Académique Documents
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Supporting English
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Let me introduce myself............. My name is................. Good morning Good afternoon Good evening Hi, Hello How are you? Are you ok? Whats going on? Whats up? Is it all right? What about coming together? What about this? What about that? What about doing ? How about this? Is it everything ok? Is it everything all right? We are done? Im done Im ready Is this ready? Are you ready? Yeah Yes, we are Why dont you.? Why doesnt he/she? You should May I be .. ? Come on May I help you? Is it possible that ..? Lets come Lets try Lets go Lets stay Stay longer Try hard Dont do this Dont do that Be calm Easy!!! Dont get desperate Be prepared! Good luck Step by step From time to time They will never (verb).. You are right You are wrong What do you think about it? Its not that easy! I think so I guess so I dont follow you Guess! stay away Excuse me Pardon?
Use
Signal Words always, every , never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If I talk, )
timetable or schedule
Present Progressive
at the moment, just, action taking place in just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now the moment of speaking
future Simple Past A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak? yesterday, 2 minutes action in the past taking ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday place once, never or several if sentence type II (If I times talked, )
Past Progressive A: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking?
action going on at a
interrupted by another action Present Perfect Simple A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?
result
already, ever, just, putting emphasis on the never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now action that is still going
on
recently
place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking Present Perfect Progressive A: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking? all day, for 4 years, putting emphasis on the since 1993, how long?, the whole week course or duration (not the
result)
Past Perfect Simple A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?
already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day if sentence type III (If I had talked, )
Past Perfect Progressive A: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking?
simple
duration or course of an action in a year, next , action in the future that tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you cannot be influenced ask her, she will help spontaneous decision you.) assumption: I think, assumption with regard probably, we might , perhaps to the future
future
to the future
in one year, next week, action that is going on tomorrow action that is sure to
happen in the near future Future II Simple A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken?
future
by Monday, in a week
Future II Progressive
A: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking?
course of an action Conditional I Simple A: He would speak. N: He would not speak. Q: Would he speak? A: He would be speaking. N: He would not be speaking. Q: Would he be speaking?
place
if sentences type II action that might take (If I were you, I would go home.) action that might take
Conditional I Progressive
place
Conditional II Simple A: He would have spoken. N: He would not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken? A: He would have been speaking. N: He would not have been speaking. Q: Would he have been speaking?
course / duration of the action if sentences type III action that might have (If I had seen that, I would have helped.) taken place in the past
Conditional II Progressive
Text Connectives:
Clarify in other words I mean to put it another way for example for instance to be more precise or rather in particular in fact as a matter of fact that is namely to illustrate Showing cause/result Indicating time so then therefore next then consequently in/as a consequence as a result for that reason due to , owing to accordingly because of this in that case afterwards at the same time before that in the end finally soon after a while at this point meanwhile at this moment later previously Sequencing ideas firstly, first in the first place first of all Adding information too in addition indeed Condition/ concession in that case otherwise if not however nevertheless despite this besides yet on the other hand however on the contrary anyhow, anyway instead still even so all the same in any case at least though despite this
to start with apart from that to begin also for a start furthermore second, third, fourth On top of that at this point and besides to get back to the pointabove all then along with in short What is more all in all again briefly let alone to summarise/to sum as well up finally likewise a final point moreover to conclude similarly in conclusion equally given the above points in the same way in light of the above
Useful connectives
ADDING and also as well as moreover too SEQUENCING next then first, second, third,? Finally meanwhile after EMPHASIZING above all in particular especially indeed notably significantly COMPARING equally in the same way similarly likewise as with Like
Conjunctions
Listing
also, too, similarly, in addition, even, and, as, like indeed, let alone however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast, though, alternatively, anyway, yet, but, or, (al)though, whereas, while in fact, even so besides, anyway, after all in that for example, for instance, in other words, and that is to say, i.e., e.g. first(ly) second(ly), first of all, finally, because, since, as, for, if, unless, now (that), lastly, for one thing for another, in the so (that), in case, provided (that), whether first place, to begin with, next, in sum, to or conclude, in a nutshell when, before, after, since, until, till, while, therefore, consequently, as a result, so, then as, once, whenever then, meanwhile, later, afterwards, before (that), since (then), meanwhile
FIRSTLY
SECONDLY, FURTHERMORE, FINALLY MOREOVER, IN ADDITION This can be used for the last supporting argument. Note: this These can be used for any further is not a concluding connective supporting arguments (except, of and also you can use course, for Secondly which can Furthermore, Moreover or only be used for the second). In addition for the last argument if you wish
IN CONCLUSION, IN SUMMARY, THUS These all carry roughly the same meaning. They should be used to indicate that you are making final statements that cover all the supporting arguments in a very general way.
Also: Tambin As long as: Con tal de que, a condicin de que Because of (this): Por (esto), a causa de (esto) By the way: A propsito, por cierto Even so: As y todo, an as Even though: A pesar de que, aunque Even if: Incluso si Firstly: En primer lugar From now on: De ahora en adelante However: Sin embargo In any case: De todos modos In conclusin: En conclusin, para terminar In my opinin: En mi opinin In this way: De este modo In this respect: A este respecto In short: En resumen, en resumidas cuentas In some way: En cierto modo
It seems to me that: (A m) me parece que I think: Yo creo que, pienso que Likewise: Asimismo Moreover: Adems, es ms On the other hand: Por otro lado, por otra parte One way or another: de un modo u otro Regarding: Con respecto a So: As es que, de modo que, as pues Something like that: Algo as, algo parecido/ similar Therefore: As pues, por lo tanto, por eso