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427 vues43 pagesMass Comm
Mass Comm
Transféré par
Mahek Patelmass communication notes for students of SYBA
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© All Rights Reserved
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Mess Communication (SY.BA./ B.Com
. eee
(C._ FEATURES OF MASS COMMUNICATION
From the above model of mass communication, itis easy to identify the fy
features of mass communication.
1, Experience is public in nature
Mass communication experience is public one. It means that anybouly can bea py
this communication process at any time without much effort or permission
2. Mediated act
It is a mediated communication act. Nature of the meslia involved in the py
defines the mediation in mass communication. For example, television ca trans
rnews instantly as iti a fast medium, newspaper takes to bring the same news rp
‘the public because ofits limitations. Ths s how nature ofthe mesa defines the med
process in mass communication.
3. Filtered communication
‘Mass communication is filtered communication. This filtering, processing i
‘gatekeeping. For example, a news report in a newspaper or on a television chan
filtered or controlled at different level by reporter, sub editor, news esi, eos
4 Complex
‘Bengali newspaper, Samachar Darpan (The Mirror of Truth) and the English per
iend of India, which were self-proclaimed organs of Christian thought and doctrine
Roy, the Indian leader and social reformer, published in 1821. the
| Sambad Kaumudi (Moon of Reason), which propagated the radical \\
‘viewpoint. By 1822, there were six Bengali papers in and around the Calc:
‘circulations of 400 to 800 copies and widespread influence among readers. |"
the British tried to censor the Calcutta press, Roy, as founder and editor ot !o.
‘newspapers, organized a protest designating freedom of speech and rel
rights for the people. Founded in July 1822, the Gujarati publication, §
- has been the oldest continuously published newspaper in India.
newspaper emerged as a powerful social and political force during the se.
in India, The British rulers enacted in 1878 the Vernacular Press Act to repr:
propaganda” in regional language newspapers. Lord Lytton, the 9"
‘vernacular newspapers as “mischievous scribblers preaching; ©
vend the British Raj. Faced with severe criticism and protest, the British ss".
"Actin 1862. In 1880, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a social reformer and nations:
Marathi daily Kesari (Lion), which attracted widespread readership ‘01
British rule. British officials jailed Tilak in 1897 for his writings,
than two decades later, Mahatma Gandhi, the architect of India's Freecom
played a prominent role as editor of three newspapers— Young Indi Ho
.d as a euphemism for Untouchables by Gandhi in
“child of God,” coit
m, (New Life)—which became major vehicles for Gandhian thought an as
vr ‘Mass Communication (.Y.B.A. Com, (Sem. I & 1
Action. As an outstanding 20° century leader, Gandhi authored a prodigious number of
‘words. Through his newspaper columns, he assiduously propagated his ideas as 4
Prophet of non-violence and Satyagraha (the firmness of truth). This empowered members
of the meek Indian masses to fight against seemingly invincible British rule. In 193s,
Gandhi's lieutenant Jawaharlal Nehru founded the English newspaper, National Herat
and its sister Urdu publication Qaumi Awaz (“Voice of the Community”) to uphold such
national values as secularism and non-alignment,
) Post ~ Independence
In the postindependence era, newspapers sustained its influential role on two fronts
First the urban elite relied on the Englishanguage media, which was a dominant legac
of the British Raj. Second, the regional language media played a vital role in educating a
informing @ significant section of Indians who prefer to read and view media in thei
native language. Press now enjoyed greater freedom in a democratic country (excep!
during the times of Emergency), It started playing the role of a “watchdog” and als
became the catalytic agent to hasten the process of social and economic development in
the country. It soon became the fourth pillar of the democracy.
Current Times
In current times, the profit motive replaced the idealistic and missionary spicit of the
former days. Following are the major trends seen today
4) Price and number of pages : The price of newspaper is not in proportional to the
cost of the publication of news paper. It may be said to be very nominal in
comparison to the page and material presented in them .The price of 24 page
‘evrspaper is 3 to four rupees. Its really far less than the cost of the newspapers
Newspapers have more pages than before. Earlier, the newspapers had only § ot
10 to 12 pages, but now the number of pages may be 20 to 24 or even more.
4) Design and layout: The design and layout of the newspapers have changed 0 9
‘great extent. They are being presented in a more creative and attractive mon."
The earlier newspapers were simple in design. Today, there is maximum srt.tc
approach in the designing of page of newspapers The advertisement is also spar
of designing. Various designing elements like colour, lin, text etc. are being usr!
in a maximum effective manner. Similarly, the use of logos, symbols, and other
kkinds of graphics has also increased. There is not any clear division between re
and advertisement in many cases. The pages of newspapers have become vers
colourful and attractive. Info graphics artis being used to present date which <2
easily be understood. Present newspapers are giving photographs in a larse
‘number. Many times more than half pages contain photos.
Content Presentation : The newspapers are adopting TV style fr the presentation
_ for various kinds of materials. Visual i
inner pages. The design of page is
advertisement and news text blend with each
other. This is given just to make
‘audience view the advertising and to avoid
their negligence towards advertising
materials. p>. PP
Mase Media i India
vor 5
5s) Corporatzation of Media : Today's media parilaly big rational ive
‘spapers are mostly owned by the corporate houses. These newspapers
bay Ree running the newspapers with an aim to derive more and more
ke commercial enterprises. More and more revenue from corporte
Dis 20 commerclVentues uing targeted, news contents and ais hve
‘orientation suiting corporate houses and business community. These newspapers
‘very often covertly lobby the pursuits of big corporate houses from which large
Serene obuned for advertoemens The problems, concems and th nee
the weaker segment of the society are inappropriately projected and serious
national issues are not addressed properly.
