History

How and why did the Australian Government respond to the threat of Communism after WWII Communism, Capitalism and the Cold War.
 Communism originated as a political movement in the writings of Karl Marx (1818 83)  1920 s believers tried to influence trade unions and labor party.  No private ownership in communism  Viewed as threat by Democratic Government.  1917 Vladimir Lenin led successful revolution in Russia, making it communist, Union and Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)  The colour red and the hammer (workers) and sickle (farm labourer) represent communism  On other side capitalism  USSR (main communist leader vs. USA (main capitalist) after 1945  Always in constant conflict but never full scale war, because of the fear of atomic weapons.  Communist Rise in china 1948  Aus were affected by communism, fearing its spread in Asia.  1945, Japan forced out of Korea, country was divided along 38th parallel  North occupied by USSR / South occupied by Americans  Republic of (south) Korea established in 1947  Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (north) 1947  25th June 1950 North invaded South with soviet equipment  North dominated and took control of most of the country including south capital of Seoul.  Australians sent with 15 other UN countries to Republic of Korea (South Korea) to assist in fight against communist north after they asked.  British Commonwealth Occupational Forces (BCOF) 77 squadrons, arrived in Korea 2 July 1950  American exit in January 1951.  27th July 1953 Korean war ended, truce and divided along the 38th parallel  Cost 359 Aus lives and 1068 Wounded.  Korean war was portrayed as a battle between good and evil in Aus  Participation seen as the right thing to do and Menzies used the war as an example of the communist menace in our region.  Australia, New Zealand and United States signed treaty in 1951  Resulted from a fear of communist expansion in Asia pacific region and to have America as a strong and powerful ally.  America saw two countries publicly helping them in the cold war  Unity and support for one another. Terms were vague and did not force the partners to go to war to defend each other.  First treaty signed without Britain as a member

The Korean War

The ANZUS Treaty

SEATO

Australian Communist Party.

The Petrov Affair

 Fear in South East Asia, large impoverished people would rise up and support communism.  This fear was being realised in Vietnam  Menzies needed support and protection against communist expansion in South East Asia.  SEATO came into force February 1955  South East Asia Treaty Organisation  France, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand and USA  Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam would be protected under the SEATO without signing.  Mainly to combat communism. And economic aid, so communism doesn t appeal to the poor.  Australia takes interest in foreign affairs of South East Asia  In 1949 Menzies made election promise to legislate the banning of the CPA communist party of Australia.  CPA founded in 1920, broke in two , Communist International (In Russia) for financial support, other influencing ALP  During depression and 40 s CPA was thriving  CPA members in 1930 s was 4000  Membership grew to 20 000 after WWII  CPA changed to ACP 1944  Menzies raised fear that the ACP was going to destroy the democracy, and raised a bill to ban the ACP.  27 April 1950 Menzies presented bill to House of Reps.  The bill was proposed to the senate, who returned it with several amendments; Menzies refused to accept amendments and returned bill to senate.  March 1951 5/6 high court judges ruled the act as invalid under the constitution  Menzies aimed to change constitution in order to ban ACP  Referendum 22 Sep 1951 saw Menzies unable to obtain enough support to ban the ACP.  Support for Menzies was dying  He pulled rabbit out of his hat announcing in final session of parliament 13 April 1954 that Vladimir Petrov, a Russian diplomat in Aus, would be defecting and providing information about communist spies in AUS.  Menzies also announced setting up a royal commission to investigate Petrov s claims and others; ASIO (Aus Security Intelligence Organisation)  Cold war fears of communism on AUS shores reignited.  More sensation when a week later Petrov was forced by two soviet agents 19 April 1954 to be taken to Sydney airport to be taken back to Russia.  Tension between Evatt and anti-communist movement within ALP leads to a split within part (14 October 1955); DLP is formed (preferences to Liberal Party)

Why did the Australians become involved in the Vietnam War Involvement in Vietnam War
 Indochina = Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos  France agreed to let them have self government but still be part of French Union, they opposed restriction and decided to overthrow  Ho Chi Minh became leader of the Vietminh, a group both nationalist and communist.  Battle of Dien Ben Phu 7 May 1954 French rule was overturned by the Vietminh  Vietnam divided under 17th parallel.  Ho Chi Minh established Hanoi as capital, and took control of the North.  Ho Chi Minh was supported by USSR and China  South Vietnam, under President Diem, anti communist government. supported by America  Viet Cong = group of communist Terrorist based in South Vietnam.  ANZUS and SEATO saw our involvement following American joining in 1964, to stop communism  Domino Theory  8300 served in Vietnam 1968 Aus  496 killed, 5190 served, 2398 wounded. Aus

How did various Groups respond to Australia involvement in the Vietnam War Response
      

End of Involvement

            

