BANGLADESH

Social and Gender Statistics In Bangladesh at Subnational Levels

Durga Pada Bhattacharjee Demography and Health Wing Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Concluding Workshop RETA 6007: Enhancing Social and Gender Statistics 24-27 June 2003 Bangkok, Thailand

CONTENTS

Introduction Concepts and Definitions Acronyms GOAL 1. ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER Indicator-1. Proportion of population below $ 1 per day Indicator-2. Poverty gap Ratio (incidence x depth of poverty Indicator-3. Share of poorest quintile in National Consumption Indicator-4.Prevalence of under weight children under 5 years of age Indicator-5.Proportion of population of minimum level of dietary energy consumption GOAL 2.ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION Indicator-6.Net enrolment ratio in primary education Indicator-7. Proportion of pupil start grade 1 who reach grade 5 Indicator-8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds GOAL 3.PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN Indicator-9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary Education Indicator-10. Ratio of literate females to males 15-to-24 year olds Indicator-11. Share of women in wage employment in non-agriculture sector Indicator-12. Proportion of seats held by women in National Parliament GOAL 4.REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY Indicator-13.Under five mortality rate Indicator-14. Infant mortality rate Indicator-15.Proportion of 1 year old children immunized against measles GOAL 5. IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH Indicator-16. Maternal mortality ratio Indicator-17.Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel GOAL 6. COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES Indicator-18.HIV prevalence among 15-to 24- year old pregnant women Indicator-19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate Indicator-20.Number of children orphan by HIV/AIDS Indicator-21.Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria Indicator-22.Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures Indicator-23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis

4 5-6 7 8-15 8 9 10 11-13 14-15 16-19 16-17 18 19 20-23 20 21 22 23 24-27 24-25 26 27 28-30 28-29 30 31-34 31 31-32 33 33 33 34

Indicator-24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course GOAL 7. ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Indicator-25.Proportion of land area covered by forest Indicator-26.Land area protected to maintain biological diversity Indicator-27. Indicator-28. Indicator-29.Proportion of population using solid fuels Indicator-30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improve water source Indicator-31. Proportion of household with access to improved sanitation Indicator-32. Proportion of household with access to secure tenure Indicator-33-44 GOAL 8. DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT Indicator-45. Unemployment rate of 15-24 year olds, each sex and total Indicator-46. Indicator-47. Telephone lines and cellular subscriber per 100 population Indicator- 48.Personal computers in use per 100 population and Internet users per 100 population

34 35-42 35-36 37 37 37 38-39 40 41 42 42 43-45 43 43 44 45

Introduction Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics since its creation has been conducting nationwide censuses and sample surveys to provide statistics in the field of housing and household, population and demography, education, health condition, agriculture, industry, incomeexpenditure, poverty situation, child nutrition, Labour force etc. which are inevitable for development planning and policy making. Recently a Research Team comprising some officers of the BBS being patronized by the Reta fund of ADB has conducted a methodological study on ''social and gender statistics'' produced by the BBS. The research team also studied the published reports and administrative records of the National Institute of Population Research and Training, Directorate of Primary Education, Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics, Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board, Directorate of Forestry etc. Keeping in view the commitment of the govt. as to achieve the goal of gender equality, equity and empowerment of women as well as U.N. Millennium Development goals and targets the research team during their last four months study compiled some important indicators showing participating ratio of women to men in various sectors of development. The draft compilation report contains Key Indicators broadly on Poverty and Hunger, Enrolment and Literacy, Wage Employment, Child Mortality, Infant Mortality, Maternal Mortality, Birth Attendants, Immunization, Forestry, Housing and Sanitation, Youth Employment, Telecommunication. Social and gender specific indicators depicted in the report would facilitate pragmatic development planning and policy-making.

Concepts and definitions Household: A household is defined as a single person or group of persons related or unrelated living together and taking food from the same kitchen. Household head: The member of the household who is responsible for managing the family and is recognised by the member of the household to be their head. Primary sampling unit (PSU): The initial area defined and selected for enumeration is called the first stage sample or primary sampling unit. For IMPS the mauza was selected as a PSU for rural area and the mahalla for urban areas. Literacy rate: Percentage of persons of "age 7 years and over who can write a letter in any language in relation to the population of the same age group. Adult literacy rate (15+): Adult literacy rate is defined as the percentage of literate population of age 15 years and over to the population of the same age. Poverty Gap Ratio: The Poverty Gap Ratio is the combined measurement of incidence of poverty and depth or poverty. Incidence of poverty, measured by the Poverty Headcount Ratio, is the proportion of people who live below the poverty line. Depth of poverty is the difference between the poverty line and the average income of the population living under the poverty line, expressed as a fraction of the poverty line. By multiplying the incidence of poverty by the depth of poverty we get a measure of the magnitude of poverty. Share of poorest quintile in National Consumption: Inequality is defined as the income/expenditure of the poorest 20% of the population divided by total income/expenditure of the whole population. Underweight Under 5 children: Prevalence of Underweight Children measures the proportion of underweight children under-five as a percentage of child population under-five. Net enrolment ratio: It is defined as ratio of enrolled students to a specific age group in a certain level of education to the total number of population belongs to the same age group as determined by level of education multiplied by 100. Proportion of pupils starting Grade 1 who reach Grade V: Survival to '5' Grade of primary education measures the proportion of school children enrolled in Grade 1 of primary education who have enrolled in grade 5 and as a percentage of the initial number of school children in grade 1. Literacy Rate of 15 to 24 Year Olds: This indicator is simply the proportion of the population aged 15 to 24 who is literate. A person is said to be literate when he or she can write a letter in any language. Ratio of Girls to Boys in Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Education: Ratio of Girls to Boys in Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Education measures the difference in opportunity for boys and girls to participate in Primary, Secondary & Tertiary education. This indicator is defined as the combined Primary, Secondary & Tertiary gross enrolment ratio for girls as a percentage of the combined Primary, Secondary & Tertiary gross enrolment ratio for boys.

Ratio or Literate Females to Males (Aged 15 to 24 yrs): Ratio of Literate Females to Males measures the difference in ability of man and women aged 15 to 24 to read and write. This indicator is the female Adult Literacy Rate as a percentage of male Adult Literacy Rate in a given age group. Infant Mortality Rate: The infant Mortality Rate is the number of children who have died between birth and their first birthday, expressed per thousand live births. Under-Five Mortality Rate: The Under-Five Mortality Rate is the number of children who have died between birth and their fifth birthday expressed per 1000 live births. Maternal Mortality Ratio: The maternal mortality ratio is the annual number of maternal deaths per 100 000 live births. A maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel: This indicator is the number births attended by a skilled health worker over one year as a percentage of total number of births during the same period. Population with (sustainable) Access to Safe Water: Population with Access to Safe Water is the share of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of safe water (including treated surface water and untreated but uncontaminated water such as from springs, sanitary wells and protected boreholes).

