UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURETI Facultatea de Geologie i Geofizic Str. Traian Vuia, nr.

6 tel: +40-21-3181588 Sector 2, Bucureti, 020956 fax: +40-21- 3181557 e-mail: secretariat@gg.unibuc.ro Web: www.unibuc.ro

FISA DISCIPLINEI
Course title Year of studies 1 Semester

Advanced Geophysical Data Processing

II Type of final evaluation (E / V / C) Ob 72 Number of credits Number of hours per semester V 4 100

Course status {Ob - compulsory, Op - optional, F - facultative} Hours allocated in the academic program Course supervisor 28 Hours of individual study

Assoc.Prof.Dr.Eng. Bogdan Mihai Niculescu

E-exam, V-verification, C-colloquium Faculty Department Profile Master specialization Geology and Geophysics Geophysics Engineering Geology Master in Geophysics Number of hours per semester allocated in the academic program Total 28 C 14 S 0 L 14 P 0

C-course, S-seminar, L- laboratory works, P-project 1. Knowledge and understanding

Knowledge and understanding of the basic and advanced topics related to geophysical data/signal processing in the space/time and frequency domains.

2. Explanation and interpretation

Presenting the theoretical elements of data/signal processing which are necessary in the geophysical engineering activity. Presenting mathematical/numerical algorithms with a large applicability in geophysical data/signals processing and interpretation.

Related skills

3. Instrumental / applicative
Knowledge and practical use of mathematical/numerical algorithms for geophysical data/signals processing and interpretation. Elaboration of dedicated data/signals processing routines using various programming environments.

4. Other
The theoretical and practical training obtained at this course allows the students to become familiarized with classical and modern data/signals processing and interpretation methods, with applicability in all the fields of Geophysics.

UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURETI Facultatea de Geologie i Geofizic Str. Traian Vuia, nr. 6 tel: +40-21-3181588 Sector 2, Bucureti, 020956 fax: +40-21- 3181557 e-mail: secretariat@gg.unibuc.ro Web: www.unibuc.ro

Topics
1. Introduction to Geophysical data processing 1.1 Measurements in the space domain (x, y, z) or time domain (t). 1.2 Analog and digital signals. 1.3 Identifying frequency components in geophysical data. 2. Digital recording of geophysical data 2.1 Signal amplitude sampling. 2.2 Time (space) sampling: sampling theorem; Nyquist frequency; Dirac delta function; Dirac comb; aliasing. 2.3 Finite length data. 3. Spectral analysis of geophysical data 3.1 Fourier analysis: Fourier series; Continuous Fourier Transform; complex notation. 3.2 Complex symmetry properties. 3.3 Examples of Fourier transform: boxcar function, sinc function, constant function, Dirac delta function, Dirac comb, sine function, cosine function; negative frequencies. 3.4 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). 3.5 Calculating the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). 3.6 Two-dimensional Fourier transforms: formulation; Cartesian coordinates; polar coordinates; theorems; applications. 4. Filtering of geophysical data 4.1 Introduction to filtering. 4.2 Continuous convolution: convolution integral; convolution with a Dirac delta function; convolution with a Dirac comb. 4.3 Discrete convolution. 4.4 Convolution theorem. 4.5 Linear system filtering in time and frequency domain: linear time-invariant system; input-output relations in time (space) domain and frequency domain; important practical filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and notch filters); differentiation and integration filters; continuation of potential fields. 4.6 Correlation of analog and discrete signals: cross-correlation and autocorrelation integrals; discrete correlation; uses of cross- and autocorrelation; cross correlation and autocorrelation in the frequency domain. 4.7 Filtering of potential fields data: upward continuation; downward continuation. 4.8 Filtering of electromagnetic data: electromagnetic quantities; Maxwell's equations; plane electromagnetic waves; complex impedance, reflection and transmission coefficients; homogeneous Earth impedance; homogeneous Earth boundary conditions; non-homogeneous Earth impedance. 5. Inversion of geophysical data 5.1 Introduction to geophysical data inversion. 5.2 Model norms, data misfit and non-uniqueness: non-uniqueness of underdetermined problems; using prior information; feasible geophysical model norms; observational and theoretical data misfit. 5.3 Optimization: combining misfit and model norms; regularization (Tikhonov) parameter; selecting a particular objective function to constrain the optimization. 5.4 Standard optimization algorithms: Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt. 5.5 Probabilistic (Bayesian) optimization algorithms.

