120 140 160 180 200 220 240

0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


Full Sim Glasgow
Full Sim Lancaster
50 MHz
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
Occ=1%
CP-CCD Comparisons of Full and Analytic Simulations
13-7-2007
1) Introduction
This report describes the comparisons of full and fast analytic simulations for the
prototype CP-CCD. The influence of frequency is studied and compared to the full
simulation done by Lancaster and Glasgow group. Systematic uncertainties for the
fast analytic model are studied by means of occupancy, shift time and joining time.
The effects of radiation damage in a particular detector are studied by examining two
electron trap levels: the 0.17 eV and 0.44 eV below the bottom of the conduction
band.
2) Comparisons of Different Full Simulations
a) Glasgow-Lancaster 0.17eV Traps
Fig 1 a: CTI vs Temperature for full simulation results of lancaster and Glasgow
for 0.17 eV at 50 MHz
1
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


Full Sim Glasgow
Full Sim Lancaster
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ=1%
b) Glasgow-Lancaster 0.44eV Traps
Fig 1 b: CTI vs Temperature for full simulation results of lancaster and Glasgow
for 0.44 eV at 50 MHz
3) Analytical model
a) General Model
The model considers the effect of a single trapping level and include the emission
time only in the following differential equation:
The traps are initially filled for this model and (Hardy) . Neverthless, to be
consistant with the DESSIS simulations(that use partially filled traps) the analytical
model uses a time constant between the filling of the traps such that the traps remain
partially filled when the new electron packet passes through the CPCCD. In the
analytical model , so we include the capture process in the model neglected in
Hardy model. Therefore the solution of this differential equation leads to an estimator
of the CTI.
Where
t
emit
is the total emission time from the previous packet=tw, which means
waiting time between two charges packets related to the mean occupancy of
pixels in the device.
t
join
is the time during which the charges can join their parent packet
tsh is the shift time, that is the time spend under each node.
The 2 factor means here we considered that the same phenomena happens at each
node, such as, shift time is the same.
2
( )( )
e
temit
e
tjoin
c sh
t
s
e e e
n
Nt
CTI

1 2
traps filled of density the is n where
t
e
t t
n
dt
dn

sh c
t <<
c sh
t <<
b) Improvements:
Improved model is done in two steps:
1 - Charge from deep level need more time to join their parent
packet, so we suppose:
For 0.17 eV t
join
=t
sh
.
For 0.44 eV t
join
=2t
sh
.
2- CTI=CTI(1)+CTI(2),because the shift time is different.
These two parameters are related to the clocking signal (form and Amplitude).
So for a better understanding we propose the following improved model:
The model considers the effect of a single trapping level and leads to differential
equation:
s
f
c e
f
c
f f
r r r
dt
dr

1
1
(1)
e c s

1 1 1
+
(2)
Providing the signal is sufficiently large for
c
to be independent of deviations in n
s
then the solution of equation 1 is:
( ) ( )
c
s
s c
s
f f
t
r t r

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
exp 0
(3)
Here r
f
(0) is the filled fraction of the trap prior to signal packet arriving at a node.
After time t the fraction of filled traps is given by equation 3.
The CTI for a signal arriving under one node for a time t is
( ) ( ) { 0
f f
s
t
r t r
N
N
CTI
(4)
( )

'

'

,
`

.
|

'

'

s
f
c
s
s
t
t
r
N
N
CTI

exp 1 0
(5)
For the case of CP CCD the CTI calculation is as fellow:
The diagram below represent how the signal packet is transferred from one node to
another
3
We consider one pixel:
( ) ( )
c
s
s
t
c
s
f
r t
A f
r

+
,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
1
exp 0
1 1
(6)
( ) ( )

,
`

.
|

e
A f B f
t
t r t r

2
1 1 2 1
exp
(7)
( ) ( )
c
s
s c
s
f B f
t
r t r

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

2
2 2
exp 0
(8)
( ) ( )

