Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

Atomic Structure
QUESTIONS 1. Write short answers of the following: [2 marks] (a) Why is an atom electrically neutral? Answer: An atom consists of a dense positively charged central part called as (20 marks)

'nucleus' and it consist of positive charged protons and neutral charged neutrons. The extra nuclear part contains electrons. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed circular paths are called orbits or shells" these are negatively charged particles. Thus, both +ve and ve charged particles cuts each other and atom remains neutral. Hence, Atom electrically neutral.

(b) (i) The nucleus consists of 9 protons and 10 neutrons. What should be its atomic weight and electrochemical nature? Answer: Hence, given data P=9 and N=10 Atomic mass number (A) = Number of protons + Number ofneutrons A=P+N .. A = 19

Hence, atomic mass number of the given atom is 19. .. atomic weight =
     

Atomic weight =

=17.53

Cyber y y e n e
P=9 .. e- = 9

Elec Me .. ..

cc

valancy = 1 So, it is electrone ative in nature.

neutrons (N) .. ..

Hence, no. of neutrons in given atom is 10

(c) St te t e number of sub-shells in K, L, M, N shells.

4

Answer:

The distribution of electrons in an e tra-nuclear part of an atom is

governed by certain rules formed by Bohr-Bury ( 1921), which are known as 'Bohr-Bury rules of distribution of electrons. These are given below: The maximum no. of electrons that can be present in an orbit or shell

0

A w
 %

Hence, given data Atomic number (Z) = 9 Atomic mass number (A) = 19 But, Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons (P) = Number of electron (e-) Z = P = e.. P = Z = 9 Hence, no. of protons in given atom is 9 tomic mass number (A) = Number of protons (P) + Number of A=P+N N=A N = 19 N = 10 P 9

i it

 

#& " !

 ! $    " ! % % ( '

 

    

(ii F

vi

 $ # " ! %%

s it has 1 vacant place in it oute

 

= (2, 7

ost orbit.

, w it

Cyber y y e n e
'n' is 2n 2 shell Starting from the nucleus onwards. Thus,

Where, 'n' is the principal quantum number or the number of orbit or

Maximum number of electrons in different orbits Shells K L M N Orbit (n) 1 2 3 4 Maximum number of electrons (2n 2) 2 x l 2 =2 2x22= 8 2 x 3 2 = 18 2x42=32 and so on.

(d) St te the rel tion between atomic number, mass number and neutrons in an atom. Answer: Atomic mass number (A) = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
A= P+N
5 5

But, Atomic number = Number of protons = Z Atomic mass number (A) = P + N Atomic mass number (A) =Atomic number + Number of Neutron. A A-Z N =Z+N =N =A -Z

Number of neutrons = Atomic mass number - Atomic number.

(e) Define atomic orbital. Answer:

According to Bohr's theory, an electron is a particle moving around

the nucleus in an orbit. According to De Broglie (1923), an electron can also behave as a wave. Therefore, electron behaves as a particle as well as wave i.e.; it shows dual nature, similar to that of light.

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle (1927), it is impossible to know the exact position and velocity of the electron relative to the nucleus. The electron moves in somewhat random manner, sometimes being close to the nucleus and sometimes away from it.

It is meaningless to think of well defined Bohr's orbit for moving electron in an atom. However, to give an idea of the location of electron in an atom, we can only think of the probability of finding the electron at different positions around the nucleus. Here the concept of Orbit changed to an orbital. "The three dimensional region, of space around the nucleus, where the probability of finding the electron is maximum (90 - 95%) i.e., where the electron spent most of the time," is known as Orbital. It is also called as 'electron cloud' of negative charge or Electron density.