Acronyms BBS SVR PSU SMA CBR TFR GFR NRR CPR CDR = = = = = = = = = = Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Sample Vital Registration System Sample Vital Registration Primary Sample Unit Statistical Metropolitan Area Crude Birth Rate Age specific Fertility Rate Total Fertility Rate General Fertility Rate Net Reproduction Rate Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Crude Death Rate Age-specific Death Rate Infant Mortality Rate Neo-Natal Mortality Rate Post Neo-Natal Mortality Rate Child Death Rate Maternal Mortality Rate Natural Growth Rate Optical Marks Reader Crude Marriage Rate Mean Age at First Marriage Age Specific Marriage Rate Age-specific Marital Fertility Rate

SVRS =

ASFR =

ASDR = IMR = NMR = PNMR = CHDR = MMR = NGR CMR = = OMR = MAM = ASMR = AMFR =

CSDR = Cause Specific Death Rate NIPORT= National Institute for Population Research and Training BANBEIS=Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics

GOAL- 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER: Poverty is the degree of poorness. It can be earmarked by income level of household. The concept of absolute poverty is the minimum level of income that is needed for physical survival. Thus poverty line can be defined as the minimum level of household income that can purchase a bundle of goods and services to satisfy the basic needs of household. Poverty line can be measured using household based data on income, expenditure, consumption etc. Household Expenditure Survey (HES) in Bangladesh is a nation-wide sample survey to provide the above information. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics has been conducting HES since pre-independence. In 2000 HES much emphasis was given to collect information on income in addition to expenditure and consumption. Therefore 2000 HES was termed as Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). A two stage stratified random sampling technique was followed in drawing Sample for HIES 2000 under the framework of integrated Multipurpose Sample (IMPS) design. In total 7200 households were covered in 1991-92, 7420 households were covered in 1995-96 and 7440 households were covered in 2000. Indicator-01: Proportion of population below 1$ per day Number of households, average monthly income per household and population by Income-Groups with urban-rural breakdown has been taken from the published reports of the HES conducted in 1991-92 & 1995-96 and HIES conducted in 2000 by the BBS. Income group specific per capita income per day has been computed in Bangladeshi currency. The formula used for computing per capita income per day of specific Income-Group: (Average monthly income per HH X No. of H.H) of specific income- group Per capita income per day of specific income-group = Population of the same specific income -group X 30 days Exchange rate of Bangladeshi currency for 1(one) US dollar for the years 1991-92, 1995-96, and 2000 has been taken from the publication Economic Trends-April 2001 published by the Bangladesh Bank i.e., the Central Bank of Bangladesh. The income-group whose per capita income per day corresponded with one US dollar has been marked off. Total population of all income-groups below the demarcated income group as percentage of the total population of all the income-groups depicts proportion of population below 1 $ per capita income per day.

Proportion of population below 1$ per day Residence National Urban Rural 1991-92 94.31 80.92 97.57 1995-96 85.00 56.63 93.37 2000 85.89 61.06 89.69

Indicator-02: Poverty Gap Ratio (incidence x depth of poverty) The poverty Gap Ratio has been calculated by multiplying the incidence of poverty by the depth of poverty where, depth of poverty is the difference between the poverty line and the average income of the population living under the poverty line, expressed as a fraction of the poverty line. Estimation procedure of the incidence of poverty based on 1 $ per capita per day has been explained earlier. Total income of all the income-groups below the poverty line has been divided by the total population living under poverty line to obtain the average income of the population living under poverty line. Subtracting this average income from poverty line income and dividing the difference by the poverty line income what has been obtained is depth of poverty. The following formula has been used to calculate the poverty gap ratio: Pop. below 1 $ per capita Poverty line income - Average income of per day X Population below poverty line Total Population Poverty line income

Poverty gap ratio =

Poverty Gap Ratio (incidence x depth of poverty) Residence National Urban Rural 1991-92 47.19 30.41 49.95 1995-96 41.23 18.43 46.04 2000 42.07 23.75 46.88

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Indicator-03: Share of poorest quintile in National, Rural and Urban Consumption Share of poorest quintile in consumption is defined as the c Consumption expenditure of the households are the aggregate values of goods and services actually consumed by the household members during the reference period. Non- consumption expenditure of households, such as- income tax and other taxes, pension and social security contributions and related insurance premium, gifts and other transfers etc have not been accounted for constructing this indicator. For calculating indicator-3, consumption expenditure of each household has been considered and arranged in ascending order of expenditure to determine the lowest 20% of household. The result may slightly vary from the true value for using proportion household in lieu of population. Share of poorest quintile in National, Rural and Urban consumption Residence National Rural Urban 1991-92 6.91 7.2 6.97 1995-96 7.19 8.08 6.32 2000 8.33 9.25 6.95

Source: 1. Household Expenditure Survey-1991-92, B.B.S 2. Household Expenditure Survey-1995-96, B.B.S 3. Household Expenditure Survey-2000, B.B.S

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Indicator-04: Prevalence of under weight children (under five years of age) Prevalence of underweight (severe and moderate underweight combined) children below five years of age and of 6 to 71 months of age as shown for different years are the results of linear regression analysis using weight -for-age Z- score as the dependent variable. Z - score (or standard deviation score) is the deviation of the value for an individual from the median value of the reference population, divided by the standard deviation for the reference population. Z-score has been calculated using the following formulae : (Observed value) - (median ref. value) Z-score = (Median ref. value) - (5th cent. ref value) 1. 8 Recommended Z-score cut off values for anthropometric indices in children : Anthropometric indicator Weight for age Z-score Cut-off values -3.00 to -2.01 < -3.00 Terms describing out come Moderate under weight Serve under weight

Indicators on underweight children has been compiled from the published reports of the Child Nutrition Survey (CNS) conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics in 198990, 1992, 1995-96 and 2000. Proportion of under weight (severe and moderate combined) children of specific age group has been shown as percentage of total children of the same age group. Indicator -4.1: Prevalence of Underweight (W/A Below-2sd Score) Children (0-59 Months) by Sex and Locality, 2000 Age in months <6 6-11 12-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 National Boys Girls 49.73 50.47 31.50 59.20 55.50 52.30 51.80 37.80 55.00 55.60 55.70 51.00 Rural Boys 51.50 32.30 60.70 58.30 53.20 52.20 Urban Boys 42.3 6 28.0 0 47.4 0 40.0 0 46.5 0 48.4

Both 50.07 34.50 57.30 55.50 53.90 51.40

Both 52.17 37.20 58.90 58.20 55.10 52.20

Girls 53.30 42.30 56.80 58.10 57.20 52.60

Both 38.11 22.30 45.70 42.50 46.10 45.30

Girls 33.4 6 15.1 0 44.1 0 45.1 0 45.6 0 43.4

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48-59 All ages

49.80 50.83

49.40 50.38

50.50 51.31

51.10 52.55

50.70 51.76

51.60 53.38

43.30 41.11

0 42.5 0 42.5 8

0 44.2 0 39.6 9

Source: Child Nutrition Survey 2000,BBS Indicator -4.2: Prevalence of underweight (WAZ<-2.00) among children of age group 6-59 months by sex and residence, 2000 (%) Locality Bangladesh Rural Urban Barisal division Chittagong & Sylhet div. Dhaka division Khulna division Rajshahi division Both Sex 51.1 52.8 42.2 57.4 51.8 50.0 38.6 55.6 Boys 51.4 53.40 41.10 59.70 49.30 50.30 40.80 58.00 Girls 50.9 51.80 42.50 55.70 53.00 49.00 34.40 54.90