,
`

.
|

e
B f C f
t
t r t r

1
2 2 1 2
exp
(9)
So the CTI is the sum of the CTI under each node
2 1
CTI CTI CTI +
(10)
( ) ( ) ( ) { 0 2
1 2 2 1 f C f B f
s
t
r t r t r
N
N
CTI +
(11)
r
f
(0) is defined by considering the fact that initially all taps are filled and emit during
the waiting time and then:
One pixel
0
t
1
t
2
t
A
B
1
2
C
4
( )

,
`

.
|

e
w
f
t
r

exp 0
(12)
From equations 6 to 12 we obtain:
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

'

'

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

+

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

+

,
`

.
|

'

'

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
+ + +

e s
e s
c
s
e
w
t t
t t
t
e
t
s
t
e
t
s
t
s
N
t
N
C T I

1 2
2 1
e x p e x p 1
e x p e x p 1
e x p 2
1 2
e x p
2 1
e x p
(13)
In the case where the time spending under each node is the same (t1=t2) we have
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

+

+
e
w
t
e
t
e s
t
s
t
e
s
e c
t
s
n
t
N
CTI

exp exp
1 1
exp 1
exp 1
2 1
exp 1 2
14)
5
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x 10
-3
Temperature (K)
C
T
I


Analytical Model Occ=1%
Imp AM
Full Sim
6
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
x 10
-3
Temperature (K)
C
T
I


Analytical Model Occ=1%
IMp AM
Full Sim
7
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM
AM
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ=1%
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.15
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM
AM
Lancs Full Sim
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ=1%
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM
AM
0.44eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ=1%
c) omparison with Full Simulations 0.17eV Traps.
Fig2.a: CTI vs temperature for Analytical model(AM) and the Improved
Ananlytical model (ImpAM),for the 0.17 eV trap at 50MHz.
Fig2.b : CTI vs temperature of Analytical model(AM), Improved model (ImpAM) and Lancaster
full simulation for the 0.17 eV trap at 50MHz.
d) Comparison with Full Simulations 0.44eV Traps
8
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM
AM
Lancs Full Sim
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ=1%
Fig3.a : CTI vs temperature for Analytical model(AM) and the Improved model (ImpAM)
for the 0.44 eV trap at 50MHz.
Fig3.b : CTI vs temperature of Analytical model(AM), Improved model (ImpAM) and Lancaster full
simulation for the 0.44 eV trap at 50MHz
For 0.17 eV the analytical Improved model agree well with lancaster full
simulation as in fig2.b.
For 0.44 eV the analytical Improved model agree well with lancaster full
simulation as in fig3.b.
9
10
10
10
11
10
12
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
50 MHz
0.17 eV
Occ= 1%


C
T
I

(
%
)
Trap concentration (cm
-3
)
T=160K
T=185K
We can see clearly from fig2.a and fig 3.a, that the main diffrence is from peak
temperature.
e) CTI vs Trap concentration
Fig4: CTI vs Trap concentration for two different temperatures
Figure 4 shows the CTI against concentration traps for the 0.17 eV at 50 MHz for two
different temperatures. The CTI varied linearly with a factor of 1 with trap
concentration.
f) Variation of Frequency
10
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM 50 MHz
ImpAM 25 MHz
ImpAM 10 MHz
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
Occ=1%
tjoin=2tsh
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM 50 MHz
ImpAM 25 MHz
ImpAM 10 MHz
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
Occ=1%
tjoin=tsh
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.11
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM 50 MHz
ImpAM 25 MHz
ImpAM 10 MHz
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
Occ=1%
tjoin=tsh
Fig 5 a: CTI vs temperature for different frequencies for 0.17 eV .
Fig 5.b: CTI vs temperature for different frequencies for 0.17 eV .
Figure 5.a and figure 5.b show the frequency effect on the CTI with tjoin as
parameter.The CTI peak increase and shift to low temperature as the frequency
decrease. The tjoin affect only the region from peak temperature and reduc the CTI
value.
11
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM 50 MHz
ImpAM 25 MHz
ImpAM 50 MHz
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
Occ=1%
tjoin=2tsh
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAm Occ=0.1%
ImpAm Occ=1 %
ImpAm Occ=5 %
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
tjoin=tsh
Fig 6.a: CTI vs temperature for different frequencies for 0.44 eV .
Fig 6.b: CTI vs temperature for different frequencies for 0.44 eV .
Figure 6.a and figure6.b show the frequency effect on the CTI with tjoin as
parameter.The CTI peak increase and shift to low temperature as the frequency
decrease. The tjoin affect only the region from peak temperature and reduc the CTI
value.
g) Variation of Occupancy Level
12
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM Occ=0.1%
ImpAM Occ=1%
ImpAM Occ=5%
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
25 MHz
tjoin = tsh
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.2
0.45
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