(f) Why is the nucleus of an atom positi ely charged? Answer: The nucleus is the central part of an atom. The nucleus of an atom consist of two particle. i.e. Protons and neutron. The neutrons are charge less (no charge) particle and protons are positi e charge particles. Hence, the nucleus of an atom has positi ely charged.
8

(Rando

motion of elect on)

Cyber y y e n e
containing 19 electrons and 20 neutrons. Answer: Hence, e- = 19 and N = 20

(g) Calculate the atomic number and atomic mass number of an atom

Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons = Number of electron Z Z = e= 19

Hence atomic no. of given atom is 19. Now, Atomic mass number (A) =Atomic number + Number of Neutron. A= A= Z 19 + + N 20

A = 39 Hence atomic mass no. of given atom is 39.

(h) Ex lain the term planetary electrons. Answer:

The atom consists of two parts: Nucleus Extra nuclear part : : Positively charged central part. Part outside the central part.

sun in solar system. So, they are said to be planetary electron.

This extra nuclear part consists of negatively charged electrons. These electrons are called as orbital electrons. They are revolving round the nucleus like planets revolve around the

Cyber y y e n e
(i) Name the four quantum numbers. Answer:
(i) The four quantum numbers are as fallow s: Principal quantum number (n) orbital. (ii) (iii) Azimuthal quantum number (I) : :

determines the 'size' of the

determines the 'shape' of orbital. describes the 'orientation' of

Magnetic quantum number (m) : orbital in space around the Nucleus.

(iv)

Spin quantum number (s) of electron about its own axis.

describes the ' direction of spin

(j) State the significance of quantum numbers. Answer:

There are four quantum numbers:

 Principal quantum number (n)  Azimuthal quantum number (I)  Magnetic quantum number (m)  Spin quantum number (s)
Principal quantum number (n : This is the most important quantum number as it was used to describe Bohr's stationary states in the atom. Significance: (i) It determines the average distance of an electron orbital from the nucleus. (ii) It represents the size of the electron orbital. Higher the value of 'n', larger is the size 3: orbital, so also the energy of the orbit increases. (iii) 'n' can have positive integral values 1, 2, 3, 4 etc. corresponding to K, L, M, N etc. shells. (iv) The maximum number of electrons in a shell is given by 2n 2. Thus,
@

Cyber y y e n e
Main energy level (n) Letter designation =1 =K L 8 2 Maximum number of electrons (2n 2) = 2

n
3 M 18

e
4 N 32

Azimuthal quantum number (I : This quantum number is also known as subsidiary or orbital quantum number. It is used to describe the sub-shells (sub-energy levels) within a given main shell. Significance: (i) This quantum number determines t he angular momentum of orbital. (ii) It indicates the shape of the orbital i.e. whether the orbital is spherical, dumb-bell shaped or of some more complicated shape. (iii) The value of 'l' depends upon the values of n , hence l can have the values from 0 to (n - 1). l = 0,1,2,3,...............(n -1) Thus, when n = 1, l = 0 n = 2, l = 0 and 1 n = 3, l = 0, 1, and 2 n = 4, l = 0, 1, 2, and 3 = s, p, d and f orbitals. The orbitals with l = 0, 1, 2 and 3 a re called s-orbital, p-orbital, d-orbital and f-orbital respectively. (iv) In a particular energy level, the energies of its orbitals are in the order s < p < d < f.

Cyber y y e n e
Magnetic quantum number (m :
B

Electron is a negatively charged particle. Its movement around the nucleus is like that of flow of current. Such a movement of electron creates a magnetic field. Hence, it is known as magnetic quantum number (m). Significance : (i) It determines the 'orientation of the orbital' relative to the magnetic field in which it is placed. (ii) The values of 'm' depend on the value of l. For each value of l, the 'm' may have 2 l + 1 values. These values range from -l through 0 to + l. Thus, when i.e. m = -l.( l -l).( l -2) .0.... (l -1).(l -1)...+ 1 I value Azimuthal quantum No. 1 value 1 value

Magnetic quantum No. m = 21 +1 No. of orbitals

l= l= l= l=

0 (s-sub-sheil) 1 (p-sub-shell) 2 (d-sub-shell) 2 (d-sub-shell)

m= 0 m = -1,0, + 1 m = -2,-1,0, +1.+2 m = -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3