Monopoly Trends : The emergence of big media houses and corporatisation of
media is heading fast towards monopoly in the media. Ths is a matter of concern
‘The small and medium newspapers particularly regional newspapers with low
circulation and operating in remote rural areas are facing acute financial crisis and
their survival is at stake because of rapid spreading of wings by big newspapers
covering large number of cities and districts. The elimination of the rivals at any
cost, through competition and acquisition is the age old device. In the interest of
body polity of Indian democracy consisting of different segments in the society,
‘sources of information should also contain voices and concerns of all segments of
body polity. To achieve this, ownership of media should essentially belong ‘0
such persons or institutions who would be concerned inthe voices ofall sezments
of the society. The other news or the other side of the news and views, will not be
‘available and dissemination of only the specified information will be subtly
Ghoured if media suffers from monopoly and corporatisation. Such monopoly in
media is inherently not good for Indian democracy.
‘and Corruption : Media, like other institutions has also succumbed!
‘of malpractices and corruption. In media, such malpractices operate in
‘explicit and implicit forms. Yellow journalism and blackmailing were the
“orms of corruption in journalism. But in today’s media functioning, subtle
greater mischief. The distortion,
“paid news syndrome’ almed to serve certain interests and
Suppression of news and concerns of other interests have become 3 usu feature
Ppa, The promotion of certain politicians and political groups, business
commercial and industrial interests, products and services, and
rammes through induced news and favourable articles and in
ing rivals through interviews, articles, reports, so called
‘have ushered in an era of tainted communication.
IN ITS TECHNOLOGICAL ‘ADVANCEMENT
‘advertisements, which provided the funds to improve the technology,
they had readerships larger than their rivals. But to reach
Indian scripts had to be liberated.
ting technology was the development of
reakthrough for the print
ee only rotary press a hundred years later
printing press in 1850, it was ——
“
2
vor Mass Communion (SY. B.A. B.Com. (Sem. - I
BEGINNING IN INDIA
© Radio broadcasting started in India with the Radio Club of Bombay's fin:
broadcast in 1923. Following this was the formation of a private radio service in
Madras (presently Chennai) in 1924. The Indian Government took over the
transmitters in 1930 under the aegis of Indian Broadcasting Service, re-named 4
India Radio in 1936 and Akashvani (meaning the “Voice from the Sky") after
1957. Akashvani is a government-owned, semi-commercial operation of the
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
© There were only six radio stations in India at the time of independence. 4
Independence, the Congress government under Jawaharlal Nehru followed three
‘major goals: firstly, to achieve political integration; secondly, to attain economic
development; and finally, to achieve social modernization. Indian broadcas
‘media was expected to play an important role in all three areas. In those days
radio was considered as an integral medium of communication, primarily due to
the absence of any motion medium. All the national affairs and social changes
were informed through the waves of broadcast media and within no time
popularity of radio spread nationwide. Indian radio proved to be a pi
‘medium of social integration,
'® Indian radio also took up the task of aiding in the development of economic
scenario. The Indian Constitution was adopted in 1950 and authorized a strong
role for the Indian State in the economic development of the country. The use of
radio broadcasting was further considered to be a development process that w2s
naturally a consequence to this state-led developmental philosophy. Indian sao
was specially designed program to contribute to the process of soc
‘modernization, which was an important pre-requisite of economic development
‘The dominant development philosophy of the time scrutinized the problems 0
development as the basic ones in the developing countries. These internal causes
included traditional value systems; lack of entrepreneurial ability, lack 0
innovation and lack of a national consciousness and experts could suggest 0:
communication solutions to bring upon. The main problem was that the old ides
were influencing the young minds thus hindering the process of social chans
and modemization. The role of broadcasting provided an inlet for the
‘moder ideas.
‘© All India Radio's network expanded by the mid-1990s to around 146 AM stat
along with a National Channel, the Integrated North-East Service that aires st
reaching out to the tribal groups in northeast India and handles the Externa!
Services. There are five regional headquarters for All India Radio, namely in the
North Zone in New Delhi; the East Zone in Kolkata; the North-East Zone
‘Guwahati, Assam; the West Zone in Mumbai; and the South Zone in Chennai. The
government-owned network of Indian radio provides both national and los
‘programs in Hindi, English, and sixteen regional languages.
‘© Commercial Radio services in India started in 1967 by Vividh Bharati Servic®
with its headquarters at Mumbai. Vividh Bharati earned its revenues
extensive advertisements and had been broadcasting from thirty-one AM and FM
stations during the mid-1990s. India has a wide-ranging network of mediv™
‘wave and short-wave stations. In 1994 there had been almost eighty-five FM
stations and seventy-three short wave stations that connected the entire country a
2 re Mase Communication (S.Y.B.A B.Com. (Sem. ~10 6 y
vi) Expensive Medium
In every term, television is expensive. Television set i 2
newspaper. Setting up a television station involves millions of rupees. Transmission
facilities and programme production also require a lot of money.
Airwave Delivery
Unlike newspapers which delivered door to door, television messages are transmitteg
through air waves. So, it does not have complicated distribution system.
viii) Good for Documentary Information
Like any other medium, television can also be used for information dissemination
With its audio-visual capacity, television is more apt for providing documentary
information as we can detail functions, process and other details in a ‘live’ mode.
2, BEGINNING IN INDIA
© Doordarshan (meaning “View from Afar”), a public service broadcaster and one
of the largest terrestrial television networks in the world, started in New Delhi as
‘an experiment in 1959 with half-hour programs on education and developmen
Regular television service commenced in major Indian cities such as Delhi in 1965,
Mumbai (Bombay) in 1972, Kolkata (Calcutta) and Chennai (Madras) in 197:
‘Television services were separated from radio in 1976.