April 1965 first troops sent Harold Holt prime minister in November 1966, landslide victory Returned Services League (RSL) supported involvement in war Many people questioned war because of conscription Conscription, lottery system of birthdays introduced in 1964. Groups such as Save our Sons, Youth against Conscription, Australian Communist Party increased protests Massive division in AUS society over conscription and war issue by early 1970 s At first anti war movements had little impact on AUS society Many didn t even know the location of Vietnam or understand political realities of war Conscription began in January 1965 being announced inNovember 1964 Save Our Sons, created in May 1965 to try and combat conscription 15 542 were sent as conscripts with 63 740 men called up National Service Act 1964, all men who were turning 20 had to register for possible enlistment Approx 12 000 didn t register Lotto system of birthdays Conscientious objection, refusal to take part in war because of moral and religious beliefs. Anti war Movement was radicalised by uni students. 1970 anti war moratoriums held 150 000 protest against war. March 1972, last forces returned home. 500 Aus soldiers died and 3000 casualties

What was the impact of the war on Australia and neighbouring countries? Vietnam Veterans
 The unpopularity of the war had negative impact on the soldiers  Little recognition when they returned home  Found it hard to merge back into society with the hostility of protestors  Vietnam Veterans Association of Australia (VVAA) formed in late 1979 to help veterans with health problems especially those who suffered from Agent Orange  Major post traumatic stress disorder  3 October 1987 finally held a Welcome home parade  Changing point into attitudes of those who served in Vietnam  After fall of Saigon 1975, many feared persecution in South Vietnam  Violence also in Cambodia with government being overthrown 1979. This saw many asylum seekers to try and settle in peaceful countries such as Australia.  Over two million refugees left Indochina  120 000 asylum seekers came to Darwin with first being 1976  Public thought we should limit refugees entering country  Global and humanitarian problem and we should help  1989 conference in Geneva to address Indochinese refugees  Decision that only ones that could prove persecution in homeland would be allowed asylum  If they were fleeing to seek a better living they would be returned home.  Indochinese faced racism, and adjustment problems. Alienation.  Contributed to high unemployment rate 20 30 %, feeling of alienation  Indochinese refugee declined in the 1990 s  Younger generation drove major social change post Vietnam war  Period marked by baby boomers and youth revolution, American pop culture and protest movements and new technology.  Material goods  New freedoms sex, drugs and rock n roll lifestyle  Reactive to rules and regulations of the older generation  Non conformist dress  Summed up by Whitlam Government in 1972 Its Time reflective of shift in attitude from an older generation  Aus has always been European because of Britain  Fear of yellow peril to many Asians coming to Australia with the gold rushes.  1901 Immigration Restriction Act , preventing the settlement of non white people  Most Aus viewed Asia as undeveloped  Rise of Japan in the 20th Century major impact on Asia politics and ultimately Australia  131 Japan began period of military expansion that led to control of parts of China and the weakening of European colonial power in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Indochina.  Defeat of Japan 1945, South East Asia no longer dominated by Europeans.

Indo Chinese Refugees

Australian Culture

Australia s Relations with Asia

 Added to this was rise of communist China, North Korea and North Vietnam  Fear of being conquered lead to ANZUS and SEATO and involvement in the Korean War, Malaya Emergency and Vietnam War.  Australia recognised the importance of good relation with Asian Countries before its involvement in the Vietnam War  1950, Colombo plan, to aid Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Malaysia and North Borneo.  By 1970 Aus contributed 300 million to aid.  Aimed at improving regional prosperity and enhance AUS security.  Higher importance placed with Indonesian improved relations  Australians supported Indonesian Independence from the Dutch. 1945 - 1949  Whitlam Government made agreements with communist China in 1972  Failure to be invited to join ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) in 1976 blow to Australia  We were then involved in APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) forum in 1990  Collapse of SEATO in 1976  Looked to continually improve political and economic relations with Asian countries.

How have the rights and freedoms of Aboriginal people in Australia changed during the post war period? The paternalistic View
 1901 to 1914 state governments held same view of aboriginal people as British Colonists in 1978, they were uncivilised and inferior to Europeans as they did not have clothes, Christian religion or English language.  This led to a paternalistic view(implementing regulations to manage a group in the manner of a father) from whites to aboriginals  Abo s not consulted about what was best for them  Forced Abo s out of land believing they had better means for it.  Paternalistic view result of ignorance of Aboriginal Culture  Isolation or segregation was a part of paternalistic view  Abo s association with land key with coinciding with the Dream time.  Origins in 19th Century to smooth the pillow of a dying race  1909 Aborigines Protection Act passed in New South Wales, which assigned two whit guardians to control Abo s  Victorian Aborigines Act 1886 put Abo affairs into others hands  1911 control of Northern Territory was transferred from South Australia to federal Government.  Aboriginal Department established in 1912 under chief protector  Chief Protector could take any Abo into custody without a warrant.  Up until 1914 Abo s were silent, until Australian Aborigines Progressive Association (1924) and the Australian Aborigines League (1932) pushed for reform that changes were made.  Replaced protectionism during the 1940 s  Many began to question government protection and segregation of

