Exercise 1

We have to transmit information by means of a digital modulation on a wireless mobile channel,

featuring a multipath intensity profile and a Doppler spectrum shown in Fig.s 1 a) and b),
respectively:


(a) (b)

Figure 1

1. It is requested to determine if it exists a signal format so that the aforementioned channel is, at
the same time, either non frequency selective and of slow fading. It is also requested to
determine if a digital signal of NRZ rectangular shape and of signaling rate 6.25 [Mbaud/sec] is
a signal format acceptable to satisfy both the conditions of non frequency selective and slow
fading channel

Let us assume now that the digital information source is obtained by TDM multiplexing of 15
MPEG2 video channels of rate 2 Mbit/s. The multiplexed bit stream is protected by convolutional
channel coding of rate 2/3. Let us assume the channel is frequency selective and modeled by means
of a tapped delay line. It is requested to use an M-PSK modulation, where M is to be determined.

2. Determine the maximum number of modulation levels so that the number of paths that may be
resolved by the channel model is at least 7. Again, it is assumed to use NRZ rectangular
waveforms to transmit symbols.
3. In the previous hypotheses, it is asked to design a rake receiver able to extract the transmitted
information from the 7 paths of the multipath channel previously solved. To estimate the
receiver coefficients, an adaptive equalization algorithm is applied, based on the periodic
insertion of a sequence of 5 training symbols every L symbols of coded data (either source and
channel coding). Determine the value of L so that channel coefficient estimation is performed
depending on the time-variation of the channel fading.

Question 1
The multipath intensity profile accounts for how the transmitted power is dispersed by the channel along
different paths. The channel correlation in the frequency domain is given by the Fourier transform of the
multipath intensity profile. In the case of a flat fading channel, the RF signal bandwidth is much smaller
than the coherence bandwidth
c
.
So we need to verify if: B
c
. From Fig. 1(a) we have that I
m
u.7 1u
-6
s so that
c
=
1
1
m

1.42 HEz.
The coherence time of the channel (t
c
) is defined as the time window where the multipath fading is
correlated in time. We may say that t
c

1
B
d
where B
d
is the Doppler Spread; from Fig. 1(b) we have that
B
d
2 kEz so that t
c
u.S ms.
We have a slow fading channel if the signaling period T is much shorter than t
c
.
The two conditions are simultaneously satisfied if the channel is said unspread, that means: I
m
B
d
< 1. In
our case we have:
u.7 1u
-6
2 1u
3
= 1.4 1u
-3
< 1
So, it is possible to find a signal format so that the aforementioned channel is, at the same time, either non
frequency selective and of slow fading.
Now let us examine the signal given in Question 1. The signal has a rate r = 6.2S
Mbuud
s
= 6.2S 1u
6
Ez
i.e. a signaling period equal to I =
1

= 1.6 1u
-7
s t
c
. But B =
1
21
(y +1) =
1
21
=

2
= S.12S
1u
6
Ez > 1.42 1u
6
Ez, so the condition on the not frequency selective channel is not verified.

Question 2
We know that the number of paths that may be resolved by the delay tapped line model is at least 7. We
have:
r
b
= 1S 2
Hbit
s
= Su
Hbit
s

and
B =
r
b
R
c
log
2
H
=
S
2
r
b

1
log
2
H

It is known that the number of taps is given by:
I = |I
m
w] +1 = 7
So that:
|I
m
w] = 6
Where I
m
is the delay spread and wis the signal bandwidth. Given our value of I
m
computed above, we
have:
w = B =
6
u.7 1u
-6
= 8.6 1u
6
Ez
We need to have: log
2
H =
3
b
2B
=
33010
6
8.610
6
2
S , so M=32.
Exercise 2


A point-to-point digital link at high bit rate (50 Mbit/s) is set up between a transmitting and a
receiving station, at a distance of 20 Km, through a radio link working at a frequency of 15 GHz.
The digital transmitter is composed by the blocks described in Fig. 1:



b(t)
Digital
Modulator
G
TA
=20dB
S
MOD

Antenna
(G
TX
= 30dB)
S
TA
S
TX


Figure 1
The digital receiver is composed by the blocks shown in Figure 2:


Antenna
(G
RX
= 20dB)
G
RA
=10dB
S
ANT

BPF
filter
S
R

S
Rx

r(t)
Digital
demodulator
y(t)
n(t)
Figure 2
The passband filter at the receiving side is assumed to be ideal (no attenuation nor distortion in the
bandwidth of interest), and so are assumed to be ideal also the transmitting and receiving amplifiers,
the gain of which is to be intended as a power gain.
To perform the digital transmission it is requested to evaluate two alternative solutions, featuring
the same bandwidth occupation.