1s 3p 5d 7f

Each value of 'm' represents one orbital having specific orientation in space around the nucleus. Spin quantum number (s : An electron in its motion around the nucleus spins about its own axis. A spinning electron behaves like a small magnet. Significance: (i) It indicates the.direction in which the electron is spinning about its own axis.
C

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

(ii) The electron can spin clockwise ( ) or anticlockwise ( ). Spin quantum number can have two possible values +1/2 and -1/2 depending on the direction of spin. Thus, only two electrons can be accommodated in the orbital with opposite spins ( ).

(k) Hund's ma imum multiplicity rule Answer: Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity states that "when several orbitals
D

of the same energy (type) are available, then the electrons first fill all the orbitals with parallel spin before pairing in any one orbital". It means as long as all the orbitals of the same type in a given sub -energy, level do not get at least a single electron, the other orbitals are not paired. There are three p-orbitals px, py and p2 having same energy and they are represented by boxes. The electrons in it are represented by arrows inside the boxes, for + 1/2 arrow upwards ( ) and for - 1/2 arrow downwards ( ). If the two electrons are added to the p-sub-shell, then there are two possible arrangements as follows: For two electrons

For three electrons

For four electrons

Cyber y y e n e

In all above examples (a) is not permitted by Hund's rule therefore (b) takes place. The next electron would enter the vacant orbital (third p z orbital in second examples). In such a case, all the three electrons have parallel spins, pairing will take place when the fourth electron is introduced. In case of carbon (Atomic no. 6) there are 2 electrons in 1s orbital, 2 electrons in 2s orbital and remaining 2 electrons in 2p x and 2py orbitals.

(l) Aufbau principle or (State Aufbau's principle. Answer:

Aufbau Principle: (German word aufbau = building up
E

In the ground state of an atom, the electrons tend to occupy the available orbitals in the increasing order of energies, the orbitals of lower energy being filled first. This is called building up principle or Aufbau principle ( Aufbau is a German expression meaning building up or construction; it is pronounced as of bow). .. It states that 'the electrons always enter the various orbitals in the order of increasing energy." Lower energy orbitals are therefore, better 'seats for electrons and better seats are occupied first'. Fig. 1.14 shows the energy level scheme of orbitals and this order can conveniently be remembered by the simple way given below. The order of filling of the orbitals is 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p

10

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

The orbitals may be arranged in order of their increasing ene rgies using the following rules: n + l Rule. In a neutral atom, the lower the value of (n + l) for an orbital, lower is its energy. However, if the two different types of orbitals have the same value of (n + l), the orbital with lower value of n has lower energy. (m) (i) Which are the most stable elements? What is their unique feature? Answer: There are some elements which are not reactive at all and they are gases elements, known as inert or noble gas elements. The six noble gases such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon forming a family of mono-atomic elements constitute (or forms) a group in the periodic table known as 'zero group elements as these elements have zero valency. The occurrence of these element in nature is rare, so these are also called as rare gases of the atmosphere. The helium atom has two electrons (Z = 2) one of these electrons occupies the 1s2 orbital as in the case of hydrogen atom. The second electron can also enter this orbital so as to fill it completely. The two electrons occupying this orbital will have opposite spins. Therefore, electronic configuration of helium is represented as 1s2.

11

Cyber y y e n e
configuration of neon is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6.