The policy of Protection

The policy of Assimilation

Self Determination

1967 Referendum

Land Rights

Abo s  With greater communications, more contact was made between city and outback.  1937 Conference of Commonwealth and State Aboriginal Authorities, agreed to move from a passive protection policy to a positive policy described as assimilation  This meant Abo s would be encouraged and assisted to become like white people  They would have to forget their old culture and live as Europeans  Feb 1939 assimilation policy is applied in Northern Territory  1948 District Welfare Officers had power to issue exemption certificated to deserving Abo s, allow them to use white people stuff  Continued assimilation in 1960 s  1967 constitution altered to include Aboriginal people as Australian Citizens  1965 Commonwealth Conference assimilation policy altered to a integration policy, allowing the co existence of Abo s and Whites.  Is the right for a nation or group of people to determine and control all aspects of their lives.  Self determination includes owernership of land, local community control over land, local community control of services and community affairs and genuine involvement in the creation of all government policies relating to Indigenous people.  Organisation established by Abo s in the 1970 s include: Aboriginal Legal Service, The Aboriginal Medical Service and the National Aboriginal and Islander Dance Theatre.  1972 Aus labour party adopted a self determination policy for Abo s  1970 s first steps were made towards formalised Abo input into government decisions about Abo issues  1973 National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (NACC) was established to give suggestions to the minister of Aboriginal affairs.  Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) in 1990 was formed, as national policy maker and service delivery for Indigenous people  Power Restricted by government  1962 the federal council for Aboriginal Advancement launched a campaign for a constitutional referendum  1967 constitutional referendum was held  To change the discriminatory references made about aboriginal people in the constitution sections 51 and 127  89% voted in favour of this  No new rights but symbolic victory  National political issue in the 1960 s and 70 s  Media throughout world payed attention to rights of Indigenous people  Issue of Aboriginal people reached international attention  Aboriginal Rights movements directed at land rights  Social, cultural and religious importance  The demands of the rights movements was to handing over ownership of land and compensating for the communities that had been dispossessed of their land

Native Title

 Gurindji and Wave Hill was big issue in land rights  1975 after nine years of protest Whitlam Government handed over the Gurindji people a pastoral lease of 1250 square miles of land  Ten years later under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 (Northern Territory) Gurindji gained freehold title of the land  Abo Tent Embassy established on Aus Day 1972 on parliament house lawn  Claiming to be another nation (embassy)  Political element  6 months later torn down by police.  Symbolic and important focus on land rights and social justice movements , they wanted social justice, compensation and land rights.  Reached international media and government realised can t ignore Abo rights anymore  Terra Nullius in 1982 Mabo was granted his land back by high court  Terra Nullius: the idea that the land was without legal owners when Europeans first arrived .  1993 Keating Government passed the Native Title Act 1993.  This act created a legal process to manage native title claims made by aboriginal communities  Abo communities must demonstrate continuous connection to that land through traditional law and custom since European invasion.  Claims passed Doesn t mean they own land , but they can use it  Freehold land is not open to claims only Crown land and public lands.

How have the rights and freedoms of migrant in Australia changed during the post war period? Enemy Aliens in WWI
 Seven thousand people were interned in Australia during WWII.  Greatest interned people were Italians  When Italy declared war on Britain in 1940, Australia followed by interning Italians straight away  Racial hatred was shown to Italians  Most hostility was covert  Italian internees peaked at 3651 in early 1942  Declined after because they realised they were of no threat unlest fascist, and Japanese threat declined.  Coined by the Canadian Government in 1971  It wishes to establish a policy that recognised differences while maintaining different ethnic , cultural and linguistic communities  1970 s the impact of post WWII migration had changed AUD demography  Assimilation would no longer work  They needed a new ideology to help merge without social conflict, and turned to multiculturalism.  Whitlam wanted to distance itself from liberal rule who were strong supporters of assimilation  The multicultural debate polarised Australian society 1980 s  Proved the continuation of racist attitudes  Multiculturalism had not gained much support from any party.  One nation Party , formed in 1966

Multiculturalism

How have the rights and freedoms of women in Australia changed during the post war period? Liberation Movements
 First wave took place in late 19th Century and early 20th Century  Second Wave protests produced changes in the public and private spheres 1960 s and early 1970 s  Women s Electoral Lobby (1972)  During women s wages were reduced  Worker women became unemployed  Families unemployed women could receive dole, but single unemployed women couldn t  Feminist movement from a liberation  Mid 70 s it became known as feminist movement  Showed that movement had become broadly based  Consisted of mainly white women  Made significant gains in the 1970 s  Equal opportunity, maternity leave, remedies for domestic violence.  Feminists made their ways into bureaucracies, they became known as femocrats  Influenced government policy  First woman to be elected into Australian Parliament was Edith Cowan  By 1992 there were 118 women in Australia s parliaments out of a total 842. They represented 14%  June 1969, the Commonwealth Arbitration Court ruled that if women could prove they were doing work of equal value they should get equal pay.  15 December 1972 Conciliation and Arbitration Commission adopted the principle of equal pay for work of equal value  Still didn t mean equal work or pay for women .

Women in the Great Depression

Women s Liberation post WWII

Women in parliament