Source: Child Nutrition Survey 2000,BBS Indicator -4.3: Prevalence of Underweight (W/A Below-2sd Score) Children (6-71 Months) by Gender And Years Year 1989-90 1992 1995-96 2000 Both Sex 66.50 68.30 57.40 51.1 Boys 64.80 65.60 56.80 51.4 Girls 67.80 71.00 58.10 50.9

Source: Child Nutrition Survey, BBS Published in Statistical Pocket Book Bangladesh, 2000 Indicator -4.4: Prevalence of Underweight (W/A Below-2sd Score) Children (6-71 Months) by Locality And Years Year 1989-90 1992 1995-96 2000 All 66.50 68.30 57.40 51.1 Urban 62.7 57.2 46.3 42.2 Rural 66.7 69.8 59.3 52.8

Source: Child Nutrition Survey 2000,BBS

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Indicator -4.5: Prevalence of Underweight (W/A Below-2sd Score) Children (6-71 Months) by Locality, 2000 Locality Bangladesh Barisal division Chittagong & Sylhet div. Dhaka division Khulna division Rajshahi division Total 51.1 57.4 51.8 50.0 38.6 55.6 Rural 52.8 58.2 58.2 53.7 39.4 56.3 Urban 42.2 44.0 52.3 38.9 33.1 49.1

Source: Child Nutrition Survey 2000,BBS

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Indicator-05: Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption Level of calorie intake is an important means for explaining the situation of poverty and hunger. Dietary energy gained by one can be described as the intake of calorie energy he received from consumption of foods and drinks. Two types of poverty measures (i) absolute poverty and (ii) hardcore poverty as estimated by the BBS using Direct Calorie Intake Method (DCI) have been provided here. Absolute poverty has been calculated on the basis of intake of 2122 Kilo calorie energy per capita per day while, hard core poverty based on intake of 1805 Kilo calorie of energy per capita per day. Population with 2122 K cal of energy per capita per day and 1805 K cal of energy per capita per day respectively as percentage of the total population reflects proportion of population below absolute poverty and hardcore poverty respectively. The indicator has been compiled from the publication titled ''Preliminary Report of Household Income and Expenditure Survey-2000'' of the BBS that contained results of the household expenditure survey conducted by the BBS in different years since 1985. Limitation: At the time of data collection food taken by members of the interviewed households outside home were not recorded as quantity consumed. As a result estimated intake of calorie might incorporate slight bias.

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Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption Survey Year Number and percent of population below poverty National Rural Urban No. In Percent of No. In Percent of No. In Percent of Million Population Million Population Million Populatio n Poverty line-1 Absolute poverty 2122 K. cal per person per day 55.8 44.3 42.6 42.3 13.2 55.3 47.5 45.7 47.1 9.6 51.6 47.5 44.8 47.6 6.8 49.7 47.8 43.4 47.8 6.3 55.3 55.7 47.4 54.7 7.9 Poverty line-2 Hard core poverty 1805 K. cal per person per day 24.9 29.1 30.4 29.5 26.7 20.0 25.1 28.0 28.4 26.9 18.8 23.9 26.6 26.0 22.8 18.7 24.6 28.3 28.6 26.3 6.0 5.2 3.8 3.5 3.9 52.5 49.7 46.7 47.6 62.6

2000 1995-96 1991-92 1988-89 1985-86

2000 1995-96 1991-92 1988-89 1985-86

25.0 27.3 26.3 26.4 30.7

Source: Preliminary report of household income & expenditure survey-2000, BBS

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GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION At the outset of providing indicators on education and literacy in persuasion of UN Millennium Development Goal-2 and Goal-3 it would be convenient to give a brief description of management of education system, level of education, types of education and formal schooling years in Bangladesh. Education system in Bangladesh is being managed and administered by two Ministries/Divisions, viz; Ministry of Education (MOE) and Primary and Mass Education Division (PMED) in association with the attached Departments and Directorates as well as a number of autonomous bodies. Education system of Bangladesh may be broadly divided into three major levels, viz; Primary, Secondary and Higher education. Post-primary system of education is further classified into four types in terms of curriculum: (i) General education (ii) Madrasah education (iii) Technical-Vocational education and (iv) Professional education. Primary level Education Primary level education (grade 1-v) is comprised of 5 years of formal schooling. Primary education is generally imparted in primary schools. Nevertheless, it is also imparted in primary level ebtedayee madrasah, kindergarten institutions and junior sections attached to High schools, Madrasahs and English medium schools. Secondary level Education Secondary level of general education is comprised of 7 years of formal schooling. The first three years (grades vi-viii) is referred to as Junior Secondary; the next 2 years (grades ix-x) is Secondary while the last 2 years (grades xi-xii) is called Higher Secondary. The secondary level of madrasah education is comprised of 7 years of formal schooling. The first 5 years (grade vi-x) is referred to as Dakhil and last 2 years (grades xi-xii) is called Alim. Vocation-Technical courses start from secondary level of education. After completion of three years of formal schooling in secondary school one may get admission in vocation courses which starts from 9th grade. At this level the courses are diversified in different vocations spread over 1 to 2 years duration. Diploma course prepare the diploma engineers at the Polytechnic institutes. Diploma course spread over 3 years duration after passing the Secondary School Certificate examination. Professional Certificate course and Diploma course at secondary level starts after passing the Secondary School Certificate (10th grade) examination. Professional training institutions/schools offer Certificate and Diploma where duration of diploma course is 2 years and that of certificate course is 3-6 months. Higher Tertiary Level Education Higher education starts after passing higher secondary certificate examination or equivalent examination. Higher level General education comprises 2-5 years, Madrasah education comprises 2-4 years, Technical-Vocational education comprises 4 years and Professional education comprises 1-5 years of formal schooling.

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Indicator 06: Net enrolment Ratio in primary education Gender disaggregated Net enrolment Ratio in primary education reflects percentage of boys as well as percentage of girls aged 6-10 years enrolled in primary schools. It has been presented by urban-rural and division level breakdown. Enrolled students aged 6-10 years in all types of primary institutions who follow Primary School or Madrasah Text Book Board were considered. Figures presented have been compiled from the publications referred to as source. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 1997 was a nation-wide sample survey implemented under the TAPP of the BBS. SURCH, a private research firm assisted BBS in the implementation programme. Field data collection was carried out by eight private agencies. UNICEF provided financial assistance for the survey. MICS for the year 1997 covered nearly 52000 households in 1042 clusters of 64 rural and 12 urban domains throughout the country. 64 rural domains meant 64 Districts excluding Municipal Areas. Two levels of stratification were selected for the survey design. 1. Urban: Four Metropolitan Cities namely Dhaka, Khulna, Chittagong and Rajshahi with slum/non-slum population in Dhaka and Chittagong including other municipalities in six divisions. 2. Rural: 64 Districts excluding Municipal Areas. Clusters, for the survey, were defined as compact area segments which were formed by selecting rural 'Mouzas' and urban 'Mahallas' in the first stage of selection using the 1991 Population Census counts of household with probability proportion to size (PPS). The technique used to select the sample creates a self weighting sample in each district, i.e. every household in the district had the same probability of selection and the district level data could be tabulated without the need to use population weights. However, while compiling the district level data for divisional or national estimates proportionate weighing was done. Sample design for the years 1998 and 2000 remained unaltered. Net enrolment Ratio in primary education Locality 1997 1998 Boys Girls Boys Girls National 78.5 79.1 80.0 83.0 Rural 77.7 78.4 Urban 85.1 84.7 Barisal division 81.3 86.5 88.0 89.0 Chittagong division 81.6 79.2 82.0 81.0 Dhaka division 76.7 77.2 87.0 90.0 Khulna division 80.6 83.4 87.0 94.0 Rajshahi division 77.4 78.6 78.0 83.0 Sylhet division 74.8 73.8 78.0 80.0