In case of next inert gas element neon (Z = 10) all the four orbitals of principal quantum number 2 (L shell) are completely filled and hence the electronic

It is clear from electronic configuration that all these gases have eight (s2, p6) electrons (except He having 2 electrons) in their outermost shell. Hence, the electronic arrangement in which 8 electrons are present in the outermost shell of an atom is known as stable configuration or octet rule. Such stable elements have no tendency to lose or gain or share electrons, and they do not combine with other element due to their chemical inertness known as INERT GAS ELEMENT

(ii) Why inert gases are inactive? Answer:

The helium atom has two electrons (Z = 2) one of these electrons occupies the 1s2 orbital as in the case of hydrogen atom. The second electron can also enter this orbital so as to fill it completely. The two electrons occupying this orbital will have opposite spins. Therefore, electronic configuration of helium is represented as 1s2. In case of next inert gas element neon (Z = 10) all the four orbitals of principal quantum number 2 (L shell) are completely filled and hence the electronic configuration of neon is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6. It is clear from electronic configuration that all these gases have eight (s 2, p6) electrons (except He having 2 electrons) in their outermost shell. Hence, the electronic arrangement in which 8 electrons are present in the outermost shell of an atom is known as stable configuration or octet rule. Hence, the inert gas elements are inactive.

12

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

(n) Neon molecule is mono atomic and chlorine molecule is diatomic. Why? Answer: In case of next inert gas element neon (Z = 10) all the fourorbitals of

principal quantum number 2 (L shell) are completely filled andhence the electronic configuration of neon is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6.so it is stable element. Hence, neon is mono atomic In case of chlorine (Z=17) hence its electronic configuration is 1 2, 2s2, 2p6, s 3s2, 3p5, its outermost orbit has 1 vacant place, means its valency is 1.and its not stable element. To stable chlorine it has to combine with another chlorine single atom Hence, Chlorine is diatomic. (o) Name different sub-energy le els and gi e with the ma imum number of electrons in each of them. Answer: "Bohr's stationary orbits associated with definite amount of energy are called energy levels or energy states or shells." These energy levels are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc. starting with the lowest energy level i.e. nearest to the nucleus as 1, the next higher as 2 etc. These energy levels are also denoted by K, L, M, N, O, P etc. letters on the basis of X-ray spectra. The order of energy level is given by 'n' (principal quantum number), i.e. K<L<M<N<0<P etc.
F F G

Energy level scheme for shells and sub-shells

13

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

By the study of spectra, the fine structure of individual spectral line indicates the presence of close grouping of several adjacent lines. Similarly, the electron energyin the main energy level can be divided into several levels i.e., the main energy level contains sub-energy levels or sub-shells. The number of sub-energy levels in the main energy level is equal to the order of the main energy level from the nucleus. The sub-energy levels are designated by the letters s, p, d, f, etc. from the old spectral terms sharp, principal, diffuse and fundamental. The number of sub-energy levels (or sub-shells) can be found by its principal quantum number (n)

Energy level (or shell) K (n= 1) L (n = 2) M (n = 3) N (n = 4) ..... ..... ..... .....

Sub-energy level (or sub-shell) Is 2s, 2p 3s, 3p, 3d 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

The maximum number of electrons in a sub-shell is as follow:

The sub-energy levels are in the order of s < p < d < f

14

Cyber y y e n e
OR State assumptions of Bohr's model of an atom. Answer:
1.

2. Give the assumptions of Bohr's theory of atomic structure.

An atom consists of a dense positively charged central part

called as 'nucleus' and it is at rest. 2. "The electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed circular paths are

called orbits or shells". Thus, the electrostatic force of attraction between the 'nucleus' and electron is balanced by the centrifugal force. Hence, the electron does not fall into the nucleus and therefore, the atom remains stable. 3. Out of the number of possible circular orbits around the nucleus, an

electron can rotate only in certain permitted orbits which are known as 'stationary states.' 4. Each of stationary state is associated with a definite amount of

energy, hence these are also called as 'energy levels.' 5. Electrons in the energy level nearest to the nucleus have lower

energy, while those at a greater distance from the nucleus have higher energy. 6. As long as the electron stays in the same energy level, the energy

remains constant. The energy of an electron can change only when it moves from one level to another. It changes abruptly and not continuously just as a ball rolls down a stair-case from one step to another. Since hv = E2 - E1 7. The angular momentum of electron (mvr) must be integral multiple of such as 2h/2 , 3h/2 , .. nh/2 .