© In 1975, the government first tested the possibilities of satellite-based television
through the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) program. SITE
‘was designed to test whether satellite-based television services could play a role
{in socio-economic development. Using a US. ATS-6 satellite and uplink centres 3
Ahmedabad and Delhi, television programs were beamed down for about four
hours a day to roughly 2,400 villages in six states. The programs dealt mainly with
fin- and out-of-school education, agricultural issues, planning and nation
integration. The program was fairly successful in demonstrating the effectivenes
of satellite-based television in India and the lessons learned from SITE were used
by the government in designing and utilizing its own domestic satellite servit
INSAT, launched in 1982.
India introduced color television in 1982 coinciding with the Asian Games helt
New Delhi. With the advent of color television, the state-owned. bronco
Doordarshan introduced in 1982, Doordarshan National programs that ushers!
major broadcasting revolution with national telecast of government eve"
_ Sports, soaps, and other programming that attracted nationwide viewership °°
advertisements.
is costlier than a radio set o, re i ( _ttstst—<“i‘SC*
Mass Media im India
© In 1997, ;
» Prasar Bharati, a statutory autonomous body was
ae with AIR was converted into government corpo!
fasar Bharti, The Prasar Bharti Corporation was established to
Public service broadcaster of the country which would achiev
Se etme towards greater autonomy for De
@ By 1998, several international television channels adopted pros
Aavor in response to waning interest in foreign television cor
entertainment television channels such as Zee TV, Star
Entertainment introduced shows based on socio-cultural themes
‘ethnic and cultural norms, local language messages, and region:
_te compete with par-Indian networks in localized markets.
‘MILESTONES IN ITS TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
© A major milestone in the history of Indian television was the
‘Ninth Asian Games in 1982. Doordarshan provided national cove:
time through the satellite INSAT 1A. Also, for the first time, the t:2
in colour. In addition to the domestic transmission, Doordars)
providing content for the broadcasters of many other countries. Atte:
‘was a huge increase in the live coverage of sports by Doordarshan
© On the transmission end terrestrial reception was replaced by |
‘satellite using ASIASAT-1 satellite. It gave wide reception scope |
s like CNN followed by Star TV and a little later by lo
such as Zee TV and Sun TV came into Indian homes.
hhas been a paradigm shift in transmission and play out technol,
g technologies include DTH and Internet Protocol TV (IPTV).
CH / TOTAL USERS AT PRESENT
| has grown from two channels till 1991 to 604 channels,
ry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India (604 channel
released on 29% April 2071). On analysis of the TV Broadcas'
report
vrently 90% of the Indian population has access to television in Invi
family owns a television set and many families own more than ons
media environment offers nearly 300 channels including progian\
domestic and global media companies such as News
tainment and Walt Disney. Today, such programs also attract «
entertainment television channels such as Star One, Bollywoos
/ MTV India re-package their media content for the global south
‘Africa, Australia, and the Americas. Besides exerting,
se with transforming television content, these media companies
istic independence and greater scrutiny of the government.
eg etc Doordarshan, the public broadcaster, ® owe as Communication ¥.BA./ BCom) (Sem — 1
‘A NIWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES
Newspapers and magazines are print publications issued at er O%
\ime, Historlolly, newspapers were usually issued daily or weekly. Magazines
‘ontraat, were usually issued weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, or quarterly (ie. 4 times a yea,
Noth newspapers an magazines could be purchased by subscription (an arrangemen:,
Which the reader pays in advance a year of issues), ot individually, often at news-stang,
[brocery stores, book stores, trains, oF other places.
‘There is no absolute way of distinguishing between newspapers and may
they share many features, The main reason for understanding the distinctions
library you will find ‘Rewspapers and magazines in different places.
|i general the purpose of a newspaper is to convey, as efficiently as possible, curren
Information, oF "news’, to a particular audience, What constitutes "news" depends in pan
‘on the intended audience, Newspapers aimed at a general audience will carry news abow
Politics, crime, wars, economics-just about anything that could interest a general reader
‘A sports newspaper, on the other hand, might carry news about different sports event
'nformation about the sportsman, and so forth,
ines, sing
is that in;
‘newspaper attempts to inform, a magazine in contra attempts to enlighten and entertain
Magazines and periodicals usually have covers, often bearing an illustration «
Photograph: A newspaper, in contrast, typically does not haves cover, but a namepl
Prnnln eros the top of its front page, the rest of the page being filled with news-stories
jzines are more likely than newspapers to have detailed tables of contents, whereas
rapers it y include any table of contents at all, will sim ly identify the principal
is aa ‘news, local news, Sports, “society ellen iit 8
2. Schola
Such 1
subjects. T
the text box
and provid
3. Sensat
You w
large in siz
creating a:
main focus
staffers wr
included in
4 Consul
Const
lives. They
products ar
end up asc
5. Busine
Also a
profession,
These a
what type
categories.
easily the 1
‘could think
magazines
Major TY
1. Based «
i) Dai
Suni
whe
ncl Mala Types end Presentation Formats ewer a
2, Scholarly Magazines
Such magazines focus on academics. You can get in-depth information on many
subjects, The format of providing information in a scholarly magazine is serious and so
the text book alike. You will find more of graphs and charts rather than pictures. Teaching
and providing help in researches is the main purpose of scholarly magazines
3, Sensational Magazines
‘You will find sensational magazines in a newspaper like format. They are thin, but
large in size as compared to other magazines. Sensational magazines are said to thrive on
creating a stir. Flashy headlines are used for attracting attention of the readers and the
main focus is on stories related to celebrities or other amazing stories. Freelancers or
staffers write these articles, which are usually more picturesque than stories that are
included in sensational magazines. These are also known as tabloids.
4. Consumer Magazines
Consumer magazines also aim at general public in their private and non-business
lives. They are called consumer magazines as their readers are prompted to consume
products and services advertised in them. In modern age, most of the women’s mayazines
end up as consumer magazines. Health, tourism and IT magazines are not exceptions.