lmpAM Occ=0.1%
lmpAM Occ=1%
lmpAM Occ=5%
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
10 MHz
tjoin=tsh
Fig7.a: CTI vs temperature for different occupancy for 0.17 eV at 50 MHz.
Fig7.b: CTI vs temperature for different occupancy for 0.17 eV at 25 MHz.
13
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM Occ=0.1%
ImpAM Occ=1%
ImpAM Occ=5%
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
tjoin = tsh
Fig7.c: CTI vs temperature for different occupancy for 0.17 eV at 10 MHz.
The effect of occupancy on CTI is shown in figure 7a,b,c for the 0.17 eV with
tjoin equal tshift (tjoin=tsh). As the occupancy decreases the CTI peak
temperature increases and become larger with increasing frequency.
14
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM Occ=0.1%
ImpAM Occ=1%
ImpAM Occ=5%
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
25 MHz
tjoin = tsh
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM Occ=0.1%
ImpAM Occ=1%
ImpAM Occ=5%
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
10 MHz
tjoin = tsh
Fig8.a: CTI vs temperature for different occupancy for 0.44 eV at 50 MHz.
Fig8.b: CTI vs temperature for different occupancy for 0.44 eV at 25 MHz.
15
fig8.c: CTI vs temperature for different occupancy for 0.44 eV at 10 MHz.
Same effect of occupancy on CTI is shown in figure 8a,b,c for the 0.44 eV with
tjoin equal tshift (tjoin=tsh). As the occupancy decreases the CTI peak
temperature increases and become larger with increasing frequency.
16
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


tjoin=0.5 tsh
tjoin=tsh
tjoin=2 tsh
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ= 1%
0 1 2 3 4 5
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
W
i
d
t
h

(
K
)
Occupancy (%)
0.17 eV
0.44 eV
0 1 2 3 4 5
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
C
T
I

m
a
x

(
%
)
Occupancy (%)
0.17 eV
0.44 eV
Fig9: Width vs Occupancy for both traps 0.17 eV and 0.44 eV at 10 MHz.
Figure 9 show the width at half way versus occupancy for both traps (0.17 eV and
0.44 eV), the width decrease as occupancy increase, that means traps mainley
filled as occupancy increases
Fig10: CTI max vs Occupancy for both traps 0.17 eV and 0.44 eV at 10 MHz.

The amplitude of CTI max decrease with the incresing occupancy (Fig10).
h) Systematic Unvertainties
17
100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tjoin=0.5 tsh
ImpAM tjoin=tsh
ImpAM tjoin=0.5 tsh
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
25 MHz
Occ= 1%
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tjoin=0.5tsh
ImpAM tjoin=tsh
ImpAM tjoin=2tsh
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
10 MHz
Occ= 1%
Fig11.a: CTI vs temperature for different tjoin for 0.17 eV at 50 MHz.
Fig11.b: CTI vs temperature for different tjoin for 0.17 eV at 25 MHz.
18
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tjoin=0.5 tsh
ImpAM tjoin=tsh
ImpAM tjoin=2 tsh
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ= 1%
100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