h/2 or simple whole number multiples of h/2

This means that the angular momentum of an electron is quantized in units of h/2 . The change of electronic energy by jumping and not by flowing from one energy level to another is known as quantization of electronic energy. The number of Bohr's possible orbits (or energy levels) can be determined by using the relation, mvr = nh/2 where, m= mass of the electron,

15

Cyber y y e n e
v= r= h= n= values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc. Thus, 'n' represents orbit or shell number. radius of orbit,

tangential velocity of the electron in its orbit,

Planck's constant 6.62 x 10~34 joules-sec. principal quantum number which can take only integr al

3. Give the comparison of electron, proton and neutron with respect to their symbol, charge, mass and location within the atom. Answer:
Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Characteristics of sub-atomic particles Characteristics Symbol Nature Location in atom Relative charge Relative mass in amu Electron eNegatively charged Extra-nuclear part -1 0.000555 Proton P Positively charged Inside the Nucleus +1 1.007825 Neutron N Neutral charged Inside the Nucleus 0 1.008665

4.

(i)

State two rules of distribution of planetary electrons. Explain with

suitable examples. Answer: Refer Que No 1. h (ii) State the maximum number of electrons that can occupy K, L, M and N energy levels, if 'n' is principal quantum number of that element. Answer: Refer Que No 1. c

5.

Express the isotopes of hydrogen, in terms of atomic weight and atomic

number. Answer:
The atomic number, mass number, names, symbols and relative

abundance of hydrogen isotopes are given below:

16

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

Isotopes of hydrogen Sr. No 1. 2. Name of isotopes Hydrogen (Protium) Deuterium Symbol Mass % number abudance in nature 1 99.984 2 Q.015 1.008 3 1 x 10-7 Average atomic weight

1 1H 2 1H

Or 1D2 3. Tritium
3 1H

Or 1T3 The atomic number of isotopes of hydrogen is 1. Hence each isotope has one proton in the nucleus and one extranuclear electron. The mass numbers of isotopes of hydrogen are protium-1, deuterium-2, tritium-3. So neutrons present in the nucleus. (A-Z) of protium (1-1) 0, deuterium (2-1) 1, and tritium (3 - 1) 2. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen can be represented as.

Atomic structure of three isotopes of hydrogen

and atomic mass number 23. Answer: Atomic number is 11 Then electronic configuration in orbit form = K 2 L 8 M 1 N

6.

Gi e the electronic configuration of an element ha ing atomic number 11

17

Cyber y y e n e
7. Answer:
Atomic number is 17

The atomic number is 17. Give the electronic configuration (in s, p, d, f

orbitals) and explain the electro-chemical nature and activity of this element.

Then electronic configuration in orbitals form is = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p 5 i.e. 2, 8, 7 Hence it has 1 vacant place in its outermost orbital, Hence it is electronegative in nature. The activity of this element is, it gain 1 electron from other atom.

8. What do you understand by sub-energy levels? How these are denoted? How many electrons (maximum) can be accommodated in the sub-energy levels? Answer:
Refer Que. No. 1.o

9. Distinguish between energy level and sub-energy level. Answer:

Distinction between Energy levels and Sub-energy levels Energy levels Sub-energy levels 1. Bohr's stationary orbits with 1. The close grouping of a number of energy definite amount of energy are
P

levels in the main energy level are called

P

L, M, N etc.
R Q

3.

The ma mum number of electrons in the energy level 'n' is given by 2n .

2

f=14. 4. Sub-energy levels consist of orbitals having different geometrical shapes i.e. s = spherical, p = dumb-bell shaped etc.

4.

Energy levels are circular or elliptical in shape around the nucleus.

2.

called energy levels. These are deno ed b the letters K,

2.

sub-energy levels. These are denoted b the letters s, p, d, f etc.

3.