Solution 1: 16-QAM modulation;
Solution 2: 16-PAM modulation.

The average transmitted power per symbol by the digital modulator is the same in the two
conditions, and equal to S
MOD
= 0.1 mW. The digital receiver adds a Gaussian white noise n(t) of
one sided power spectral density equal to 4*10
-20
W/Hz. The noise added by the channel is assumed
to be negligible. It is requested to:

1. Compute the average received power per symbol S
R
, at the input of the digital demodulator, when no rain
is assumed;
2. Compute S
R
, as in 1), when the probability D that the rain intensity overcomes a given value r
0
equals
10
-4
(see figure and table on the slides);
3. Evaluate the variation in bit error probability for the two modulation schemes, when rain affects the link.

Question 1
We have to compute the average received power per symbol at the input of the digital demodulator, whe
no rain happens:
S
R
=
S
M0
0
1A
I
PS
0
RA

S
R,dBm
= S
M0,dBm
+0
1A,dB
I
PS,dB
+0
RA,dB
= 1u JBm+2u 92 +1u = 72 JBm
6.4 1u
-8
mw
Being:
I
PS,dB (no un)
= S2.4 +2ulog
10
I +2ulog
10
0
1,dB
0
R,dB
= S2.4 +26 +8S.S2 Su 2u
= 92 JB

Question 2
From the curve in slide #22 we know that when r
0
= SS
mm
h
and (r
0
) = 1u
-4
, the rain attenuation
amounts to 23 dB. We can also compute this value from the following equation:
A
un,dB
(, I) = (K I r
0
u
)
u.12(1uu)
-(0.632+0.0187In)
1 +u.u4SI

Where L is given in Km, D = 10
-4
, and =1.14, K=0.036 (from the Table in the slides, at 15 GHz). By putting
the numerical values into the previous formula we get A
un,dB
(, I) 2S JB.
So:
S
R,dBm
= 72 JB
m
2S JB = 9S JB
m


Question 3
We have to consider two different modulation schemes, 16-QAM and 16-PAM.
Symbol error probability for an M-PAM:
P
M-PAM
=
2(H 1)
H
0|
6E
u
(H
2
1)n

Symbol error probability for an M-QAM, even k:
P
M
=
2(M-1)
M
0|
3L
c
(M-1)n
1, and P
M-0AM
2P
M

Let us consider the no-rain condition:
S
R,dBm
= 72 JB
m
, n = 4 1u
-20 w
Ez
] so that:
E
u
n
=
S
R
I
s
n
=
6.4 1u
-8
mw 8 1u
-8
s
4 1u
-20 w
Ez
]
128
In the previous equation we considered I
s
= k I
b
= 4
1
5010
6
= 8 1u
-8
s. We get:
P
16-PAM
=
1S
8
0|
6E
u
2SSn
=
1S
8
0(1.7S) u.11
P
16-0AM
2P
4
= S0|
SE
u
1Sn
S0(S.u6) 1.2 1u
-6

When the rain effect is accounted for, we get:
S
R,dBm
= 9S JB
m
, n = 4 1u
-20 w
Ez
] so that:
E
u
n
=
S
R
I
s
n
=
S.16 1u
-13
w 8 1u
-8
s
4 1u
-20 w
Ez
]
u.6S
Following the same reasoning applied above we get:
P
16-PAM
=
1S
8
0|
6E
u
2SSn
=
1S
8
0(u.u14) 1
P
16-0AM
2P
4
= S0|
SE
u
1Sn
S0(u.126) 1
To get the bit error probability from the symbol error probability we can apply a rough approximation:
P
bt

1
4
P
M
.
We observe a dramatic decrease in performance due to rain effect.