5. Business Magazines
Also called trade magazines. They focus on topics related to a particular occupation
profession, or industry.
| These are few basic magazine types that cover almost every type of story. No matter
type of magazine you read, it will certainly fit in any of the above-mentioned
‘Knowing something about the different magazine types can help you locate
reading stuff you like. Magazines are available on every possible topic, you
‘of. Whether you have a passion for cars or bikes, you can find a long list of
especially tailored for the information needs of bikes or for car lovers.
‘S OF NEWSPAPERS
jon Frequency
ly :A daily newspaper is issued every day, sometimes with the exception of
‘and occasionally Saturdays or some national holidays. Saturday and,
‘they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger and
‘more specialized sections and advertising inserts. Typically, the majority
‘newspapers staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday
‘depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated,
Tnewspapers are published in the morning. Afternoon or evening
fare for commuters and office workers (eg, Pradeepam). The Times of
‘The Indian Express, Hindustan Times are some of the main daily
of India.
ly and other : Weekly newspapers are published once a week, and tend to
‘than daily papers. Some publications are also published fortnightly
te Sunday Standard, Jagat Darpan are weekly. ‘Mass Communication (5.8.4.1 B.Com, (Sem,
ore
2. Based on Geography and Distribution
i) Hometown : Town-centric newspapers focusing, issues on that particular jy
called hometown newspapers. Midday of Mumbai is an example
i) Metropolitan Dailies : Dailies that concentrateon the affairs of a metro q
'Bxamples : Metro Vartha of Malayala Manorama,
iii) Local oF Regional : A local newspaper serves a region such as a city, or part y,
large city, Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate
area. B,g, Gujarat Samachar, Vitaya Karnataka, Chandrika etc.
iv) National : Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates through,
the whole country. E.g. The Times of India. Some national newspapers, such,
1 ‘The Economic Times and Financial Express are specialized.
‘y) Intemational : There is also a small group of newspapers which may
characterized as international newspapers. Some, such as The Interatong
* Herald Tribune, have always had that focus, while others are repackaged nating
newspapers or “international editions’ of national or large mietropolix
‘ newspapers. In some cases articles that might not interest the wider range «
readers are omitted from intemational editions; in others, of interest»
expatriates,. significant national news is retained. As English became te
international language of business and technology, many newspapers formes
published only in non-English languages have also developed English-languip
‘editions. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Mumbai, newspapers are prin
for a local and international English-speaking public, and for tourists. The advet
of the Internet has also allowed non-English-language newspapers to put oi!
scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach. Similit)
in many countries with a large foreign-language-speaking population or ma
tourists, newspapers in languages other than the national language are bt
- published locally and imported. For example, newspapers and magazines f=
many countries, and locally published newspapers in many languages, are res
to be found on news-stands in central London.
3. Based on Format
i) Broadsheets : The broadsheet newspaper size is the largest of the vase®
newspaper formats and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term de"
from types of popular prints ~ usually just of a single sheet ~ sold on the s
‘and containing various types of matter, from ballads to political satire. The
- broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante, published in 1618. Thes¢
£600 mm * 380 mm (23% * 15 inches), generally associated with more intel"
newspapers, although a trend towards "compact" newspapers is changiné
‘Newspapers currently using the broadsheet format include The Times ot !*
The Japan Times, USA Today ete.
ii) Tabloids : These are half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm 5
(45 * 11% inches), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to brow
The term tabloid journalism refers to an emphasis on such topics a> a,
“crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and television, and is not a refer=™
‘printed in this format. Some smallformat papers with
Mey
300
=
Be
4. Based
News
the 1960s,
printing t
computers,
prepress 2
process. Th
‘graphics, a
newsstands
Financial 7
sports publi
i) Pri SS
ya Types en Prsnition Formats
+ to themselves as compact Ne
standard of journalism refe
Mirror, Tehelka
iii) Micro Daily = It is infrequently used to refer 1° ® tabloid-sized free
That offer lower ad rates than its broadsheet competitors. The content
‘of a micro daily can range from intense local news coverage £0 ‘combination of
focal and national stores.
uy Beliner or Midi : The Berliner format is mid-07 between a tabloid
broadsheet, with a page dimension of 470 mit ® 315 id is sold folded. The
Berliner offers convenience, Broa! f both worlds, easy
Pectin, quality, interaction and diferentonee “Mint is an indian daily
pusiness newspaper published by HT Media, a Delhi-based media srOUP which
ae publishes Hindustan Times. 1t mostly ‘AFB eadere who are business
sare rea and policy maker. ti India's st newePePe:'° pe published in the
wvapapers. E.g- Mumbal
daily
nt
and a
Jknown as newsprint, Since
quality letterpress
wn, desktop
and digital
production
‘usualy printed on cheap, of-white paper
ved away from lower
offset printing. In additio
oftware, graphics software, digital cameras
logies have revolutionized the newspaper
Sea ebled newspapers to publish colour photographs and
Iayouts and better design To help their
‘ee printed on colored newsprint. For x2
Siatnative salmon pink paper, and Shetfield's weekly
ithe Green ‘Un, from the traditional color ofits paper
rinted on paper and. distributed
fies stand out on
process. These technologies
ple, the
graphics, as well as innovative
frewsstands, some newspapers
Financial Times is printed on
derives its name,
{) Print : For centuries newspapers were P
papers have online editions distributed over
Th depending on the country may be regulated by journalis
onganizations, But as some publishers find thei ;print-based models increasingly
crear inable, Web-based ‘newspapers’ have also started to aPPeA" = has the
Southport iy the UK and the Seattle PostIntelligencer, which stopped
Pech nit fer 19 yarn March 2209 and ent nine on)
Fence 1A new tend in newspeper publishing ls the introduction of
personalization through on-demand ‘printing technologies. Customized
Borspapers allo the reader to cate helt individual newspaper through the
aaron of individual pages from multiple publications, This "est of" approach
jprintbased model and opens up a new distribution chan!
the usual boundaries of distribution. Customized
“saline have been offered by My Yahoo, IGoogle, CRAYON
‘bboko.com, Twitter.times and many others.
newspapers
ICurrent.com, Kil
‘on audience
FEpecanity Newspapers : Newspapers publisiad:onsandiy.a,comery
Teg Newsday based in New York. Deepika in Malayalam, : —— SL Ul (i‘<‘sésr
‘ vor Mas Communion SBA. I.Com) Som 13 4y
In addition, @ direct quote should be used after the summary stateme
smplification oF verification
Sackground Information
® high reading level, the average reader will become confused reading the
Thrive sat Shou lah pepe ith backrord dormaton We
about whether information should be included, the author should put it in.
