M.C.

Chang
Dept of Phys
Ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism
ferromagnetism (FM)
exchange interaction, Heisenberg model
spin wave, magnon
antiferromagnetism (AFM)
ferrimagnetism (FIM)
ferromagnetic domains
nanomagnetic particles
Magnetic
order:
Ferromagnetic insulator (no itinerant electron)
FM is not from magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, nor the SO
interaction. It is a result of electrostatic interaction!
Estimate of order:
Dipole-dipole
( ) ( )
( )
1 2 1 2 3
2
4
3
1
3
10 eV ( 1 K) for 2A
B
U m m m r m r
r
g
r
r

=



Because of the electrostatic interaction, some prefers
, some prefers(for example, H2).
Effective interaction between a pair of spinful ions
1 2
1 2
1 2
(Heisenber
3/ 4 for singlet
1/ 4 for triplet
Heisenb
g mod
erg wrote
1
( ) ( 3 )
4
+constan e t l)
s
s t s t
t
S S
E
U E E S S E E
E
JS S

=

= + +

=



J is called the exchange coupling const.
FM has J>0, AFM has J<0
The tendency for an ion to align the
spins of nearby ions is called an
exchange field H
E
(or molecular field,
usually much stronger than applied field.)
Weiss mean field H
E
= M for FM
( ), where = / is PM susceptibil
(Curie-Weiss law, for
ity
o ly) = n
p E p
C
c
M H H C T
M C C
H T C T T
T T

= +
> =


For iron, T
c
1000 K, g2, S1
5000
With M
s
1700, H
E
10
3
T.
2 2
3
=
( 1)
c B c
B
T k T
C Ng S S

=
+
Temperature dependence of magnetization
2 1 2 1 1
( ) coth coth
2 2 2 2
tanh (for 1
where
/ 2)
J B
J
J
J B
g JH
B
kT
J J x
B x
N
M g J
V
x
J J J J
x J

| |
|
\ .
+ + | | | |

| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
2
( neglected)
tanh ( )
or tanh ( ) /
ext
J B
H M H
M
M N
kT
M
t kT N m
J
N t
m
g

~
=
=

At low T,
2
2 /
(0) ( )
2
N kT
M M M T
N e

A
~
Does not agree with experiment,
which is T
3/2
. Explained later using
spin wave excitation.
m
( )
(0)
M T
M
Spin wave in 1-dim FM
Heisenberg model
1
1
2 ( 0)
N
p p
p
H J S S J
+
=
= >

Ground state energy E
0
=2NJS
2
Excited state: flip 1 spin costs 8JS
2
. But there are
cheaper way to create excited state.
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
where
N N
p p p B p
p p
p
B p p p p p p
p
p p p
B
H J S S S g S
dS
g S B J S S S
B
J
B S
g
S
dt
S

+
=

=
+
+
= + =
=

= +
+

( )
( )
1 1
1 1
( ) ( )
; , ,
neglect nonlinear terms in ,
2 ,
.
2
As
Consid
sume
; ,
Then
2 (1 cos )
2 (
er
1 cos )
z x y z
p p p p
x y
p p
x
p y y y
p p p
y
p x x x
p p p
x i pka t y i pka t
p p
S S S S S
S S
dS
JS S S S
dt
dS
JS S S S
dt
S ue S ve
i JS ka u
JS ka i v

+
+

~ <<
=

=
= =

| ||
|

\ .

2
0
2 (1 cos ) at long wavelength JS ka k
|
=
|
\ .
=
Dispersion of spin wave
Quantized spin wave is called magnon
magnon energy
magnons, like phonons, can interact with each other
if nonlinear spin interaction is included
( ) 1/ 2
k k k
n = +
Thermal excitations of magnons
Number of magnons being excited,
/
3/ 2
1/ 2
2 2
3/ 2
1/ 2
2 2
0
( )
1
1
DOS 3-dimens in ,
1
( )
4
1
4
on
1
i
k
k k
k
k kT
k
x
k
n d D n
n
e
D
JSa
kT x
n dx
JSa e

=
=

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|

\ .

2
0.0587(4 )
3 3/ 2 / 2
(Bloch law
(0)
)
k
k
n
M
T
M NS
T
A
=

( )
(0)
M T
M
Itinerant electron model of FM in Fe, Co, Ni
Cu,
nonmagnetic
Ni, magnetic
ferromagnetism (FM)
antiferromagnetism (AFM)
susceptibilities
AFM spinons
ferrimagnetism (FIM)
magnetite, spinel, garnet
ferromagnetic domains
nanomagnetic particles
many AFM are transition metal oxides
net magnetization is zero, not easy to
show that its a AFM (need neutron
scattering)
Antiferromagnetism
MnO, transition
temperature=610 K
T-dependence of susceptibility
Consider a AFM consists of 2 FM sublattices A, B.
( )
1/ 2
Define separate Curie consts , for sublattices A, B
;
( );
( ).
There is non-zero solution when 0 if
0
c A B
A B
A B B A
A A B
B B A
A
B
C C
H M H M
M T C H M
M T C H M
H
T C
C T
T C C

= =
=
=
=
=
=

For identical sublattices,

( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
,
2
Experiment:
N
N
CT C C
T C
T T
T C
C
T

= = =
+

=
+
( )
2 2
At ,
( ) 2
c
A B A B A B
c
T T
C C T C C M M
H T T

>
+ +
= =

Susceptibility below the Neel temperature

Dispersion relation
for antiferromagnetic spin wave
M H

=
//
M H =
Magnetite (Fe
3
O
4
or FeOFe
2
O
3
)
Curie temperature 580 C
belong to a more general class of ferrite MOFe
2
O
3
(M=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mg)
hermatite
Iron garnet
Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) Y
3
Fe
2
(FeO
4
)
3
, or Y
3
Fe
5
O
12
is
a ferrimagnetic material with Curie temperature 550 K.
high degree of Faraday effect, high Q factor in microwave
frequencies, low absorption of infrared wavelengths up to 600
nm etc
MgAl
2
O
4
Spinel crystal structure ()
ferromagnetism (FM)
antiferromagnetism (AFM)
ferrimagnetism (FIM)
ferromagnetic domains
origin of domains
transition region between domains
hysteresis
nanomagnetic particles
geomagnetic particle, biomagnetic particle
Domain walls (proposed by Weiss 1906)
Why not all spins be parallel to reduce the exchange energy?
> Stray field energy
2
6 3
magnetic energy B / 8
10 erg/cm

~
Little leaking field
Magnetization
and domains
Easy
axis
Easy axis
determined by
anisotropic energy
(SO and dipole-
dipole)
Bloch wall Neel wall
Transition between domain walls
Why not just
> Would cost too much exchange energy
(not so in ferroelectric materials)
Domain wall dynamics
domain wall motion induced by spin polarized current

From hyperphysics
Hysteresis
Easy/hard axis
http://www.calpoly.edu/~rfrankel/mtbphoto.html
Single domain particle: ferrofluid, magnetic data storage
Magnetotaxsis in bacteria
superparamagnetism
honey bee
pigeon
lobster