Duration [hours]
1

COURSE topics

TOTAL

14

UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURETI Facultatea de Geologie i Geofizic Str. Traian Vuia, nr. 6 tel: +40-21-3181588 Sector 2, Bucureti, 020956 fax: +40-21- 3181557 e-mail: secretariat@gg.unibuc.ro Web: www.unibuc.ro

Topics
Synthetic presentation of MATLAB programming language: the programming environment, logical and relational operators, vectors and matrices, main functions. Resampling of non-uniform geophysical data sets on a regular grid and 2D/3D graphical representation of data using specific MATLAB functions. Computation and representation of signals composed by several sinusoidal terms with different amplitudes and frequencies; Variable step sampling of continuous signals; Demonstrating the aliasing phenomenon in time and frequency domains. Signals approximation using Fourier series; Computation of the series first terms and representation of the resulting signal. Elaboration of programs/routines for computing the direct and inverse Fourier transforms using DFT and FFT algorithms; Presentation and use of the MATLAB dedicated FFT functions. Computation and representation of amplitude and phase spectra of signals using FFT; Signals reconstruction using the inverse Fourier transform; Elaboration of frequency domain filters for highlighting useful signal frequencies and suppressing noise. Discrete signals convolution and correlation. Presentation of standard optimization programs/routines and inversion of theoretical and observational geophysical data sets. Presentation of probabilistic optimization programs/routines and inversion of theoretical and observational geophysical data sets.

Duration [hours]
2 1 1 1 1

LABORATORY topics

2 2 2 2 14

TOTAL

References

Requisites

Cristi, R, 2003. Modern Digital Signal Processing. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 352 p., ISBN 0534400957. Howell, K.B., 2001. Principles of Fourier Analysis. Chapman & Hall/CRC, 792 p., ISBN 0849382750. Ingle, V.K., Proakis, J.G., 1997. Digital Signal Processing Using MATLAB. PWS Publishing Company, 420 p., ISBN 0534371744. James, J.F., 2002. A Student's Guide to Fourier Transforms: With Applications in Physics and Engineering. Cambridge University Press, 141 p., ISBN 0521468299. Moler, C.B., 2004. Numerical Computing with Matlab. Society for Industrial Mathematics, 348 p., ISBN 0898715601. Papoulis, A., 1962. The Fourier Integral and Its Applications. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 320 p., ISBN 0070484473. Scales, J.A., Smith, M.L., and Treitel, S., 2001. Introductory Geophysical Inverse Theory. Samizdat Press (http://samizdat.mines.edu), 193 p. Smith, S.W., 1997. The Scientist & Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing. California Technical Pub., 626 p., ISBN 0966017633. Tarantola, A., 2004. Inverse Problem Theory and Methods for Model Parameter Estimation. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 352 p., ISBN 0898715725. Vretblad, A., 2003. Fourier Analysis and Its Applications. Springer-Verlag, 269 p., ISBN 0387008365. Pentium 4 computers (Windows operating system); video projector;

Software: Microsoft QUICK BASIC Extended, MATLAB v. 6.5.

UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURETI Facultatea de Geologie i Geofizic Str. Traian Vuia, nr. 6 tel: +40-21-3181588 Sector 2, Bucureti, 020956 fax: +40-21- 3181557 e-mail: secretariat@gg.unibuc.ro Web: www.unibuc.ro

Criteria taken into consideration for the final mark

Weight % {Total=100%}
0 25 20 10 45 0

- Answers at the examination (final evaluation) - Answers at laboratory works assignments - Periodic tests - Continuous testing during the semester - Assignments / reports / essays / translations / projects etc. - Other activities (describe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Describe the practical way of final evaluation, E/V:

Written examination, consisting in 2 - 3 theoretical subjects and one problem. For re-examination, the students may chose between a written and an oral examination.

Minimum requirements for a 5 (pass) mark

Integral participation at the laboratory works; Correct answers to 50% of the examination subjects.

Requirements for a 10 mark

Integral participation at the laboratory works; Correct answers to 100% of the examination subjects.

Estimate the total workload (hours per semester) of individual study activities required to a student 1. Study of course notes 2. Study of manuals / course supports 3. Study of the indicated references 4. Supplementary documentation in library 5. Specific activities for preparing SEMINARS and/or LABORATORY WORKS 6. Completion of assignments / reports / essays / translations / projects etc. 7. Study for periodical tests
10 15 15 0 10 10 0

8. Preparing oral presentations 9. Preparing the final examination 10. Consultations 11. Field documentation 12. Documentation on INTERNET 13. Other activities 14. Other activities

0 0 5 0 7 0 0 72

TOTAL hours of individual study (per semester) =

Date: 26 iunie 2009

Signature of course supervisor: ____________________