=Zline*Zone1,k1=1,1=Zangle,1=, ZR12=Zline*Zone2,k2=1,2=0,2=0, ZR13=Zline*Zone3,ZR1a=Zline/2,1a=Zangle+, Faultresistance(Rf)=0,5,10and20ohms, MOVreferencevoltage(Vref)=75kV, SeriesCapacitance=67.66F/phase. 7.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TheauthorsacknowledgefinancialsupportfromNaturalSciencesandEngineering ResearchCouncil(NSERC)forthisworkandthecontributionsofDr.V.Ramachandranof ConcordiaUniversity. 8.REFERENCES [1] MarcCoursol,ChinhT.Nguyen,ReneLordandXuanDaiDo,ModelingMOVprotected seriescapacitorsforshortcircuitstudies,IEEETransactionsonPowerDelivery,Vol.8, No.1,pp.448453,January1993. [2] PowerSystemsRelayingCommittee(PSRC)oftheIEEEPowerEngineeringSociety:IEEE GuideforProtectiveRelayApplicationstoTransmissionLines,IEEEStd.C37.1131999. [3] BelurS.Ashokkumar,K.Parthasarathy,F.S.PrabhakaraandH.P.Khincha,Effectiveness ofSeriesCapacitorsinLongDistanceTransmissionLines,IEEETrans.onPower Apparatus&Systems,Vol.PAS89,No.5/6,May/June1970. [4] M.M.Saha, K. Wikstrom, J. Izykowski and E. Rosolowski, Fault Location in UncompensatedandSeriesCompensatedParallelLines,2000IEEEPowerEngineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceeding (Cat No.00CH37077), 2000, p 2431 2436,Vol.4. [5] F.GhassemiandA.T.Johns,Investigationofalternativeresidualcurrentcompensation forimprovingseriescompensatedlinedistanceprotection,IEEETransactionsonPower Delivery,Vol.5,No.2,pp.567574,April1990. [6] M.M.Saha, E.RosolowkiandJ.Izykowski,ATPEMTPInvestigationofaNewDistance ProtectionPrincipleforSeriesCompensatedLines,InternationalConferenceonPower SystemsTransientsIPST2003inNewOrleans,USA. [7] Y.Heo,C.H.Kim,K.H.SoandN.O.Park,RealizationofDistanceRelayAlgorithmusing EMTPMODELS,InternationalConferenceonPowerSystemsTransientsIPST2003in NewOrleans,USA.

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 [8] [9]

V. Cook, Analysis of Distance Protection, Research Studies Press, Wiley (Letchworth, Hertfordshire,England,UK),January1985,pages185. Badri Ram and D N Vishwakarma, Power System Protection and Switchgear, Tata McGrawHillPublishingCompanyLimited,NewDelhi,1995,pages456.

[10] J.Mahseredjian,S.Dennetire,L.Dub,B.KhodabakhchianandL.GrinLajoie:Ona newapproachforthesimulationoftransientsinpowersystems.ElectricPower SystemsResearch,Volume77,Issue11,September2007,pp.15141520.

TABLE1.Analysisoftherelayoperationforpermanentfault,MOVVref=75kVandRf=0to20ohms

Fault type SLG 2LG 3LG Total

Rf
ohms

Zone 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2

No.of cycle 20 19 19 19(1/2) 13 2 1(1/2) 19 1(1/2) 1/2 4(1/2) 19

LocationF1 Secure operation 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 16

Unsecure operation 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 1 1 1 0 12

Missing operation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

LocationF2 Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 No.of cycle 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Secure operation 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 28 Unsecure operation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Missing operation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 5 10 20 0 5 10 20 0 5 10 20

27

ElectroMagnetic Transients Program

VOLUME 1, NO. 6 May 2009 EDITION

Support
TRAINING SUCCESS!
CEATI is pleased to report the success of the EMTP-RV training seminar held in Montreal, Quebec, in September 2008. This event brought together 18 professional engineers and students from around the globe. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who contributed to the event, in particular the lecturers, Dr. Jean Mahseredjian, Luc Grin-Lajoie, Doug Mader, Luis-Daniel Bellomo, and to extend our congratulations to all those who participated, for their successful completion of the course. Also note that a three day training course and a users group meeting took place in Dubrovnik, Croatia, from April 27-30, 2009. The course covered theoretical backgrounds to the simulation transients, equipment modeling and applications, insulation coordination issues and practical Power System Studies. The user group meeting discussed the latest developments in EMTP-RV, as well as end-user simulation studies, exchanges around simulation topics, evolution of the software and the future of EMTP-RV.

1010 Sherbrooke St. West, Suite 2500 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2R7 www.ceati.com info@ceati.com Phone +1 (514) 904-5546 Fax +1 (514) 904-5038 28