Biases
News articles should be written without bias. Personal
their way into the article
Direct and Indirect Quotes
When possible, the author should use direct or indirect
However, quotations should not be included just for the sa
‘hey ate relevant. Direct quotes can be used in the following.
Remember, a direct quote repeats exactly
‘act words aren’t known, the author can paraphrase, but never chan
nt 10 Provig,
Story,
hen in dou,
Prejudices should not fing
‘quotes to enrich the article
ke of using them: make sux
situations,
The basic format of a new:
‘explanation :
© Headline : An attention getting phrase atthe top of the article.
© Byline: By, your name.
© Lead Paragraph : Start with a strong, interesting sentence to get the reade
engaged. Include the “who, what, when, where, why, and how” as appropriate
© Explanation and Amplification : This section will include several brie!
__ Paragraphs explaining the details surrounding your photograph
y Background Information : This section will incl
lude several brief paragraphs
‘explaining events leading up to the picture, related national stories, ete
ON
‘Spaper article can be condensed into a simplified
is an article that contains the writer's opinion. Editorials are usually it
‘on a specific page of the paper and focus on current events. Editorials are 10!
9 stories. They hai
duction, body and conclusion like other news stories
ive explanation of the isue, especially complex issues
tora
na ofthe writer delivered in profesional manner. Good edo
‘issues, not personalities and refrain from name-calling, oF ot
persuasion.
-_ ease: ——————L— a lLdUlULlLlllt—“‘“Os*:*:*:*:*:*:*:;*C*S
Media Types and Presentation Formate wow
© Alternative solutions to the problem or issue being criticized
about a problem, but a good editorial should take a pr
‘making the situation better by using constructive criticism ancl
© A solid and concise conclusion that powerfully summarizes !
Give it some punch,
‘Types of Editorials in Newspapers
1. Explain ot interpret : Editors often use these editorials '
‘ewspaper covered a sensitive or controversial subject. School 1
‘explain new schoo! niles or a particular student-body effort like 9
2. Criticize : These editorials constructively criticize actions, decision
while providing solutions to the problem identified. Immediate pury
readers to see the problem, not the solution.
3 Persuade : Editorials of persuasion aim to immediately see the sol!
problem. From the first paragraph, readers will be encouraged to '2i:
Positive action. Political endorsements are good examples of
Persuasion.
4. Praise : These editorials commend people and organizations for some:
well. They are not as common asthe other three.
WRITING AN EDITORIAL
from the reader expressing or stating their opinion, resolution, and
Assue that isin the public interest such as trafic jams, pollution,
floods, and $0 on, Oscasionally, it may be a letter from
something occurring in society such as praise for the sacrilice
‘and the blame for their accepting, bribes ” vor asa
WH) Column
A column is an article written by tht same person,
writer of the column) writes about subjects of int
community happenings. Columns are not considered
AA column is written weekly, monthly
Particular topic. You have to be consistent i
| vole and say focused onthe inn ath
Parent. don't delve int issues of
Mg,
on a Feular basis, a
erst to him/her
ews stores
or bi-monthly, and must be focused o,
Wit stain same ton
IRB a column for the «°°
colum,
is,
Cure a
nt eveng
ind. If you're writi
Parenting in general, y,
: Wty
f were Feaders will pobay)
Parents who write, and they will be more interested in learning how to find hig 2
writing rather than how to take care oftheir childeon, th
4 ADVERTISEMENT.
Advertisements for-tourism such as si
‘educational tours, incentive tours,
ightseeing tours, inbound and outboun!
a phase like “Urgerth
Normally the jobs, positions
‘engineer, manager, foreman, tec"
English competence) computer literacy, recent pho
fransportation and experience, It may include fringe bere!"
Media Types ad
and an
addres
RADIO
1. TYPES oF
Commerc
Stations un
airwaves to ad
whereas in Ini
Akashvani
i) Non-Comm
Non-Comm
sense of airing
countries like 4
major sources of
AMand FN
This catego
messages. Both
Modulated to «
Modulation) rad
With the sound.
remains constant
that changes bas
2 Mayor Fo!
Broadcasting ove
Signature tone an
introduced. Ther
Approaching the 1
© Number¢
Number
Number
Langu:
Power sup
Health co
Main os
Making a spe
ode
Whichever radio fo
1) Spoken word
documentaries and
‘may include chats as
Melis Types and Presentation Formats or
n
and an attractive re
fn an attractive remuneration to attract the job hunters wel a give the
and telephone number for further contact. é
RADIO a
2a |
<4. TYPES OF RADIO STATIONS
i) Commercial Stations
Stations i
os acer abe sorpor themoctves nantly by selling time on th
Breer a In America, vast majority of stations come under this category
3s in India, most of the stations are government funded ones under the umbrella of
‘Akashvani.
ii) Non-Commercial Stations
Non-Commercial Stations do not receive financial support from advertisers in the
sense of airing commercials. They are normally funded by the governments, In some
‘countries like America, donations from private foundations and organization are the
major sources of income of non-commercial stations.
iii) AM and FM Stations
‘This categorization is purely based on the type of waves used for transmitting radio
"messages. Both AM and FM radio stations transmit carrier wave thats some changed or
fodulated to. carry audio signal such as music or voice. With AM (Amplitude
Modulation) radio, the amplitude or strength of the carrier wave's vibration fluctuates
with the sound. With FM (Frequency Modulation) radio, the strength of the carrer wave
Kemains constant, and instead itis the frequency oF number of vibration within the wave
that changes based on sound.