Imp AMtjoin=0.5 tsh
Imp AMtjoin=tsh
Imp AMtjoin=2 tsh
Lancs Full Sim
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ=1%
Fig11.c: CTI vs temperature for different tjoin for 0.17 eV at 10 MHz.
Fig12.d: CTI vs temperature for different tjoin compared with Lancaster Full
Simulation for 0.17 eV at 50 MHz.
For the 0.17 eV, figure 12.d, shows that the analytical improved model agree well
with Lancaster full simulation for the tjoin equal one shift time (tjoin=tsh).
19
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tjoin=0.5 tsh
ImpAM tjoin=tsh
ImpAM tjoin=2 tsh
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
25 MHz
Occ= 1%
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tjoin=0.5tsh
ImpAM tjoin=tsh
ImpAM tjoin=2tsh
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
10 MHz
Occ= 1%
Fig13.a: CTI vs temperature for different tjoin for 0.44 eV at 50 MHz.
Fig13.b: CTI vs temperature for different tjoin for 0.44 eV at 25 MHz.
20
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tjoin=0.5tsh (AM)
ImpAM tjoin=tsh
ImpAM tjoin=2tsh
Glasg Full Sim
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ=1%
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tjoin=0.5 tsh (AM)
ImpAM tjoin=tsh
ImpAM tjoin=2 tsh
Lancs Full Sim
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ=1%
Fig13.c: CTI vs temperature for different tjoin for 0.44 eV at 10 MHz.
Fig13.d: CTI vs temperature for different tjoin compared with Lancaster Full
Simulation for 0.44 eV at 50 MHz.
For the 0.44 eV, figure 13.d, shows that the analytical improved model agree well
with Lancaster full simulation for the tjoin equal two shift time (tjoin=2tsh).
21
100 150 200 250
10
-10
10
-9
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
Temperature (K)
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t

t
i
m
e

(
s
)


Emission time
Capture time
Shift time
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Peak
position
Fig13.e: CTI vs temperature for different tjoin compared with Glasgow Full
Simulation for 0.44 eV at 50 MHz.
22
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
10
-9
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
Temperature (K)
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t

t
i
m
e

(
s
)


Emission time
Capture time
Shift time
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Peak
position
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tsh1=tsh2=0.5/f (AM)
ImpAM tsh1=2/3f tsh2=1/3f
ImpAM tsh1=3/4f tsh2=1/4f
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ= 1%
Fig14.a : Time constant vs temperature for 0.17 eV and 50 MHz.
Fig14.b : Time constant vs temperature for 0.44 eV and 50 MHz.
In ordre to explain the change of tjoin with trap level. Figure 14a,b show time
constant versus temperature, we can observe quickly that the the capture time is
about twice for 0.44eV (toc=3.226e-8)than that of 0.17 eV (1.51e-8).
The raio
89 . 1
44 . 0 44 . 0
17 . 0 17 . 0

c e
c e


. The emission time is closer to capture time for 0.44
eV than that of 0.17 eV, So the charges losses for 0.44 eV need more time to join
their parent packet. Because of the uncertainty of the partition function
(HARDY), we will assume that the time period during which the charges can join
their parent packet s different. We may think that the real vale of tjoin for 0.44 eV
is (1<tjoin<2).
23
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tsh1=tsh2=1/2f (AM)
ImpAM tsh1= 2/3f tsh2=1/3f
ImpAM tsh1=3/4f tsh2=1/4f
Lancs Full Sim
0.17 eV
1e12/cm3
50 MHz
Occ 1%
Fig15.a: CTI vs temperature for different shift time for 0.17 eV at 50 MHz.
Fig15.b: CTI vs temperature for different shift time for 0.17 eV at 50 MHz compared
to Lancaster full simulation.
We see from figure15, for 0.17 eV, that the case where the fast simulation agree better
for improved model at tsh1=2/3f and tsh2=1/3f (concept of considering shift time
under each node is different) with Lancaster full simulation.
24
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tsh1=tsh2=1/2f (AM)
ImpAM tsh1=2/3f tsh2=1/3f
ImpAM tsh1= 3/4f tsh2=1/4f
50 MHz
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
Occ= 1%
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Temperature (K)
C
T
I