2000 Boys 80.7 80.7 80.8 84.0 79.6 79.1 85.3 81.3 78.6 Girls 82.8 83.0 80.7 85.9 82.4 79.6 89.1 83.9 79.9

Source: 1. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), B.B.S. Publication name Progotir Pathey-1997 2. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), B.B.S. Publication name Asha-1998 3. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), B.B.S. Publication name Progotir Pathey2000

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Indicator 07: Proportion of pupils who enroll in grade 5 This indicator in fact depicts four years cycle completion rates of primary students. Grade wise (Grades I-V) enrolment of boys and girls for the years 1986 to 1990 have been obtained from the published report of the BANBIES titled Bangladesh Educational Statistics, 1991 while grade wise enrolment for the years 1994 to 2001 have obtained from the following two reports of Primary and Mass Education Division: (i) National Report, 1999 (ii) Primary Education Statistics in Bangladesh 2001. Students enrolled in 5th grade in a given year have been taken as completed four years formal schooling amongst who had been enrolled in 1st grade prior to 4 years of the given year. Thus students enrolled in 5th grade in the year 1990 have been indicated as percentage of the students enrolled in 1st grade in 1986 and so on for the subsequent years. Proportion of pupils who enroll in grade 5 Year 1990 1994 1998 1999 2000 2001 Proportion of pupils who enroll in grade 5 Total Boys Girls 36.91 35.91 38.23 59.18 56.88 62.03 60.14 58.58 61.91 58.15 55.59 61.08 60.16 57.51 63.10 58.62 56.18 61.32

Note: Repetition rates have been ignored due to non-availability of grade wise information of repetition rates. Source: Table derived from the information: Primary and Mass Education Division & BANBEIS, Ministry of Education. Published in the report 1. Primary Education Statistics in Bangladesh-20001, PMED 2. National Report, 1999,PMED 3. Bangladesh Educational Statistics, 1991,BANBEIS.

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Indicator 08: literacy rate of 15-24 year olds Population by sex as well as by literate males and females of age 15-24 years with urban-rural break down have been compiled from the Analytical Findings and National Tables of Population Census 1981 and Analytical Report Volume-1 of Population Census 1991. Gender specific total and literate population of age 15-24 years by urban-rural and division level have been obtained from the computerized raw data of the Sample Vital Registration System (SVRS) conducted by the BBS in 2000. A person who is able to write a letter has been considered as literate in population censuses and SVRS mentioned above. The indicator shows number of literate males as percentage of the total males and that of literate females as percentage of the total females of the same age group. Indicator -8.1: Adult literacy rate (literacy rate of 15-24 year olds) by sex and year Locality National Rural Urban Sex Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Literacy rate in percentage 1981 1991 2000 35.7 44.7 63.8 44.4 51.7 67.4 27.2 38.0 60.4 31.9 39.3 59.7 40.1 46.6 64.0 23.7 32.8 55.6 54.3 62.2 78.8 61.2 67.4 79.7 45.7 56.6 77.9

Indicator -8.2: Adult literacy rate (literacy rate of 15-24 year olds) by sex and by Division in 2000

Locality/divisions Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet

Total (%) 75.3 67.9 59.7 64.3 62.6 57.1

Male (%) 76.2 72.1 63.7 67.9 67.1 57.4

Female (%) 74.4 63.4 55.5 61.1 58.6 56.8

Source: 1.Computerized data of Sample Vital Registration System-2000, B.B.S. 2. Analytical Report Volume-1, Bangladesh Population Census 1991 3. Analytical Findings and National Tables, August 1984, Bangladesh Population Census 1981

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GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN Indicator 09: Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Data on enrolment in all types of primary institutions for the years 1999-2001 have been taken from the Directorate of Primary Education (DPE) of Primary and Mass Education Division (PMED) which is responsible for controlling, coordinating and regulating the field administration of the primary education. The upazila Education Officers send educational statistics (enrolment, teaching staff, etc. of all types of primary institutions) of their respective Upazila directly to the Monitoring and Evaluation Section (M & E) of the Directorate of Primary Education (DPE). The raw data are computerized, processed as well as reports are generated in the MIS Cell of DPE in collaboration with M & E. Data on enrolment of secondary and tertiary levels for the years 1999 to 2001 have been taken from the following two published reports of the Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS). (i) (ii) National Education Survey (Post Primary)-1999 Statistical Profile on Education in Bangladesh-2001

As the Staff Department of the Ministry of Education, BANBEIS is responsible for collection, compilation and dissemination of educational information and statistics at various level and types of post primary education. This indicator reflects number of girls per hundred boys enrolled in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary education. Indicator -9.1: Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education by locality and by year Levels of Education Primary education Secondary education Tertiary education Primary and Secondary education Primary, Secondary and Tertiary education 1999 94.92 95.01 46.89 94.95 93.37 Girls per hundred boys 2000 95.60 98.64 47.21 96.71 94.56 2001 96.44 103.66 47.11 99.10 97.07

Source: 1.National Report, 1999 of Information on Primary Level Institute, Teacher and Class-wise Enrollment, PMED. 2.Primary Education Statistics in Bangladesh-2001, PMED. 3. National Education Survey (Post-Primary)-1999, Final Report, BANBEIS. 4. Statistical Profile on Education in Bangladesh, BANBEIS

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Indicator -9.2: Ratio of girls to boys in primary education by locality and by year Locality/division 1995 Barisal division Chittagong division Dhaka division Khulna division Rajshahi division Sylhet division 92.86 87.89 87.27 90.86 86.94 91.09 Girls per hundred boys 1996 1997 1998 1999 88.87 79.95 86.95 98.86 86.33 95.04 89.77 88.02 88.36 100.75 85.54 94.70 88.78 90.74 88.67 95.43 86.81 95.25 88.87 93.31 89.36 93.37 89.91 96.79

2001 99.97 97.66 95.67 96.32 93.93 103.16

Source: District Education Officers, Ministry of Education published in Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh- 2000,B.B.S

Indicator 10: Ratio of literate females to males of 15 to 24 years olds This indicator reflects number of literate females of age 15-24 years as percentage of literate males of the same age group. Number of literate males and females of age 15-24 years have been compiled from the Population Censuses of 1981 and 1991. Besides Division wise number of literate males and females for the year 2000 has been estimated from the computerized raw data of Sample Vital Registration System-2000 (SVRS). Ratio of literate females to males of 15 to 24 years olds Locality National Rural Urban Barisal Division Chittagong Division Dhaka Division Khulna Division Rajshahi Division Sylhet Division 1981 61.26 59.10 74.67 Females per hundred males 1991 73.50 70.39 83.98 2000 89.61 86.88 97.74 97.64 87.93 87.13 89.99 87.33 98.95