The maximum number of electrons in sub- energ levels are s = 2, p = 6, d = 10,

18

Cyber y y e n e
d-sub-level and f-sub-level? Answer:
Refer Que. No. 1.o

10. How many atomic orbitals are present in each of s-sub-level, p-sub-level,

11. Explain the difference between orbit and orbital. Answer:

Difference between orbit and orbital. Orbital Orbital is a three dimensional region around the nucleus, in which the possibility of finding the electron is maximum (90 - 95 ). Orbitals are designated by the letters s, p, d, f ete. Orbitals have different geometrical shapes i.e. spherical, dumb-bell shaped. The number of orbitals relative to energy levels are n2 = 1, 4, 9, 16 etc.
S

Sr. No. Orbit 1. Orbit is a fixed circular path described by a moving electron around the nucleus. 2. The orbits are designated by the letters K, L, M, N etc. Orbits are circular paths or elliptical in shape.

3.

4.

The number of orbits (or energy levels) from the nucleus are n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc.

The maximum number of electrons in Orbital can contain an orbit is given by 2n 2 rule. maximum of 2 electrons.

12. Name the different orbitals known in elements with the number of electrons present in them. Answer: Refer Que. No. 1.o

13. Nucleus of an atom has 5 protons and 6 neutrons. What would be the (i) Atomic number, (ii) Mass number, (iii) Number of electrons and (iv)Number of valency electrons? Answer: Given data P = 5, N = 6,
.. Number of electron (e -) = 5 .. ( . e - = P)

19

Cyber y y e n e
.. Atomic number (Z) = P = e Z =5 .. Atomic mass number (A) A A A Atomic number is 5. .. Electronic configuration in orbit form is = 2,3 .. valency of atom is 3 .. the no of valance electron is 3.

= no. of protons and no. of neutrons = = = P+N 5+6 11

14. Compositions of the nuclei of two atomic species A and B are given as under : No. of protons A B (i) 6 6 No. of neutrons 6 8

Give mass numbers of A and B.

Answer: Mass no of A = 6 + 6 = 13
Mass no of A = 6 + 8 = 14

(ii)

What is the relation between two species?

Answer: The relation between these two species is they are isotopes of same atom
i.e. they are isotopes of carbon atom.

(iii)

Which element they represent?

Answer: They represent element carbon named as C 12 and C 14

20

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

21. Substances from A to E ha e in them the distribution of electrons neutrons and protons as follows:
U T

Making use of these data find (i) a cation (ii) an anion Answer: (i) a cation = B (ii) an anion = A (iii) pair of isotopes = D, E (iv) an atom of noble gas = C 22. For n = 3 energy le el how many orbitals of all kinds are possible?
2 Answer: for n=3 the total number of orbitals possible is calculated by n .
W V U

(iii) pair of isotopes (i ) an atom of noble gas.

T

n2=

3 2=

.. Number of all possible orbitals is 9 out of these 1 3s 3 3s and remaining 5 3d. 23. State and e plain Hund's rule and its limitation. Answer: Refer Que. No. 1.k 24. Draw the diagrams showing s and p orbitals. Answer:
X

s- orbital

21

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

P-orbitals

25. What is Aufbau principle? Write the sequence in which the orbitals are filled. Answer: Refer Que. 1.l
`

26. Gi e the electronic configuration of atoms with atomic numbers 11 14 21 24 and 29. Answer: solve it . 27. E plain the anamolies in electronic configuration of chromium and copper. Answer:
a ` ` Y

There are exceptions in which some elements show slight variation

from standard pattern e.g. Transition elements (1) chromium and (2) copper. Chromium (Cr) Atomic no. 24 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d4, 4s2... Expected 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d5, 4s1 ..Observed

Copper (Cu) Atomic no. 29

1 s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d9, 4s2 1 s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s1

... .Expected ..Observed

22

Cyber y y e n e
copper.