2. MAJOR FORMATS OF RADIO PROGRAMMES
format, refers to the overall content
don. Some stations run multiple genres, but most have @
signature tone and style. formats have evolved and new ones have been
aaruoed, There are lots of factors based on which the radio formats are selected before
pprosching the masses. Some of nee determinant inca:
‘© Number of people.
‘© Number of men and women ~ gender ratio,
© Number of educated and uneducated people.
Language spoken in that area.
Power supply:
Health conditions of the people and amenities available.
Fain occupation ane many more cory
" ee sy bee sore arenes ae rem
ag 2 pe games ht oul ena P= them.
Tisten to, there are three ingredients that constitute i
Radio Discussions, Radio
‘Commentaries, News, Radio Magazines that 1h) Magazine programmes Me
Radio also has magazine programmes like those inthe print media. A radio may
broadcast at a particular time on a particular day of a week or a month. That m
sii) Sound Effects
Sound can be
has periodicity. Sunllany 1 has plenty of varlety in contents. Some of many fon ra cae an
een ETRE iistra Thee ay be talks, dincuscione tan eres ee an
reviews, music etc. Likewise, the duration of each programme or item in a may." ai
programme also vary. Another characteristic of a radio magazine is that it has a sig.
tune A signature tune is ac sttractive piece of music which is specific to a prog
can be lke the title of a magazine. A magazine programme also has a name and
two presenters or anchors who link the whole programme. In the beginning, the uy
the day’s programme are given by the presenters after the signature tune. They aa
continuity and link tothe whole magazine, With the advancem
been develop
sound in a radio ca
used in a programme
© Sound can play
(© Sound can be us
© Sound canbe us
Magazine programmes are generally broadcast for a special or specific audie =i cnt
the name suggests, a specific audience refers to listeners with specific needs as men
in the beginning.
a) Phone-in Programs
Im recent times, the
this format, listener a
conversation is hea
by
The phone in pro
complaints from the
programmes for variou
b) Radio Bridge
This radio format
location around the w
station you are listen
Radio Intemet
Radio stations o
Bained immense mom
and internet for variou
: -air programming between records. While most comme:
‘tations might get their musi for free they will have to pay royales to actly pr 2
Top 40 : The original formulaic music radio é
é 22
{e_TELEVisIoN
1. TYPES OF TELE\
Technological ad
‘messages. The promin
) TV Broadcasting
tis over-the ar
Stations on frequencie
the signals without ch
an antenna for recevi
ii) CableTV
By definition, Cal
Wire, Transmission of
{in 1940s. The earliest
long cables connect
antenna became wee!
insert amplifiers at Melis Types and Presentation Fo
iii) Sound Effects ore :
Semmnire beer aieTed 09 one of tha us import
pwancterhat cn ake nf tip ado mat i hen
Fer aise mets wrmcce a i oma at te
eee agg see ncckce ees ohn ae oe
a be caterer acces oe cine ero Oy
isement.
Seana can play a major role in evoking interest
Be Soins can be used for comic effect to evoke laughter.
x pens ‘an be used to create certain moods or enhance them.
advancement in technol
: technology, it has been found that radio formats have also
been developed technically. The IT based radio formats inchude the following
a) Phone-in Programmes
In recent times, the phone-in programmes are of great importance. With the help of
this format listener and presenter geta chance to tlk and intra nth cach ctr The
_ conversation is heard by every listener who is tunedin to that particular station
The phone in programme usually focuses on consumer issues, current affairs and
x complaints from the public regarding various issues. People call in to phone-in.
[Programmes for various reasons to give opinions to get advice an ask uestion
b). Radio Bridge
This radio format allows one radio station to connect with the other at any other
/& location around the world, Any famous figure in Chennai could be costed to the
| station you are listening to and the common man or presenter process with the
conversation.
Radio stations operate using internet modems, This is the type of format that has
‘gained immense momentum in recent times because of the extensive usage of computer
and internet for various purposes.
TYPES OF TELEVISION TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
advancements define and redefine the mode of delivery of television
“The prominent ways of television transmission are given below
the air transmission of audio visual signals fom towers owned by television
+" to them by Ministry of Communication. People can rveive
aeehoat charge by simply turing on a television on a set Sometimes, we need
for receiving signals.
Jon, Cable Vis Pr 09 ad commer oe
Be were, in effect, strategically placed antennas with ery
De ibscribers’ home sets. Because the signal from the
theo ghrough the length of cable, cable providers had to
en
ON 1% wor Mas Conmanicton (S.BA. BCom) Sem
acceptable for viewing. With invention of optical fibers it has been easy 0 transmyig. | ya ToP Hl Pron
ina speedy way without loosing picture quality vi) Informal Education
Today, cable systems deliver hundreds of channels to some millions of homes,,, "programs presen
also providing a growing number of people with high-speed Internet access. recreational sports and
iii) Satelite Transmission se atest fan
It is transmission of television signals through satellites put in the orp, viii) SP*
Programs of live or
ofessional and amate
analysing professio
and
vame showS, Magazine
includes the sub-categor
jx) Drama and Comed:
communication purpose. It enables the households to receive signals directly from,
satellites using dish antennas. This is also called Direct to Home (DTH) Satellite Ser,
It is digital technology that delivers up to 150 channels to a plate-sized receive,
Subscriber's house. For this, we have to use a set box to convert digital signals receive,
the antennas into audio visual format
iv) “Home Video
Itis not related with television transmission process. It refers to the pre-recoded vis,
either sold or hired for home use. Most of the content are of entertainment nie
Educational documentaries are also available as part of this method. Earlier VHS/Betan,
video cassettes played in Videocassette Recorders (VCR) were available. Now, these »
Entertainment proc
events. They comprise g
the following subcatego
© On-going dram:
ow replaced with VCDs, DVDs( Digital Versatile Discs), USB Drives and Blue Ray Dig ®- OP-B0iNg come
2 MAJOR FORMATS OF TV PROGRAMMES © Specials, mini-se
News © Theatrical featur
Newscasts, newsbreaks, and headlines. Programs reporting on local, regio © Animated telev
‘ational, and intemational events. Such programs may include weather reper Bert sry li
SPortscasts, community news, and other related features or segments contained wits ® Programs of
"News Programs.” comedy; and
{i) Analysis and Interpretation © Other drama, in
[Programs on various topics that include analysis or discussion, for example talk tapesifilms of li
panel shows, consumer affairs or reviews. This category
information primarily for entertainment value.