Source: 1.Computerized data of Sample Vital Registration System-2000, B.B.S 2.Analytical Report Volume-1, Bangladesh Population Census 1991 3."Analytical Findings and National Tables, August 1984" Bangladesh Population Census 1981

22

Indicator 11: Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector Information of male and female wage earners (persons whose services are solicited only for a periodic time intervals during the reference period) employed in the non-agricultural sector by major industrial classifications has been taken from the reports of the labour force survey conducted by the BBS during April 1999 to March 2000. Here, Industry includes all types of establishments or businesses in which persons are engaged in producing or distributing goods and services during the reference period. The classification of the industry was adopted from Bangladesh Standard Industrial Classification (BSIC) following International Standard Industrial classification Rev-3 (1993). Average daily wage rates (in Taka) of males and females have also been obtained from the same source. Employed male and female wage earners have been indicated in terms of percentage of the total wage earners. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector, 2000 Industry Employed wage earners Male Female (%) (%) 77.20 36.78 78.91 100.0 0 91.36 81.51 87.50 95.68 100.0 0 100.0 0 100.0 0 65.22 100.0 0 45.10 22.80 63.22 21.09 8.64 18.49 12.50 4.32 34.78 54.90 Average daily wage rate in Taka Male Female 65.43 80.56 82.99 143.86 85.57 78.65 74.46 83.77 120.11 84.00 80.09 87.93 64.56 82.98 38.07 30.22 38.69 43.85 36.56 39.00 35.75 65.25 59.37

Total Mining & Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, Gas &Water supply Construction Whole sale & Retail Trade Hotel & Restaurant Trans. Storage & Comm. & Services Bank, Insu. & Financial Intermediate R/Estate, Ren. &Bussi. Activities Public Administration Education Health & Social Works Com. Social & Personal & Other

Source: Report of the Labour Force Survey Bangladesh 1999-2000,B.B.S

23

Indicator 12: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament has been shown in the last column of the table. After independence the first National Parliament of Bangladesh was constituted in 1973 with 300 general seats and 15 reserved seats. Reserved seats of the parliament meant seats completely reserved for women. In 1979 the number of reserved seats were increased to 30 and it continued till mid 2001. Members of parliament in general seats were elected by the voters of 300 constituencies who in turn elected parliament members for reserved seats. Presently there is no provision for reserved seats in our national parliament Number of seats (general + reserved) held by women in national parliament has been shown as percentage of the total seats (general + reserved) of the national parliament. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament Elected in general No of seats women Elected in Reserved seats Year Women Men 1973 1979 1986 1991 1996 2001 1 5 4 11 6 300 299 295 296 289 294 15 30 30 30 30 No of total women Elected in national Assembly 15 31 35 34 41 6 Proportion of seats Held by women in National assembly 4.76 9.39 10.61 10.30 12.42 2.00

No of total seats In national Assembly 315 330 330 330 330 300

Source: Ministry of Establishment, Published in the Statistical Profile of Women in Bangladesh-2002.

24

GOAL 4. REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY Indicator 13: Under five Mortality rate Under five-mortality rate is the number of deaths of children below five years five years of age per thousand live births. It represents the probability of dying between birth and the 5th birthday. The rates have been computed using the data of Sample Vital Registration System conducted by the BBS. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (B.B.S) initiated a surveillance system entitled Demographic Survey and Vital Registration System (BDSVRS) in 1980 and it covered 103 (rural 62+urban 41) Primary Sample Units (PSU) throughout the country. In 1983 the number of PSUs were increased to 210(rural 150+urban 60). Number of PSUs were further raised to 500 (rural 360+ urban 140) in1995. PSU for BDSVRS is defined as a compact area of approximately 250 households.

Under five mortality per 000 children by sex and residence Year 1988 Sex Both Sex Male Female Both Sex Male Female Both Sex Male Female Both Sex Male Female Both Sex Male Female National 162 162 160 146 148 144 125 128 121 115 115 114 110 111 109 Rural 171 174 165 154 156 153 130 133 128 120 121 119 115 117 114 Urban 118 128 112 96 98 94 83 85 81 69 70 68 65 67 62

1991

1995

1997

1998

25

Table continued Year Sex 1999 Both sex Male Female 2000 Both sex Male Female Both sex Male Female

National 87 89 85 84 86 84 82 84 81

Rural 92 93 90 90 91 89 89 90 87

Urban 62 65 60 55 56 54 52 53 52

2001

Note: Under five mortality rate =Number of death (0-4)/Number of live births in that year Source: Reports of Sample Vital Registration System, B.B.S

26

Indicator 14: Infant Mortality rate Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under 12 months of age per thousand live births. The rate expresses the probability of dying between the birth and the first birthday. Infant mortality rates have been compiled from the data of Sample Vital Registration System of the BBS. Infant mortality rate per 1000 live births by sex and residence National Year 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 Boys 113 124 119 130 114 122 120 116 104 98 95 90 86 77 73 68 61 58 60 Girls 109 120 116 108 109 111 105 105 99 91 90 86 82 76 70 67 59 56 61 Boys 114 125 121 133 115 123 122 118 106 101 98 95 90 82 80 78 70 68 66 Rural Girls 111 121 121 110 112 112 107 107 101 93 95 90 86 79 76 74 68 64 63 Urban Boys 105 114 107 104 109 104 102 96 92 73 72 68 62 58 55 52 51 49 47 Girls 93 92 91 97 87 97 87 86 81 68 65 62 59 56 52 49 48 45 43

Source: Reports of Sample Vital Registration System, B.B.S

27

Indicator 15: Proportion of 1- year old children immunized against measles This indicator has been compiled from the reports of National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and also from the report of Health and Demographic Survey of the BBS as mentioned below the table. The surveys were conducted throughout the country following the IMPS design of the B.B.S. Number of children of 1 year old immunized against measles as percentage of the total number of 1 year old children shows proportion of children immunized against measles and so for all immunizable diseases. For the purpose of this indicator, age of children in year means completed year and month means completed month i.e. a children of twelve months of age or a children of one year eleven months twenty nine days of age has been treated as a children of 1 year old and is included in the estimation while, a children of eleven months twenty nine days has been treated as a children of below 1 year old and is excluded from calculation. Proportion of children (12-23 months) immunized against measles, all immunizable diseases and proportion of non-immunized children by selected background characteristics Background Characteristics % of Children immunized against Measles All immunizable Not immunized diseases 19931995 1999- 1993- 1995 1999- 1993-94 199994 2000 94 2000 2000 70.8 73.2 68.2 73.9 73.9 73.8 68.9 72.5 65.1 60.4 63.4 57.1 65.4 65.8 65.0 59.0 62.3 55.6 5.0 4.6 5.5 14.0 11.3 16.7

National Both sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Division Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet

80.7 68.9

78.1 72.3

77.9 67.8

69.8 58.5

76.4 61.3

70.4 57.6

2.1 5.6

8.7 14.6

70.2 77.3 65.9 81.0 70.4 58.0

70.8 78.9 58.5 89.6 68.4

81.2 63.2 60.7 85.4 77.3

63.0 68.5 57.8 68.6 56.4 45.2

64.6 72.2 52.7 81.3 54.5

73.2 53.7 49.2 81.4 65.0

4.7 4.4 5.9 1.6 3.5 14.3

8.8 20.3 15.4 7.5 6.8

Source: 1. Preliminary Report of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 1999200(NIPORT) 2. Report of Survey on Coverage of immunization January 1995 (HDS, BBS) 3. Preliminary Report of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 199394(NIPORT)