In above cases, one of the 4s electrons goes into 3d orbitals and the 3d -orbitals get exactly half filled in the case of chromium and completely filled in the case of

The reason for such type of irregularities (or disparity) is due to more stability of half filled or completely filled orbitals. A half filled or completely filled orbital has less energy therefore it is more stable. Chromium has more stable structure (having less energy) with 3d 5, 4s1 as both d and s orbitals are half filled. Similar is the case copper has more stable structure (less energy) with 3d10, 4s1 as 3d10 is completely filled and 4s is half filled.

28. Arrange the following in the increasing order of energy : 2p, 4p, 3d, 4s, 3p, 3s, 2s Answer:
The increasing order of energy is as as follows: 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p.

31. Write the electronic configuration of three inert elements. Answer: electronic configuration of three inert elements.
Electronic Element At. No. K 1s (2) 1s2 L 2s, 2p (2, 6) M 3s, 3p, 3d (2, 6, 10) IS 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f (2, 6, 10, 14) O 5s, 5p, 5d (2, 6, 10) P 6s, 6p, (2, 6) 1s2 2s2, 2p6 3s2, 3p6 4s2, 4p6 5s2, 5p6 5s2, 5p6 6s2, 6p6 Electrons in last shell ns2, np6

He 2 Ne 10 Ar 18 Kr 36

1s2 2s2, 2p6 1s2 2s2, 2p6 3s2, 3p6 1s2 2s2,2p 6 3s 2 ,3p 6 ,3d 10 4s2, 4p6 1s2 2s2, 2p6 3s 2 ,3p 6 ,3d 10 4s2,4p6,4d 10 1s2 2s2,2p 6 3s2,3p6,3d 10

Xe 54 Rn 86
.

4s2,4p6,4d 10, 4f14 5s2,5p6,5d10 6s2, 6p6

23

Cyber y y e n e
of Helium and Argon. OR

32. What do you understand by inert elements? Give the electronic configuration

What are stable elements? What is their unique feature? Answer: Refer Que no.1 m 33. Write short notes on: (i) (iii) Pauli's exclusion principle Aufbau principle (ii) Hund's rule

Answer: Refer Que no.1 l 34. What are isotopes? Draw the atomic diagram of three isotopes of hydrogen atom. Answer: different atoms of same element having same atomic number but
different mass number are known as isotopes . Isotopes of hydrogen: There are three isotopes of hydrogen: protium (1H1), deuterium ( 1H2 or 1D2) and tritium (1H3 or 1T3), with atomic number 1 and mass numbers 1, 2, 3. Their names, symbols and relative abundance are as follows: Sr. No 1. 2. Name of isotopes Hydrogen (Protium) Deuterium Symbol Mass % number abudance in nature 1 99.984 2 Q.015 1.008 3 1 x 10-7 Average atomic weight

1H 1H

Or 1D2 3. Tritium
1H 3

Or 1T3

Protium is the most abundant in natural hydrogen, deuterium about 0.015 % and tritium only one out of 10,000,000 hydrogen atoms'. Structure: The atomic number of the three isotopes of hydrogen is 1, while their

24

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

mass numbers are: protium 1, deuterium 2, and tritium 3. Therefore, each of the three isotopes has one extranuclear electron and one proton in the nucleus. The nucleus of protium is made of one proton only, while the number of neutrons (A- Z) present in deuterium is 2 - 1 = 1, and in tritium 3-1=2. The structure of three isotopes of hydrogen can be pictorially represented as.

Atomic diagram of three isotopes of Hydrogen

35. Distinguish between isotopes and isobars. E plain why atomic weight of chlorine is 35.5. Answer: Sr.No Isotopes Isobars
b

1. They have the same atomic number They have the same mass number but but different mass numbers. 2. They have identical electronic configuration. 3. They occupy the same place in the periodic table. e.g. 17CI35 , 17CI37 4. Their chemical properties are identical. They occupy different places in the periodic table. e.g. 18Ar40,
19 K 40

different atomic numbers. They have different electronic configurations.

, 20Ca40

Their chemical properties are different.