(
%
)


ImpAM tsh1=tsh2=1/2f (AM)
ImpAM tsh1=2/3f tsh2=1/3f
ImpAM tsh1=3/4f tsh2=1/4f
Lancs Full Sim
50 MHz
0.44 eV
1e12/cm3
Occ= 1%
Fig16.a: CTI vs temperature for different shift time for 0.44 eV at 50 MHz.
Fig16.b: CTI vs temperature for different shift time for 0.44 eV at 50 MHz, compared
to Lancaster full simulation.
We see from figure16, for 0.44 eV, that the case where the fast simulation agree better
for improved model at tsh1=2/3f and tsh2=1/3f (concept of considering shift time
under each node is different) with Lancaster full simulation

0.17eV
50 MHz 25 MHz 10MHz
25
Occ
Amp CTI
max
Peak temperature
(K)
Amp CTI
max
Peak temperature
(K)
Amp CTI max Peak temperature
(K)
0.1 % 0.001998 145 0.002993 135 0.004055 125
1 % 0.001983 150 0.00295 145 0.003958 135
5 % 0.001812 165 0.002698 155 0.003565 145
Table1.a: Amplitudte CTI max and peak postion for different Ocuupancy for 0.17 eV
at different frequency

0.17eV
50 MHz 25 MHz 10MHz
Tjoin
Amp CTI
max
Peak temperature
(K)
Amp CTI
max
Peak temperature
(K)
Amp CTI
max
Peak temperature
(K)
0.5 0.002027 155 0.003018 145 0.00403 135
1 0.001983 150 0.00295 145 0.003958 135
2 0.001909 150 0.002847 140 0.003818 135
Table1.b: Amplitudte CTI max and peak postion for different joining time for 0.17 eV
at different frequency

0.44eV
50 MHz 25 MHz 10MHz
Occ
Amp CTI
max
Peak temperature
(K)
Amp CTI
max
Peak temperature
(K)
Amp CTI max Peak temperature
(K)
0.1 % 0.001094 350 0.001863 330 0.00317 310
1 % 0.001068 370 0.00181 350 0.003043 330
5 % 0.009057 400 0.001532 380 0.002538 360
Table2.a: Amplitudte CTI max and peak postion for different Ocuupancy for 0.44 eV
at different frequency

0.44eV
50 MHz 25 MHz 10MHz
Tjoin Amp CTI
max
Peak position
(K)
Amp CTI
max
Peak position
(K)
Amp CTI
max
Peak position
(K)
0.5 0.001135 380 0.001917 360 0.003216 340
1 0.001108 370 0.001872 360 0.003143 340
2 0.001068 370 0.00181 350 0.003043 330
Table2.b: Amplitudte CTI max and peak postion for different joining time for 0.44 eV
at different frequency
4) Conclusions
26
CTI decrease with increasing frequency.
Occupancy increases CTI decreases in the amplitude.
Occupancy decreases the width of the curve increases and peak become flat.
Assumption of the joining time (Uncertainty).
As tjoin increases the CTI reduced and shifted down starting from the peak
postion,for both traps.
For 0.17 eV ImpAM agree well for tjoin=tsh.
For 0.44 eV ImpAM agree well for tjoin=2tsh.
Some of the charge trapped will also join their parent packet (they must be
included in calculation of CTI). Because of the uncertainty we will assume
that the time during which charge can join the parent packet is Tjoin .
The Tjoin parameter affect the CTI curves for both traps after the peak
position.
27