28

GOAL 5. IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH Indicator 16: Maternal Mortality ratio Maternal mortality ratio has been taken from the reports of Sample Vital Registration System of the BBS. The maternal mortality ratio has been considered as the annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy related causes, when pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy per 1000 live births. Deaths of pregnant women due to accidental or incidental causes have not been accounted for maternal death. Indicator -16.1: Maternal mortality ratio per 1000 live births by residence and by year

Year 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000

National 6.48 5.96 5.72 5.08 4.78 4.72 4.68 4.52 4.49 4.47 4.44 3.50 3.00 3.92

Rural 6.69 6.13 5.98 5.78 5.02 4.84 4.80 4.68 4.60 4.52 4.50 3.78 3.36 4.14

Urban 5.97 5.51 5.31 4.60 4.25 4.02 3.98 3.91 3.85 3.80 3.75 3.08 2.85 2.76

Source: Reports of Sample Vital Registration System, B.B.S

29

Indicator -16.2: Maternal mortality rate per 1000 live birth by division and by year

Maternal mortality rate Residential status Barisal Division Chittagong Division Dhaka Division Khulna Division Rajshahi Division Sylhet Division* Source: " Bangladesh Health and Demographic Survey: Summary Findings, 1994 and 1995. B.B.S * Data included in Chittagong Division 1995 4.2 4.7 4.5 4.0 4.6

30

Indicator 17: Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel This indicator has been compiled from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted by National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) of The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Number of skilled birth attendants as percentage of total number of births attendants represents proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel. Skilled birth attendants includes doctors, trained nurses and trained mid wives. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Locality Tota l National Urban Rural Division Barisal Chittagon g Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet 10.6 34.7 6.7 7.2 8.2 13.1 11.8 6.0 * Skilled health personnel attended 1994 1997 Doct Nurse/M Tota Doct Nurse/M Tota or id l or id l wife wife 4.9 5.7 36.7 6.2 30.5 13.0 18.2 16.5 51.6 12.1 39.5 34.6 2.6 4.1 29.3 3.4 25.9 8.4 2.7 2.3 6.4 4.3 4.2 * 4.5 5.9 6.7 7.5 1.8 * 11.1 12.9 13.3 19.3 11.0 10.8 2000 Doct Nurse/M or id wife 7.8 5.2 22.7 11.9 4.7 3.7 5.1 7.0 9.1 11.3 6.1 7.9 6.0 5.9 4.2 8.0 4.9 2.9

*Data included in Chittagong Division Note: Division-wise data of 1997 not available Source: 1. Preliminary Report Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 1993-94 (NIPORT) 2. Health and Demographic Survey, BBS Published in the Report of Reproductive health status in Bangladesh-1997 3. Preliminary Report Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 1999-2000 (NIPORT)

31

GOAL 6. COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES Indicator-18: HIV Prevalence among 15-24 years old pregnant women Note: Information is not available Indicator-19: Contraceptive prevalence rate Number of currently married women of 14-49 years of age currently using contraceptives as percentage of the total currently married women of the same age group reflects contraceptive prevalence rate. Contraceptive prevalence rate by method and locality Locality Any metho Total d Modern method IUD Inject- Condom Male Other ables Female Steriliz modern Steriliza ation method tion 1993-94 4.1 4.4 4.5 3.0 8.3 2.3 8.1 6.4 8.3 1.1 0.7 1.1

Pill

Residence Bangladesh Urban Rural Division Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet

44.6 54.4 43.3

36.2 17.4 2.2 44.6 20.9 3.7 35.1 16.9 2.0

47.7 29.3 44.3 55.3 54.8 -

37.8 23.4 36.3 42.8 45.9 -

18.2 9.1 18.2 20.1 23.5 -

2.4 2.0 1.9 3.1 2.1 -

4.7 4.4 4.4 5.4 4.2 -

2.8 2.1 3.0 4.4 3.3 -

8.2 5.5 8.2 8.5 10.4 -

1.4 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.3 -

Source: Preliminary Report Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 1999-2000 (NIPORT)

32

Table continued Locality Any metho Total d

Pill

Modern method IUD Inject- Condom Male Other ables Female Steriliz modern Steriliza ation method tion 1997 6.0 4.3 6.8 4.4 6.8 3.2 5.7 5.4 5.9 0.8 1.0 0.7

Residence Bangladesh Urban Rural Division Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet

50.9 56.5 48.3

45.8 27.4 1.5 51.4 32.5 1.3 43.1 25.0 1.8

50.0 45.0 50.7 57.0 59.1 37.0

45.5 40.3 44.5 51.1 51.3 32.0

28.3 23.1 27.0 31.7 32.1 9.0

1.5 1.8 0.9 1.5 1.7 2.2

4.5 7.4 5.6 8.0 4.7 7.3

6.0 3.2 4.2 5.0 3.6 4.8

4.2 4.4 6.1 4.3 7.9 4.5

0.9 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.2 0.7

Source: Reproductive Health Status in Bangladesh 1997, HDS, and B.B.S. Table continued Locality Any metho Total d Modern method IUD Inject- Condom Male Other ables Female Steriliz modern Steriliza ation method tion 1999-2000 7.2 5.7 7.6 4.3 9.8 2.9 6.7 6.3 6.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5

Pill

Residence Bangladesh Urban Rural Division Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet

53.8 60.0 52.3

43.4 23.0 1.2 48.7 24.6 1.4 42.2 22.6 1.2

59.2 44.0 53.9 64.0 58.6 34.0

45.7 34.9 42.1 50.9 51.1 25.0

20.0 18.8 23.1 25.9 27.5 13.5

1.7 1.2 0.8 2.1 1.5 0.7

10.6 6.1 5.7 9.7 8.5 4.0

2.9 3.6 5.0 6.6 3.3 3.0

8.2 4.9 6.8 5.0 9.0 3.6

1.7 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.7 0.3

0.5 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.0

Source: Preliminary Report of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 1999-2000 (NIPORT)

33

Indicator-20: Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. Note: Information is not available Indicator-21: Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria Number of morbid persons and number of deaths associated with malaria in a particular year per lac population of that year has been shown in this indicator Morbidity and death rate from malaria per lac population by Division Division Bangladesh Chittagong division Sylhet division Dhaka division Khulna division Barisal division Rajshahi division 1997 16.0 69.9 15.3 3.2 0.7 1.3 0.8 Morbidity Rate 1998 2000 65.2 280.0 203.0 744.0 249.3 276.0 28.1 158.0 0.0 104.0 0.1 241.0 4.4 115.0 Death rate 1997 1998 0.0515 0.1363 0.2097 0.1300 0.0000 1.0098 0.0259 0.1512 0.0204 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Source: 1.Report of Health and Demographic Survey-2000 2.Health Information Unit, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Published in Epidemiological Report on Communicable diseases, 1997 and 1998

Indicator-22: Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures Note: Information is not available