25

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

5. They have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons. Atomic weight of chlorine is 35.5 because Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl with atomic mass 35 and Cl with atomic mass 37 They . are present in 3:1 Hence, Average atomic Weight of Cl= = 35.5 amu They have unequal number of protons, electrons and neutrons.

34. Define isotopes and isobars. Gi e one e ample of each. Answer: Isotopes: different atoms of same element having same atomic number but different mass number are known as isotopes . Isotopes of hydrogen are protium (1H1), deuterium (1H2 or 1D2) and tritium (1H3 or
3 1T ),
e c

with atomic number 1 and mass numbers 1, 2, 3.

Isobars: The atoms which have same atomic mass number but different atomic number are known as isobars .
40 18Ar , 19 K 40
e

, 20Ca40

are isobaric atoms.

35. What are isotopes? E plain with two e amples which type of particles are responsible for their presence? Answer: different atoms of same element having same atomic number but different mass number are known as isotopes . Example: 1. Isotopes of hydrogen are protium (1H1), deuterium (1H2 or 1D2) and tritium (1H3
h g

26

Cyber city polytechnique tuition classes

or 1T3), with atomic number 1 and mass numbers 1, 2, 3. 2. Isotopes of oxygen are 8O16, 8O17, 8O18. The no. of neutron particles are responsible for the presence of isotopes.

36. Naturally occurring lithium is known to contain two isotopes of mass numbers 6 and 7 the relati e abundance of the isotopes being 6% and 94% respecti ely. What is the atomic weight of natural lithium? Answer: The lithium has two isotopes li with atomic mass no. 6 and Li with atomic mass no. 7 into 16:1 ratio. Hense average atomic weight of Li = = 6.05amu
p p i

37. Gi e any two points of difference between electro alent and co alent compounds. Answer: Sr. No. 1. Electrovalent Compounds These are formed by loss and gain of electrons between dissimilar atoms. They are found to exist in the form of even in the solid state. ions These are polar compounds. Thus, when melted or dissolved in a solvent, they are ionised and hence conduct electric current. They possess comparatively high melting and boiling points. They are generally non-volatile and insoluble in organic solvents. Sr. No. 1. Covalent Compounds These are formed by mutual sharing of electrons between similar or dissimilar atoms. They are not found to exist in the form of in the solid or liquid state. ions These are non-polar compounds. Thus, when melted or dissolved in a solvent, they are generally not ionised and hence do not current. conduct electric They possess comparatively low melting and boiling points. They are generally volatile and usually soluble in organic solvents.
q q q

2.
1

2. 3.

3.

4. 5.

4. 5.

27

Cyber y y e n e
of their electrical conductance. Answer: Refer Que. No. 37.

38. Write short answers of the following : [2 marks] (a) Differentiate between electrovalent and covalent compounds on the basis

(b) What is the type of bonding between two chlorine atoms in chlorine molecule? Answer: The chlorine atom has 17 atomic no.
Hence, it has one vacant place in its outermost orbit. Hence, its valancy is 1. Therefore the chlorine molecule is formed by single covalent bond. Hence, single covalent type of bonding is formed between two chlorine atoms in chlorine molecule

(c) Which elements are most likely to form covalent compounds? Answer:
1. The compounds are generally insoluble in water (polar solvent), but readily soluble in organic solvents such as benzene, carbon tetrachloride (non -polar solvents) compounds form covalent compound. 2. Generally volatile in nature and usually have low melting and boiling points elements form covalent compound. 3. organic compounds form covalent compound.

28

Cyber y y e n e
(d) Water is a polar covalent compound. Explain Answer: (e) (f) Name the type of valency in MgO molecule.

Write the two points of difference between electrovalent and covaient

compounds. An element (X) has atomic number 14. Write electronic configuration of the element (in s, p, d, fl orbitals). If ail the valencies are satisfied by combination with hydrogen resulting in compoun: XHn, What will be the value of n ?

29