Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution Why does a country need a Constitution?

? It tells us about the fundamental nature of the society. It lays down the ideals that form the basis of a country. It defines the nature of a countrys political system. The constitution plays a major role in countries having democratic forms of government. It prevents oppression or domination by the majority. It helps in protecting us against certain decisions that could have an unfavourable effect on the larger principles that the country believes in. Key Features of the Indian Constitution Federalism More than one level of government co-exists. We have a government at the Centre, At the State level and At the village level i.e., panchayat The constitution contains lists that describe the issues that each tier of government can make laws on. The states are not just the agents of the federal government but draw their authority from the Constitution as well. Parliamentary form of government Citizens of India have a direct role in electing their representatives. Every citizen, irrespective of his/her social background, can contest in elections. Separation of powers There are three organs of the state as per the Constitution. They are as follows: 1. The legislature: It refers to the elected representatives. 2. The executive: It refers to those responsible for implementing laws. 3. The judiciary: The system of courts. According to the Constitution, each organ should exercise different powers. Each organ checks on the other organs of the State, which ensures a balance of power among the three. Fundamental rights

 Right to equality All citizens are equal before the law. Each citizen will be equally protected by the laws of the country. No citizen is allowed to discriminate against the others on the basis of religion, caste and/or sex. Right to freedom This right includes the right to freedom of speech and expression Right to move freely and reside in any part of the country Right to form associations Right to practice any occupation, profession or business Right against exploitation According to the Constitution, there is a prohibition on human trafficking, forced labour and child labour. Right to freedom of religion Every citizen has the right to practice, propagate and profess the religion of his/her choice. Cultural and educational rights The Constitution states that all minorities, linguistic or religious, have the right to set up their own educational institutions so as to conserve and extend their culture. Right to constitutional remedies A citizen can move the court if he/she thinks that his/her Fundamental Rights have been violated by the State. Secularism A secular state is that which does not officially promote any particular religion as the state religion.