34

Indicator-23: Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis. Indicator -23.1: Death rate from tuberculosis per 100000 population Number of deaths associated with tuberculosis in a particular year per lac population of that year has been shown in this indicator. Death rate from tuberculosis per lac population Year 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 National 21.9 19.8 18.76 11.3 6.8 Rural 21.35 19.65 18.44 9.8 6.8 Urban 23.03 21.26 19.95 15.4 6.6

Source: 1.Computerized data of Sample Vital Registration System, B.B.S Indicator -23.2: Rate of morbidity from tuberculosis per 100000 population By Division Number of morbid persons associated with tuberculosis in a particular year per lac population of that year has been shown in this indicator. Morbidity from tuberculosis per lac population Division Bangladesh Chittagong division Sylhet division Dhaka division Khulna division Barisal division Rajshahi division 1994 100.0 120.0 90.0 100.0 70.0 110.0 Morbidity rate 1995 1997 81.0 39.0

2000 89.0 103.0 31.0 73.0 134.0 52.0 107.0

Source: 1. Bangladesh Health and Demographic Survey; Summary Findings, 1994 & 1995, B.B.S 2. Report of Survey on Prevalence of Morbidity, Treatment status, Treatment Expenditures, Fertility, Immunization and Smoking, July 1997 3. Report of Health and Demographic Survey-2000 Indicator-24: Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course Note: Information is not available

35

GOAL 7. ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Indicator-25: Proportion of Land area covered by forest Information of land area covered by forest for the years 1991-92 to 1999-2000 has been collected from the office of the Chief Conservator of forest. Division wise forest area for the years 1997- 98 and 1998-99 was available in the office of the Chief Conservator of forest while that of 1995-96 and 1996-97 have been obtained from the Directorate of forest. Private forest area remained exclusive. Total and Division wise land area excluding rivers has been taken from the Statistical Year Book 2000 of the BBS. Proportion of land covered by forest has been indicated as percentage of the total land area (excluding river) of the country Indicator -25.1: Proportion of land area covered by forest 1990-91 to 1999-2000 Year Area under forest (In '000' acres) 4693 4674 4674 4674 4861 5414 5329 5572 5572 6490 Forest area as proportion of Land area expressed in percent 12.80 12.75 12.75 12.75 13.26 14.77 14.53 15.20 15.20 17.70

1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000

Note: Area under forest shown does not include private forest Source: 1. Office of the chief Conservator of Forest, Data published in Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh- 2000, B.B.S

36

Indicator -25.2: Proportion of land area covered by forest by Division Division Total land area (In '000' acres) 36669 8505 3113 7705 3285 5546 8515 Area covered by forest (in percent of land area) 1995-96 1996-97 1998-99 1999-2000 14.77 39.82 6.08 3.39 3.34 25.71 0.49 14.53 38.72 5.94 3.35 3.80 25.71 0.46 15.20 41.67 6.07 3.40 3.35 25.71 0.48 17.70 45.51 6.07 3.40 3.53 26.76 0.48

Bangladesh Chittagong Sylhet Dhaka Barisal Khulna Rajshahi

Source: 1. Directorate of Forest data published in Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, 2000 Note: 1.Total land area have been reported by the Survey of Bangladesh 2.Tables derived from the information of Statistical yearbook of Bangladesh2000, B.B.S 3.Area under forest shown does not include private forest

37

Indicator-26: Land area protected to maintain biological diversity According to Task Report 1991 there were about 125 species of mammals, 579 species of birds, 124 species of reptiles, 19 species of amphibians, 5000 species of flowering plants, 85 species of Orchid, 149 species of finish and 19 species of shrimps and prawns, snakes and dolphins in Bangladesh. On a broader note, these resources are part of global stock of bio-diversity and have important social and ethical implications. Bangladesh Compendium of Environment Statistics published in 1999 mentioned that one Zoological Garden, one Botanical Garden, seven Wildlife Sanctuary, one Game Reserve and four National Parks have been established in the country. Protected land declared by the govt. for wildlife Sanctuary, Game Reserve and National Park have been presented as percentage of the total surface area of the country. Land area protected to maintain biological diversity Type Wile Sanctuary National Park Game Reserve Total protected land Area in Sq.km 1913.83 164.37 116.15 2194.35 Proportion 1.30 0.11 0.08 1.49

Note: 1. Area under Zoological garden and Botanical garden have not included in the indicator since, it were not declared as protected land by the government. Zoological garden (Dhaka zoo) was established in 1964 in area of 213.41 acres. 2. Area of Bangladesh 147570 sq. km Source: Bangladesh Compendium of Environment Statistics, B.B.S Published in 1999 Indicator-27: GDP per unit of energy use (as proxy for energy efficiency) Note: Information is not available Indicator-28: Carbon dioxide emissions (metric tons per capita) Note: Information is not available

38

Indicator-29: Proportion of population using solid fuels Survey results of Prevalence of Morbidity, Treatment Status, Treatment Expenditures, Fertility, Immunization and Smoking-1997, Poverty Monitoring Survey-1999, Health and Demographic Survey-2000 were used in construction of the indicator on proportion of population using solid fuels. Leaves Husk cow-dung, wood and bamboo are considered as solid fuels. Other fuels used in Bangladesh are gas, kerosene and electricity. These fuels are consumed in household basis. As leaves, husk and cow-dung have no effect on loss of environmental resources, so the proportion of household/population using these are presented separately. Survey on Prevalence of Morbidity, Treatment Status, Treatment Expenditures, Fertility, Immunization and Smoking-1997 surveyed 11127 households, Poverty Monitoring Survey-1999 surveyed 10000 households and Health and Demographic Survey-2000 surveyed 11219 households Indicator-29.1: Proportion of population using solid fuels Type of fuel Locality Proportion of household Proportion of 1997 1998 1999 2000 Population 2000 51.8 52.1 51.5 39.3 46.6 19.2 91.1 98.7 70.7 39.5 35.7 50.6 50.3 63.1 10.5 89.8 98.8 61.1 35.6 35.2 38.1 49.7 54.9 16.5 85.3 90.1 54.6 37.77 37.06 39.25 49.41 60.12 27.19 87.19 97.18 66.44 39.64 39.23 40.53 48.10 57.96 27.11 87.74 97.18 67.64

1.Wood/Bamboo

2.Leaves/Husk/ Cow-dung

Bangladesh Rural Urban Bangladesh Rural Urban Bangladesh Rural Urban

Type1+Type2

39

Indicator-29.2: Proportion of population using solid fuels by division, 2000 Type of fuel 1.Wood/Bamboo Proportion of Proportion of Household 2000 Population 2000 Barisal 59.59 58.30 Chittagong 49.19 49.08 Dhaka 27.72 29.03 Khulna 44.85 47.99 Rajshahi 25.04 26.61 Sylhet 56.47 57.33 33.83 40.59 45.79 47.21 70.75 38.81 93.42 89.78 73.52 92.06 95.79 95.28 36.10 41.45 45.21 44.30 69.09 37.48 94.40 90.53 74.25 92.29 95.70 94.81 Locality

2.Leaves/Husk/Cowdung Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet Type1+Type2 Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet

Source: 1. Report of the Survey on Prevalence of Morbidity, Treatment status, Treatment Expenditure, Fertility, Immunization and Smoking, July 1997 2. Poverty Monitoring Survey-1999 3. Report of Health and Demographic and Survey-2000 Note: Table derived from the Information of the Report of Health and Demographic and Survey-2000

40

Indicator-30: Proportion of household with sustainable access to an improve Water source Figures presented depict number of households who collect drinking water as well as water for household work (washing cloths, washing utensils) from tube well/ring well/tap as percentage of the total households. BBS and MICS collect information regarding sources of water as of households. Since members of the same households avail improved water from the common source so, it can reasonably be assumed that percentage of households invariably represents percentage of estimated population. Hence, figures presented in terms of household can be deemed to have been presented in terms of population. This indicator does not take into account the amount of water collected, the time taken for water collection or the distance of the water source from house. Multiple sources were considered for same house. Proportion of household with sustainable access to an improve Water source Locality National Rural Urban Division Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet Safe drinking water 1995 1997 96.3 97.4 95.1 97.2 99.1 99.4 93.6 93.8 97.7 99.5 96.3 * 93.9 97.1 99.7 92.0 99.9 91.0 2000 97.5 97.3 99.5 95.4 96.3 99.6 91.4 99.9 95.0 Safe water for household work 1995 1997 2000 39.3 65.5 63.7 31.0 62.7 60.6 56.6 90.6 89.1 8.6 13.2 56.0 36.5 57.7 * 24.3 38.2 75.7 62.7 91.7 37.1 12.9 33.5 74.0 67.1 90.8 35.4

Source: 1.Bangladesh Health and Demographic Survey: Summary Findings, 1994 & 1995, B.B.S 2. MICS, B.B.S and name of Publication Progotir Pathey-1997 3. MICS, B.B.S and name of Publication Progotir Pathey-2000 * Data included in Chittagong division

41

Indicator-31: Proportion of household with access to improve sanitation This indicator shows percentage of households whose members use either waterseal or pit latrines that isolate the faeces from open air. Water seal latrines whose 'goose neck' are broken are treated as pit latrines. Multiple responses were considered for same house. Year 1995 Residence National Rural Urban Barisal division Chittagong div. Dhaka division Khulna div. Rajshahi div. Sylhet div. National Rural Urban Barisal division Chittagong div. Dhaka division Khulna div. Rajshahi div. Sylhet div. National Rural Urban Barisal division Chittagong div. Dhaka division Khulna div. Rajshahi div. Sylhet div. Sanitary toilet facilities 35.30 20.60 66.10 38.00 33.70 40.30 35.40 29.10 * 43.80 38.90 87.00 49.80 50.30 37.90 52.50 41.50 39.90 43.40 41.30 61.20 50.10 41.90 38.00 63.20 39.60 47.00

1997

2000

Source: 1.Bangladesh Health and Demographic Survey: Summary Findings, 1994 & 1995, B.B.S 2. MICS, B.B.S and name of Publication Progotir Pathey-1997 3. MICS, B.B.S and name of Publication Progotir Pathey-2000 * Data included in Chittagong division

42

Indicator-32: Proportion of household with access to secure tenure It is difficult to determine the criteria what constitutes a secure tenure. As neither national statistical organisation (NSO) nor any other statistical agency disseminate housing statistics using this terminology so a household having both roof and wall of its main dwelling house constructed with either any one or more of the following durable materials (a) (b) (c) (d) C.I. sheet Brick/cement Tiles Wood

has been considered a household with access to secure tenure. Either roof or wall of the main dwelling house if constructed with bamboo, straw, mud or unburnt brick has not been accounted for a secure tenure. Number of households with secure tenure as percentage of the total households represents proportion of households with access to secure tenure. Figures for the year 2000 have been calculated using the computerized raw data of Health and Demography Survey-2000. Figures for 1997 and 1998 have been compiled from the Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh-2000 Proportion of household with access to secure tenure Locality Residence National Rural Urban Division Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet 1997 1998 2000 33.33 27.29 65.77

22.41 66.57

23.01 67.02

40.70 32.31 37.95 41.14 32.01 27.06

Source: 1. Health and Demographic Survey, 2000, B.B.S 2.Statistical year Book of Bangladesh-2000, B.B.S Information is not available of the Indicator 33 to 44.

43

GOAL 8. DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT Indicator-45: Unemployment rate of 15-24 year olds, each sex and total Gender specific population and unemployed persons of age 15-24 years by urbanrural residence have been obtained from the labour force survey 1999-2000 conducted by the BBS. Persons who were involuntarily out of gainful employment during the reference period but either (a) had been actively looking for job or. (b) were willing to work but not looking for work because of illness or believing that no work would be available were considered as unemployed. Number of unemployed males and unemployed females of specific age group as percentage of males and females respectively of the same age group represents age group specific gender disaggregated unemployment rate. Unemployment rate of 15-24 year olds, each sex and total Age grou p 1519 2024 1524 National Both Male Femal sex e 7.84 8.18 7.40 5.29 6.66 7.43 7.88 3.64 5.42 Both sex 7.56 4.66 6.26 Rural Male 7.73 6.15 7.13 Femal e 7.33 3.55 5.34 Urban Both Male Femal sex e 8.87 10.0 7.62 8 7.19 11.1 3.95 4 8.02 10.5 5.67 8

Source: Report of the Labour Force Survey Bangladesh 1999-2000

Indicator-46: Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis Note: Information is not available

44

Indicator-47: Telephone lines and cellular subscriber per 100. Telegraph and Telephone Board (T & T) is the only agency to provide telephone lines in Bangladesh. T&T has divided the country into four regions according to its technical convenience for telephone line distribution. Each region comprises several administrative districts. Region wise number of telephone lines for the years 1996-2000 have been collected from administrative records of the T&T Board. Population by regions for the years 1996-2000 have been calculated using the district wise estimated population of the concerned years published in the statistical pocket books of the BBS. Telephone lines per1000 population has been presented at national and sub-national (regional) levels. Telephone lines per 1000 population Region 1996 1997 Tel. Per 1000 Pop. 3.02 2.46 6.80 1.50 1.05 1998 Tel. Per 1000 Pop. 3.68 3.15 7.81 2.05 1.43 1999 Tel. Per 1000 Pop. 3.70 3.24 7.68 2.11 1.48 2000 Tel. Per 1000 Pop. 4.45 3.29 10.26 2.32 1.56

Tel. Per 1000 Pop. National 3.18 Chittagong 2.95 Dhaka 6.94 Khulna 1.50 Rajshahi 1.01

Source: Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB) Data published in Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh 2000, B.B.S

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Indicator-48: Personal computers in use per 100 population. Proportion of internet users per 100 population. No survey has yet been conducted in Bangladesh that capture the number of personal computers in use or internet users. Nevertheless, consulting the administrative records of the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission total number of licencee internet providers and their subscribers by administrative division as in the year 2002 has been obtained. For estimating the proportion of internet subscribers estimated population of 2002 by division has been used. Figures shown represents per 100000 population. Proportion of internet users per 100000 population Locality Bangladesh Barisal division Chittagong division Dhaka division Khulna division Rajshahi division Sylhet division Subscriber per 100,000 population 49.90 6.37 15.40 125.73 8.99 7.20 65.23

Source: Records of Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission