Performance analysis of UWB radar for vehicle in

multi-user environments

Kim Sang-Dong and Jong-Hun Lee
Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology
kimsd728@dgist.org, jhlee@dgist.org

Abstract This paper analyzes the performance of UWB
radar for vehicle in multi-user environments. To evaluate the
probability of detection in UWB vehicular radar under a
multi-user environment, we use the transmitter and receiver
architecture of UWB radar system model. The system model
consists of three major parts: a transmitter, multi-path channel
and a receiver. Finally, the characteristics of vehicle-mounted
UWB radar are evaluated by simulation. Simulation results show
that the detection probability is reached with 1 in AWGN
channel when relative distance is 120m and the probability of
detection becomes 0.55 when relative distance is 47m in the IEEE
802.15.4a CM1.

Keywords UWB, Short-Range Radar (SRR), Vehicle,
Multi-user


1. Introduction

Nowadays, a vehicle-mounted radar system is used for
detection of targets located at blind spots (several meters). By
realizing a system to detect targets at blind spots, higher levels
of driving assist can be provided, such as parking assistance,
pre-crash detection, stop-and-go, and short-range cruise
control [1]. To this end, radar systems with low power
consumption, low complexity, and high accuracy
measurement at low cost are desirable. UWB (Ultra
Wideband) impulse radar is discussed in this paper [2]. Since
Short-Range Radar (SRR) [3], [4] is required in the vehicle
environments, the federal communication community (FCC)
has confirmed the spectrum from 22 to 29GHz for UWB radar
with the limit power of 41.3dBm/MHz [5-7]. UWB signal
possesses an absolute bandwidth larger than 500MHz or a
relative bandwidth up to 20%. To evaluate the probability of
detection in UWB vehicular radar under a multi-user
environment, we use a UWB radar system model for vehicle.
In this paper, we investigate the detection probability over
Eb/N0 and distance in the multi-path channel. This paper
analyzes the performance analysis of UWB radar for vehicle in
multi-user environments.


2. System model

In this section, we discuss the system model of UWB radar
for vehicle in multi-user environments. Fig. 1 shows the
transmitter and receiver architecture of UWB radar. In the
transmit system, a transmit signal is generated after an impulse
signal is multiplied by an orthogonal code and through RF
module the transmitted signal is delivered to an object.
Here, UWB radar system for vehicle can generate the
impulse signal with orthogonal code of # L [8] so that
multi-user use simultaneously.
Also, the impulse signal reflected from the object can be
inputted at receiver system through receiver RF module. The
received signal is processed with reference signal through the
correlator. Therefore, the UWB radar receiver for vehicle is
recognized the relative distance between the object and UWB
radar.



Figure 1. The system model for UWB radar



3. UWB radar signal model

This section describes transmit waveform and correlation
receive for coded UWB radar. UWB signal is expressed as

) ) ( 2 (
2
2
) ) ( 4 1 ( ) (
m
t
m
e
t
t
t
t
t
t e

= , (1)

where ) (t e is second derivative of a Gaussian function and
m
t =0.5ns. Fig. 2 shows the second derivation of Gaussian
impulse in the time domain.

ISBN 978-89-5519-136-3 -1036- Feb. 17-20, 2008 ICACT 2008

Figure 2. The second derivation of Gaussian impulse


UWB radar need spreading code in order to classify users
each other over multi-user environments. The spreading code
of UWB radar is determined by

T
M
x
a a a a ] [
1 3 2 1
= A , (2)

where
x
M
is the number of orthogonal code [8]. The
orthogonal code is followed as Table 1.


Table 1. Orthogonal code set

code Sequence
1


2


3


4
-1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
1 1 1

-1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1
1 1 1

-1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1
-1 1 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 1


Above code is applied to transmitted signal as follows:

=
=
1
0
) ( ) (
x
M
i
f i P TX
iT t a E t s e
, (3)

where
f
T
= PRI(Pulse Repetition Interval). Eq. (3) is
represented in Fig.3.
The channel model is defined by

=
=
L
i
i i
t t h
0
) ( ) ( t o o
, (4)

Figure 3. Gaussian impulse train applied by the spreading code


where L is a number of targets, and
i
o ,
i
t [sec] are the tap
weight and the delay of a reflected signal from th target
respectively.
i
d is a distanced of the i th target. The equation
is
c
d
i
i
2
= t
between
i
d and
i
t where c means the velocity of
light. Fig. 4 represents the amplitude and time delay of the
channel model 1, and Fig. 5 shows average power decay
profile in IEEE 802.15.4a.
The received signal after channel model is expressed as

) ( ) ( ) (
0
1
0
t n iT t a E t r
L
j
M
i
j f i j P
x
+ =

=

=
t e o
, (5)

where ) (t n = is a zero-mean additive white Gaussian
noise(AWGN) process with power spectral density(PSD)
2
0
N
.
In receiver part, Fig. 5 expresses a template for receiver
correlator.

=
=
1
0
0
) ( ) (
y
M
j
f j
jT t b t s e
, (6)

where
T
M
y
b b b b ] [
1 3 2 1
= B
is template spreading code.
y
M
= the number of code,
y
M
=
x
M
.
) (t R is the correlator output between ) (t r and ) (
0
t s ,
which is expressed as

+ =
2
2
0
) ( ) ( ) (
f x
f x
T M
T M
dt t s t r R v v
, (7)

where v is the time delay between the transmitted signal and
the received signal.
ISBN 978-89-5519-136-3 -1037- Feb. 17-20, 2008 ICACT 2008

Figure 4. Impulse response in CM1




Figure 5. Average power decay profile



4. Simulation Results

Simulations are done utilizing the IEEE 802.15.4a
multi-path channel [9] to obtain a detection probability over
Eb/N0 in Fig. 6. As shown in Fig. 6, it can be seen that
detection probability is reached with 1 in AWGN channel
when Eb/N0 is 20dB. Also, the probability of detection
becomes about 0.5 when Eb/N0 is 27dB in the IEEE 802.15.4a
CM1 and CM5. The channel models consist of AWGN, IEEE
802.15.4a CM1 (Residential LOS) and CM5 (Outdoor LOS).
Fig. 7 represents a detection probability according to distance
from radar to object. Target detection probability with about
120m distance is equal to about 1 in AWGN channel and
relative distance is about 47m when the probability of
detection is about 0.55 in the IEEE 802.15.4a CM1.

Figure 6. Detection prob. vs. Eb/N0



Figure 7. Detection prob. vs. Distance


5. Conclusion

In this paper, we have analyzed the performance of UWB
radar for vehicle in multi-user environments. To evaluate the
probability of detection in UWB vehicular radar under a
multi-user environment, we used a UWB radar system model.
The system model consisted of three major parts: a transmitter,
multi-path channel and a receiver. Finally, the characteristics
of vehicle-mounted UWB radar were evaluated by simulation.
Hence, we will simulate detection probability over Eb/N0 and
distance with real channel model for vehicle as further study
and we will adopt cumulative method to improve the detection
probability. Simulation results showed that the detection
probability was reached with 1 in AWGN channel when
relative distance was 120m and the probability of detection
became 0.55 when relative distance is 47m in the IEEE
802.15.4a CM1.



ISBN 978-89-5519-136-3 -1038- Feb. 17-20, 2008 ICACT 2008


Acknowledgment

This paper was supported by Korean Ministry of Science
and Technology.

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ISBN 978-89-5519-136-3 -1039- Feb. 17-20, 2008 ICACT 2008