pee
Coin nu ren pa tase Per
si tn iar i at time
Seti Sin epoca fae pn
iv) Reporting and Actualities > ie
Programs focusing on the coverage of conferences, a”
excludes programs present shorts, video clip
Music and Dance
Political
epening/closing of events (including awards dinners) and politcal bates vention ze Programs containing
‘Programs of a non-entertainment nature intended to raise funds, Swell 3) Ae Not exclusively musi
W) Religion i
{uch as singing,
Programs dealing primarily with (.e. more that 50%) religion and rel a
gious tea
4s well as discussions ofthe human spiritual condition, chings| * General entertainmes
vi) Formal Education and Pre-school ing 28's primarily ;
Programs presenting detailed information elated toa wide varity of tpg ae mgt Celebrity profile
by the viewer Primarily to acquire knowledge. The ‘Programs can be related to. estat 7 Sed Shows, Balas and
‘curricula. All programs targeted at pre-schoolers (ages 2), ihe Progign @Praising shox
depen OPisting of liv
anal
Fete BAlysis or in
; 3 er
ee Me ee eee sis wwe %,
ication/Recreation & Leisure
, information on recreation, hobby and skill de
opportunities,
Maia Types and Pre
ii) Informal fd
ure, employ
ivities, travel and le
© of liveto-tape sports events and competitions including coverage of
ory also includes programs reviewing,
eur competitive sports events/teams (i. pre-and post:
ripted sports, call-in and talk shows, etc). This category
I sports and Amateur sports.
Programs of li
tournaments, The catey
nd am
professional or
shows, 8
shows, magazit
ub-categories: Professio
includes t
jx) Drama and Comedy
Entertainment productions of
events, They comprise primarily of
the following subcategories
@ On-going dramatic series
On-going comedy series (sitcoms);
Specials, mini-series, and made-for-TV feature films,
fa fictional nature, including dramatisations of real
(ie. more than 50%) dramatic performances. Includes
.
.
‘@ Theatrical feature fils aired on television;
° television programs and films excludes computer graphic productions
‘Animated
without story lines);
Programs of comedy sketches, improvisations, unscripted works, stand-up
comedy; and.
«© Other drama, including, but not limited to, readings, narratives, improvisations,
tapesflms of live theatre not developed specifically for television experimental
Shorts, video clips, continuous action animation (e.g. puppet shows).
3) Music and Dance
Programs comprised primarily (Le. more than 50%) of live of pre-recorded
including opera, operetta, ballet, and musicals. The
performances of music and/or dance,
Pefomance portion excludes videoclips, voice-overs or musical performances used a
background,
i) Variety
Programs containing primarily (.e, more than 90%) performances of mixed character
{¢g, not exclusively music or comedy performances) ‘consisting of a number of individual
we Mek cn singing, dancing, acrobatic exubitions, comedy sketches, monologues,
magic ete,
2il) General entertainment and human interest
Programs primarily about the world of entertainment and its people. These programs
Indie tet rwates that may use promotional folge, talk or interview showy
‘ward shows, galas and tributes. They also include entertainment-oriented magazine
irs fur racing. shows. wick include endertsiners (Le, tlethons) nar te
cred of veo eve-teta footage witht significant pariors covor™
ip vnc terreno nd coer of comm even ich 5 un
vals, parades and fashion shows. — ee,
«0 woe Mans Communication (S.¥.B.A.1 B.Com) (Sem.— 6 yy
© Television can show the audience what the news is about, whereas radio can on
describe. This is both strength and a limitation for both the mediums. Televi
tan provide visual evidence of the news it conveys, which radio cannot provig,
But radio can stimulate the listener's imagination to create mental pictures of 4,
ing
Jevision cannot do,
[D._ MAJOR TYPES/GENRES OF FILMS _
The term “film genre” is used to help us differentiate different types of filmy
depending on the story that they tell, the place and time in which these stories take place
the way in which the film has been made, etc. However, more often than not, i's actualy
the difference between the genres,
very difficult to
The frst distinction is between short films and feature films, Shor films were ve
popular in the silent era and also nowadays asa platform for first-time filmmakers and fy
new forms of expression. According to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Science,
a short film is “an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or ley,
including all credits”. Films running for 40 minutes or longer are therefore known a,
feature films
In terms of genre, another key distinction is that between documentary films ang
fiction films. Documentaries tend to focus on life and reality as it is, withoy
manipulating it too much. In contrast, fiction films make up an alternative reality,
fictional world. But this fictional world can be created in many ways, and so we have
many different genres in fiction. Comedies, for example, try to make us laugh with funny
Gharacters and comic situations, dramas deal with realistic characters and emotion
themes, action films feature protagonists usually taking risky turns that lead them tp
fights, escapes and other desperate situations, horror films try to scare or frighten the
audience through suspense, violence or shock, science fiction films take us to a differen
place and time in our universe or in a different one and musicals have characters singing
songs that are part of the story
Depending on who we ask, thelist of genres and subgenres may be much longer than
that, Some genres are in fact a combination of various genres. A thriller, for example, may
include some elements of action films, although its main elements are usually suspense
tension and excitement, A melodrama is similar to a drama, but the characters and th:
plot are intensified so that we, the viewers, have a more emotional response to the filn
And fantasy films are similar to science fiction films, but they often have an element c
‘magic, myth and wonder that science fiction films may not have.
The style ofa film can also be characterised by where it is made. And here one of th
‘main distinctions is between films made in Europe and those made in Hollywood. There
are, of course, exceptions, but generally most experts agree that whereas Europeat
filmmakers treat film as an art, mainstream Hollywood focuses on it as entertainment. S°
‘much so that the same story may be told differently depending on whether itis filmed is
Europe or in America. European films normally comment on society and the reality w®
live in. Those who defend European cinema sometimes say that Hollywood films are to
predictable, as shown by.
in the cinema. 4
nd Presentation Forma
Socal hebwork wea
Bou certian
Pee a
fiasd cones
Uniquenen of saa
Peers ae
eens omer a
Biss Cioee sae
‘vith people whe area
Tame mindoet ce ae
fre moet commen opis
estan Goal ta
"Toe ae cre
the features they provi
ccisting features, How
sites
1. Personal Profile
‘Moot sodal Web
homepages. However,
he mnembecs opel
only) may access what
2 Communicatag
Macsage pusing
this facility, the met
messages to each oth
Socal Web sites
thete online connect
messaging, text me
phone service
3. Personal Bil B
Woel bal
favorite ables of
‘that want to anno!
4. Thinking Roo
Most soil W
conte) Somes
of ranking (e4 ¢
flagging It as sp
comments, while
comments on a
and some in reve
displaying the
sent the UCC, th MC het cena eee Speen Ye os)
yt Tea Presentation Formats oor S
“SOCIAL MEDIA /NETWORKING SITES
Social network sites are web-based services allowing individuals to construct 8 m=
lic or Public profil in a bounded system as well sto articulate alist of others 5025 fo
{hare connections, views and thoughts. However the type, classification and nature of
these connections may differ fom sitet site
Uniqueness of social networking sites not only allows individuals to meet strangers
put enables users to discuss and make visible their social networks. This results into
connections between individuals which otherwise is not possible through any other mestia
already existing. Maximum of the time social networking sites are used to communicate
with people who are already their friends or acquaintances in the social network sharing
same mindset or same interests and views. Discussions on debatable topics, news articles
fre most common topics on these SNNs
Fostazes of Socal Netwocking Sites
There are thousands of social Web sites, and the sits differ in details and layouts of
the features they provide. Further, they continue to add new features and make changes 10
‘existing features. However, following essential features are found in today’s popular
sites.
1. Personal Profile
E
Most social Web sites have members create and manage personal profiles, that is
homepages. However, they differ in the types of information included. Further, some sites
have members specify privacy settings in order to control who (e.g. everyone, friends
only) may access what types of information on their personal profiles.
2. Communicating with Online Connections
Massage passing system is one of the friendly features of each e-community. Using,
this facility, the members of the same social network (also different ones) can vers
messages to each other and be alarmed by notification emails.
Social Web sites provide various facilities for members to use to communicate with
their online connections, that is, fends and other members. These include email, instant
messaging, text messaging. and public and private bulletin boards, and even Interne
phone services .
3 Personal Bill Board
‘Accessing the personal bill board through the profile control panel is one of the most
favorite abilities of each social network Each member ean submit his (or her) daily events
that want to announce in his (or her) profile. 4
4 Thinking Room
‘Most social Web sites allow members to leave comments on the UCCS (user created!
contents), Some sites allow members to vote on them, too. The voting may take the for:
3 stars out of 5 stars) or marking the UCC as a “favorite.” or
‘Some sites present all comments-as a flat list 0
‘comments as a Zevel hierarchy, that is, they allow
sites display the comments in posting timestamp ori:
2 few additional sorting options '
the number of emails tha: a oor Mas Communication BA. BCom) em.
5. e-Newsletter 3
Users tend to glance at websites when they need to accomplish something ory |
the answer to a specific question, In contrast, newsletters feel personal because they
in users inboxes, and users have an ongoing relationship with them. Newsetan
ha aspect, as users often forward them to colleagues and friends. Me
The postive aspet of this emotional relationship is that newsletters can create my,
more of a bond between users and a company than a website can. The negative as
that newsletter usability problems have a much stronger impact on the cu
ability problems,
Peat
stoma
relationship than website
6. Friendship Network
Social Web sites provide various facilities for members to use to communicate yy
their online connections, that i, friends and other members. These include email, nya)
messaging, text messaging, and public and private bulletin boards, and even Inten,
Phone services. Each member also can invite others to make a friendship relation ae,
develop his or friends’ network. This ability motivates members to check their profi,
periodically
7. Forums
‘An Internet forum allows many
¥y people to chime in about their particular experience,
information,
tips, ticks, ete. Forums prefer a premise of open and free discussion ang
often adopt de facto standards. Most common topics on forums include questions
comparisons and polls of opinion as well as debates. Because of their volatile and random,
behavior, itis not uncommon for nonsense or unsocial behavior to sprout as people los
temper.
Advantages of Social Networking Sites
© Facilitates open communication, leading to enhanced information cliscovery and
delivery. ;
© Allows employees to discuss ideas, post views, ask questions and share links,
© Provides an opportunity to widen business contacts.
© Targets a wide audience, making ita useful and effective recruitment tool
© Improves business reputation and client base with minimal use of advertising
© Expands market research, implements marketing campaigns, delivers
‘communications and directs interested people to specific websites
=
© op
att
© ine
Kee
social n
people
especial
transfor
photos
used wi
i) Fa
Ar
build ¢
interac
i) Ty
x
netwo
it) G
T
with o
iy N
T
game
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y
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