1. There are no supporting academic references in the text.

He therefore thinks the referencing should be included in the text according to the Harvard System. 2. The list of references includes a number of sources not on the recommended MAD list. He advises that I should concentrate on the MADL units abd associated readings in the future which are designed to help answer the set questions. 3. In this case, take the following advise to students: To address this question it will be helpful to draw on Ken Ward (Units 7 & 8) and Denis McQuail (Unit 11). You will need to consider some of the historical rationale for dividing the communication industries into broadcasting, print and telecommunications, how these divisions were realised through distinctive technologies and regulatory arrangements and some of the goals that were sought through these arrangements, and the value positions which they represent. As for the challenges to these arrangements, consider some of the new ways for thinking about informations and communication raised by issues of media convergence addressed by Denis McQuail (Unit 11) and the relevance of normative concepts such as public interest and the public sphere, raised by Jum McKenna (Unit 10) as well as the aforementioned authors. You might also want to contemplate the continued viability of "public service media" as described by Ward (Units 7 and 8), Scannell (Unit 9) and McKenna (Unit 10) and McQuail (Unit 11). 4. I have sent the text you prepared below with minor amendments by me, but we can slot it Harvard references in the text according to what the tutor has suggested. I will appreciate your usual professional retouch of this assignment. I look forward to receiving it soon.

The following are the referenced books: 1. Ken Ward (Unit 7 and 8). 2. Denis McQuail (Unit 11) 3. Jim McKenna (Unit 10. You might also want to think the constant feasibility of "public service media" as described by Ward (Units 7 and 8), Scannell (Unit 9), McKenna (Unit 10) and McQuail (Unit 11). To have access to the University of Leicester library facilities, find below my passord and username: User name: oct2009 Password: fan_tree Regards and thnaks for your understanding. Martin

How have communication technologies and the communication industries been organised and regulated in the past? In what ways and to what extent do new technologies challenge conventional ways of regulating and organising communications media? Introduction In this essay I would like to discuss how communication technologies and the communication industries have been organised and regulated in the past and I will also focus on the ways and extents to which the technologies challenge the ways of regulating and organising communications media. Communication technologies and the communication industries regulated in the past Basically, Communication is a word used to show the relationship between two or more people, where they can talk, share and discuss their information. They need a medium which provide to connect them. These mediums have their own history. An actual communications past begins with Phoenician alphabet in postal system of China. The Ancient Greek people use pigeons and the modernism of the printing press in the Roman roads. People still had to travel physically from one place to another either on foot, on horseback or railroad, written messages, no matter how well-organised and widespread postal networks are used. At 1775 postal system introduced by Continental congress and first post master was Benjamin Franklin. Then moved on to telegraphy at the end of the 18th century. Another method of transferring information was introduced by the French in which they used a network of big towers semaphore code and wooden pointer to move visible light in it. A scientist Danish proposed in 1819 a direct relationship by observing that the electric current could repel the needle of magnetic range. Again a man William Sturgeon creates the electromagnet by using this relationship at 1825. American scientist Joseph Henry (1831) published a diagram of electrical signaling system in which an influential electromagnet is used to ring a bell more than a mile. But he had never been able to turn this idea into reality. In 1832, Samuel Morse portrait painter, worked with Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail, to make a telegraph system that became noticeable in 1838. Morse and F.O.J. Smith worked to porch Congress for national funding of the system, and the first wide-area electric telegraph line was effectively constructed between Baltimore Washington and MD. The spreading out of the national telegraph system and railroad system match directly with each other. The telegraph is needed by the railroads to organise schedules, to arrange operations, and avoid accidents. Thomas Alva Edison and Alexander Graham Bell are the creators who invented telegraphic tools. The United States connected to a universal telecommunications in 1870s comparatively in low-cost than others. The understanding is primarily meaningful that communications can be mechanically changed from one medium to another, the telegraph first converted into electric signal from written word and then back into written word again. All the progress in communications technology is based on this attitude. Elisha Grey and Alexander Bell in the 1870s changed talking into an electric signal and give a new invention that is telephone. In the 1890s Guglielmo Marconi and his co-workers changed electric signals into electromagnetic radiation which proves a new ground for radio, television inventions and wireless telegraphy. In the late 20th and early 21st century the digital revolution led this concept of information into new inventions, and converts all information of sound, smell image and text into a type that can alter and organise electronically. Communications medias are always defined in the way by which they work not by their ease, going by the appearance of printed media newspapers, books, predates and magazines. Many companies which are involved in communication technologies are awarded by Franklin Institute prizes. Internet provided a drastic change in communications industries in the 20th century and the first effects on written news and information was based on sections of the industry. Internet broke all the limitations related to the amount of data and bandwidth and transmits huge information on telecommunication networks which can easily be seen on the screens of our computers. The extent of improvement of digital media to store, confine and share information goes beyond Moores Law. That is named by Gordon Moore, founder of Intel. It got double after every eighteen months. The changes which depend on largely distributed and high capacity telecommunication system are the basic character of audio visual information which is entered through the internet. The trading of news paper is the oldest part in the communication industry. Television and radio are the alternative of newspaper and supporters try to make them more successful than ever. The allocation of imported signals was another influential challenge for the supporters. The decision of the federal communication commission to discharge its numerous stations and cross media ownership policy in the 1980s led to the enlargement of radio stations which is not seen in newspaper industry. Cable, radio broadcaster and television industry created a jointed valueable relation between music industry and motion picture industry. Communication industry includes theatrical motion picture which does not depend on advertising but on exchanging. There is a great dramatic change in computer and telecommunication technology. They make work too easier in market and industry which can much more facilitate than the

past. Due to large development in communication system sector it makes possible for all firms to build an energetic market place without any problem and get information about all commodities. To endow with systematic logical and scientific information, the online information industry materialised in the 1960s. After getting fame of these programme, conventional record publishers such as Reed Elsevier and Thomson Corporation made profit of 30 percent over their cost from electronic publishing in 1998. The formers of online information in the 1980s and 1990s get combined and make a new collection of information within a group form. They worked hard on that project and after all the beginners take in the gate way services, for example, America online and Microsoft Networks with the abbreviation of AOL and MSN. Growth of global networking and consequent money making of internet became a great contribution in economy. It made the technical foundation complex which provided the logical and technical society that was changed through advanced community adjusted in the direction of industrialists. Yahoo, Facebook, twitters, Skype are the latest progress in communication technology. New technologies challenge conventional ways of regulating and organising communications media Modern communication media are actually a modified form of conventional media which gives us private calculation and computation smooth the progress of trouble-free right of entry, treatment, storeroom, and replacement of information, and these procedures need consistent facts show. Conservative telephony corresponds simply by using the telephony means, attaches two persons per term. It also makes use of track of secured bit tariff. Recent communication services can be multi-point, multi-rate and multi-media that are much different. They are not helping in voice data transferring only but now the files, data and music and other attachments. Some details of the following data are given below: In Multipoint case, we can send near to the ground bit charge questions to the database but far above the ground bit charge video can send to the record. A new thing is video teleconferencing where many callers or groups can interact with each other and they can interchange their voice videos and data also. The other thing is a multi rate service system which can gymnastically give out the conduction capability to the associations. Last but not least the multimedia connection in which we can transfer images, audio, video, full active video or any other arrangements of media related to this programme. Conventional media only include the services of telephonic talks and data transferring on computer from one place to another or the local area networks abbreviated as LANs were in use. Traditional network services are made for the transmission of a specific purpose and are not suited for further appeals. Telephone can transfer only voice and computer, television, radio and cable networks, local area networks can transfer only specific data. From the real time of the transmission of the signals, an intolerable delay is experienced in these networks. In addition, these networks are unable to store and send large information with bounded connectivity. All these networks mentioned above are the chiefly publicised networks with least amount of switching amenities. So it becomes necessary to create a network which is single but contains multi-qualities of sending messages and receiving data to achieve the economy of sharing. Integration avoids the need for many overlaying networks, which make difficult the management of networks and also reduce the flexibility of growth and opening of services. Due to these changes, broadband becomes more efficient and effective. In Europe, a lot of profitable satellite video tubes were started in 1980s. This step also broke up the monopoly of government broadcasters. Through Internet, the stream of information made it simple to avoid government rules, regulations, restrictions and control. However, the major authority of the infrastructure diligence continues touchy. The media has been discouraged due to its external information reporting on large scale. It also has the supremacy to vary community attitude. It also gives a money-making control to the promoters and Government. There are numerous complex arrangements skilled of encouraging broadband systems and services which are also enhancing the ratio of broadband and MSO suppliers. They are selecting for fibre optic system configurations to encourage the current and upcoming requirements of bandwidth such as CATV, HDTV, and VoIP. The mainly familiar functions which are now being encouraged by fibre optic systems are broadband internets. During the decade of 1980s, media became dependable. It was mainly in published and analog broadcast forms such as newspapers, televisions and radio. Due to the use of digital computer system, a drastic revolution has come over the world in media. This revaluation came over in the last twenty five years. We can consider the examples of internet and computer system play lands and games. These examples are minor to represent the new media. The previous conventional media has been altered to digital computer systems. One example is the entrance of digital televisions and online conferences. Previous media have been altered by the use of digital systems as the blast entrance of printing, publishing and digital television even the conventional media figured out. The main example we can include is the publishing press which has been revolutionised in the course of technology know- how. Main

examples are desktop publishing equipments and other photoshop. The main example nowadays is Adobe reader. Modern media provide the facility to the common people that they can participate in discussion. It provides a self-governing post-modern community area which gives a facility to citizens that they can contribute in general common arrangements. Communication and telephonic system between the people and entire world is boosted up due to the expansion of new media. It also permitted the people to talk, make images, websites. As a famous man in his article (Croteau and Hoynes 2003: 311) said that the distances accrued between existing place and common place are totally removed due to the modern media because it is introducing the latest methods to make relationship between people and the relations become levelled. Once upon a time, information gathering and dissemination was the work of people who professionally practiced it, for example a journalist. No longer, today the tools of media are available to the common people very easily. For many years, the conventional media had an uneasy Detente with the Internet - seeing it as a sort of Hobbyist thing or even a Research Resource, Email Facility and a form of Communication. Modern sources are also giving a chance to the students. Learners and readers can get or acquire the knowledge about policies, researches and logic system. New example is that during the last five years the Blogs are changed from basic concept to new foundation of scientific knowledge. Actually, we also describe new media as the mixture of modern and old conventional data. The early data system was the demonstrations of a persons know-how and a visual reality but the modern media is the mathematical. Now the decisions do not totally depend on computer but it hands over to the experts and technicians. Simply an example of a film on which software is used to make production, somewhere they use another purpose like animation. Modern media is the customs substance which uses the digital systems for presentations and circulations. Good examples are the world wide webs and blogs. Conclusion: Due to the modern technologies and media the Government unties its control over the industries and other systems. As the technology becomes moderate, the media also become new and up to date. Communication industry also depends on the modern technology because the modifications in authoritarian rules, regulations and policies and the requirements of people such as goods and services need the technology to become efficient and fast. As new media is an advanced form of conventional media but it is more reliable and efficient. It makes our work much easier and time saving. We can get information from all over the world. Although it replaces the old conventional methods but yet in progress and the work is in process. Today the modern media is helping in stock markets and economic sectors. References: Baldwin, Thomas F., D. Stevens McVoy, and Charles Stein field (1996). Convergence: Integrating Media, Information, and Communication. Beniger, James. (1986). the Control Revolution. Compaine, Benjamin M., and Douglas Gomery (2000) Who Owns the Media? Dennis McQuail (Unit 11). Fundamentals of communications, mass communication concept and process http://www.answers.com/topic/communications-industry (Last access 20th August,2010) Communication industry http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/15248/1/Free_Press_by_David_McQueen.pdf http://www.krowcommunications.com(B Cook N Hastings J Quarry M White) http://www.telcordia.com/collateral/telcordia25/timeline.pdf( 21 August, 2010) Timeline of regulating communications http://www.worldhistorysite.com/communication.html (20 August 2010) Communications Sexton M., Reid A.( London, 1997) Broadband Networking ATM, SDH and SONET, Nathan Ensmenger, Ph.D. (April 4, 2006) HISTORY OF COMMUNICATIONS Raj Jain(1723-1738) Congestion Control and Traffic Management in ATM Networks, Invited submission to Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, Vol 28 (1996),

1. Ken Ward, 1970 2005 (Unit 7 and 8) Issues in the History of Mass Communicat ion Module 2: Unit 8 http://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/media/ms7501/mod2unit8/page_10.htm 2. Ken Ward, 1970 2005 (Unit 7 and 8) State, Nation and the Media 3. Denis McQuail (1970 2005) Media Regulation Module 2 http://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/media/ms7501/mod2unit11/page_32.htm?searchterm=Denis% 20McQuail%20(Unit%2011) 1. Jim McKenna (1990) (Unit 10) http://www.le.ac.uk/mc/research/papers/mc022.pdf?searchterm=Jim%20McKenna%20(Unit%2010)