Rainwater harvesting

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A 35,000 litre rainwater harvesting tank in Kerala.

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating and storing, of rainwater for reuse, before it reaches the aquifer. It has been used to provide drinking water, water for livestock, water for irrigation, as well as other typical uses given to water. Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses, tents and local institutions, can make an important contribution to the availability of drinking water.It can supplement the sub soil water level and decrease urban greenery. Water collected from the ground, sometimes from areas which are especially prepared for this purpose, is called Stormwater harvesting. In some cases, rainwater may be the only available, or economical, water source. Rainwater harvesting systems can be simple to construct from inexpensive local materials, and are potentially successful in most habitable locations. Roof rainwater can't be of good quality and may require treatment before consumption. As rainwater rushes from your roof it may carry pollutants in it such as the tiniest bit of mercury from coal burning buildings to bird feces. Although some rooftop materials may produce rainwater that is harmful to human health, it can be useful in flushing toilets, washing clothes, watering the garden and washing cars; these uses alone halve the amount of water used by a typical home. Household rainfall catchment systems are appropriate in areas with an average rainfall greater than 200 mm (7.9 in) per year, and no other accessible water sources (Skinner and Cotton, 1992). Overflow from rainwater harvesting tank systems can be used to refill aquifers in a process called groundwater recharge, though this is a related process, it must not be confused with Rainwater harvesting. There are a number of types of systems to harvest rainwater ranging from very simple to the complex industrial systems. The rate at which water can be collected from either system is dependent on the plan

area of the system, its efficiency, and the intensity of rainfall (i.e. annual precipitation (mm per annum) x square meter of catchment area = litres per annum yield) ... a 200 square meter roof catchment catching 1,000mm PA yields 200 kLPA.
Contents
[hide]

1 Basic configuration 2 Subsurface dyke 3 Groundwater recharge 4 Advantages in urban areas 5 Quality 6 System sizing 7 Around the world 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links

[edit]Basic

configuration

Rainwater harvesting systems channel rainwater that falls on to a roof into storage via a system of gutters and pipes. The first flush of rainwater after a dry season should be allowed to run to waste as it will be contaminated with dust, bird droppings etc. Roof gutters should have enough, and large enough to carry peak flows. Storage tanks should be covered to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce evapor ation losses, contamination and algal growth. Rainwater harvesting systems require regular maintenance and cleaning to keep the system hygienic.

[edit]Subsurface

dyke

A subsurface dyke is built in an aquifer to obstruct the natural flow of groundwater, thereby raising t e h groundwater level and increasing the amount of water stored in the aquifer. The subsurface dyke at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University with the support of ICAR, has become an effective method for ground water conservation by means of rain water harvesting technologies. The sub-surface dyke has demonstrated that it is a feasible method for conserving and exploiting the groundwater resources of the Kerala state of India. The dyke is now the largest rainwater harvesting system in that region.

[edit]Groundwater

recharge

Rainwater may also be used for groundwater recharge, where the runoff on the ground is collected and allowed to be absorbed, adding to the groundwater. In the US, rooftop rainwater is collected and s tored in sump. [1]

[edit]Advantages

in urban areas

Rainwater harvesting can (a) assure an independent water supply during water restri tions, that is though c somewhat dependent on end use and maintenance, (b)usually of acceptable quality for household needs and (c) renewable at acceptable volumes despite forecast climate change (CSIRO, 2003). It produces beneficial externalities by reducing peak storm water runoff and processing costs. In municipalities with combined sewer systems, reducing storm runoff is especially important, because excess runoff during heavy storms leads to the discharge of raw sewage from outfalls when treatment plant capacity cannot handle the combined flow. RH systems are simple to install and operate. Running costs are negligible, and they provide water at the point of consumption.

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Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Rural Catchment of Sub-Saharan

[edit]External

links

Wikibooks has more on the topic of Rainwater harvesting

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater Harvesting Potential Calculator

Rainwater Harvesting System website

Homemade inexpensive system

Rainwater Harvesting website + blog

harvest.

raw your roof on Google

aps to calculate how much rain you could

Rainwater Harvesting Organisation RAI

Africa. Water Resources

anagement, Volume: 23, Issue: 13 (2009).

Pachpute

S , Tumbo Si a , Sally H ,

ul

L .(2009).Sustainability of

anagement.Volume 97, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 1251-125

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t l t t t t t M ti ti li li f i il i l t ll t ti t . M . i i i t t A Mi i i t B A tt ti & i t f t ti . t t f i l it . t l i l t it. l t i j t t ti l l &l t t . i t l t it t i ll t, i i i l t f i .P l t t fill t t t t l if t l .D t t t l ? If f l l i ll it t & ti t i t i t f f l i it t . If ti l , it t t l . At l i l i t i . l lt i t . t t t i t ti & Di lit. f f t fill t f ill t it il , . I it ll ti l? N t& f i , / lit. f t il t t ttl f i i lt t i . Pl j t l t & t i l l ti i t t , l l f t t f t l . It t t i f l . i li ti lt f ti lt f l ti t lt ti : lt i l i f f t i i t i i f i it ti t i t . i i t t t t t . l i l l f i t t t lt t l t it t Mi ff t , t f t z . l V it l . i i ti t l f t t li t l l t i i & ii li l t l iti . t t t i f t ti t i tt f l l ti l l t j l f i t , ff i i f i & .M it i . i t t t t t t t f t , it t t li i i t l i t @ t . , t ti t t i f t t

t lift t t i t i ll A A t t Aft P Diff

f i i & i , t ll i t tt l i it i t t t i t t it i t t .I l f ll f il l i tf t i t . t t ti l f t il t, l t il , l t , t & t t l t l , t lf /4t . t t i , l t i & . It i i l t l it fl i i t t t ti j t i t. At l tt fill l t i t fl i t t it it . i l t ttl , i l t i . i ti il l t fit i i i it tit f t fl . A l ti zzl ti @ t . l tl i t t , i li , t fl i ft , l i l t f t .B l i & fl j t , t t t f t . t t ,t t i & l it ll t it i il l . t t f i i t f fl i , t f i i t l t f l t .I f t if it f tilizi f ll it f i f l t i t l t t t t t % t tt i i t t ill t i . t ti i i t f f t & tf l . l M. . .M. ? *D t t t . * St l i t i . t i t i i t l i fi t . * Mi i i * Pl l l i tf l i t i 6 4/ it , 6 468 / 6 84 .S. 8/ E.S. *I t t ti i il it . * l t , t i t i l . ll l i i t l t t .

b) D l i ti i i t liz t f l , t t t l t ill t be et t el ti t en i t ibute t eated ater er t e l alit t rough a net ork of i elines. A art from technical limitations like efficiency of lant, treatment cost & setting up a new network for distribution, the system comes with inherited problems of any centralised water supply system. c) ecycling his is a decentralised method where the recycling plants for gray or black water are set up either on indi idual plots or for a locality. owever there has to be a system for facilitating further use of treated water. or locality based plants, unless there is a large requirement for garden, it becomes essential to set up a completely separate flushing network i.e. separate tanks, supply lines etc.). enerally there is a mental block to use this water for flushing. Moreover the technology has to be imported. he operation & maintenance requires involvement of technically competent persons especially when reasonable variation in quality of effluent is expected. he system requires regular maintenance from a skilled person. In case of Non functioning / system failures unhygienic conditions will be generated. d) ain ater arvesting : It is the simplest, indigenous technology being practiced in India for centuries. he concept involves collection of rain water by individual plot owner, either in artificial tanks and / or in natural reservoir i.e. aquifers. It helps Self Sufficiency. aises round water able. Improves Quality of round ater. educes Soil Erosion. Any body can do it. It is less expensive and easy to maintain & most important is that it prevents Sea ater Ingression. h e only disadvantage is it requires periodic / pre-monsoon maintenance and involvement of user for monitoring. ence Mumbai Municipal orporation has made ain ater arvesting ) mandatory to the properties having plot area more than sq. mts. coming for development after st oct. . he condition is also being extended for the properties, which started development earlier, but are being completed now. his condition will also be made applicable to existing buildings in near future. ecycling has been made compulsory for buildings having centralized water cooled) A. . plants. enceforth M. . .M. would grant residential water connections at lpcd i.e. no municipal water for flushing requirement. he properties are expected to generate the flushing water either by or by recycling. ain water harvesting Methods. ollowing techniques are used for rban rain water harvesting. I. Storage in artificial above or underground tanks. II. echarging aquifer directly through existing dug up wells & bore wells. III. echarging aquifer by percolation / soakage into the ground. IV. Pumping putting under pressure) rainwater into the soil to prevent sea water ingress. ho can harvest rain water ? ainwater harvesting is for any person. e / She can be planning to build a house or who is in the process of building a house on an independent plot. Persons with already built houses can also harvest rainwater by retrofitting necessary for rain water harvesting. Persons in apartments can also harvest rainwater, but a community approach may be required in such cases. In individual / row houses, it is possible to store roof top rain water without much work / extra cost. Industries and factories can easily harvest rainwater, since large roof areas are usually available in such constructions. People who are purchasing water from private water tankers can harvest rainwater to lessen their financial outflow. orporations, overnment rganisations, echnical institutes can take up to meet certain % of their demand & be trend setters. hy is required in Mumbai ? o meet todays as well as future demands. It is observed that some of the wells especially bore wells, which had sweet water initially turn saline after use for some time. his is because of fall in the level of fresh water, due to excessive drawing. he fresh water barrier which restricts sea water from coming into the land is disturbed. resh water level is lowered than the sea water level & sea water rushes into the land. he sea water now comes in contact with the pile foundations which can endanger structures in future. By harvesting rain water we can maintain this barrier & prevent sea water ingression. ain ater arvesting Potential of Mumbai : his broadly works out as under:Area of Mumbai @ 4 Sq.Kmts. Annual Avg. ainfall @ mm otal rain water falling over Mumbai

w wv j

{ z

o o ~ } | { y on z w ww p t qm p ym x x r r j s p slk lm kqm lm k m iykp x lk w liu kir k iripx t wwvj m ui jtj si kr liq k j j po n lm kl kji ~ { z} o o o z } {   z o o ~ { z | |  n o ~ ~ o { z } { o o {z  {z   z z z z  { { z z o z o o

=4 x x lit. =8 4 lit. =8 4 million litre = 4. mld Present water supply = mld Even if we assume % of the area to be developed, % of it to be roofed and we collect % of the water falling over it, the quantity of rain water that can be harvested works out to 8 . 4 M D. his is a sizeable quantity compared to the water supply of Mumbai. It may also be reminded that our Middle Vaitarna project is for 4 M D. herefore it is duty of citizens to resort to & help orporation as well as themselves for a better tomorrow. Interested citizens can contact ain ater arvesting ell at rd floor Municipal . . Annex Bldg. or el. 6 ext. . se of arvested ain water: ain water is purest form of water available on earth. It gets contaminated during its travel through the atmosphere Air Pollution ) and on the surface land ontamination). It is soft, low in salt contents, impurities. herefore, it is easily possible to use rainwater for gardening, car washing, washing clothes, floors, bathing, toilet-flushing, house swabbing and such other domestic and all non-potable purposes including fire fighting and beautification. ne can even use the harvested rainwater for all potable purposes including drinking and cooking. But it is a must to filter, boil and check the quality before its use. People in hennai, Dewas do use rain water for all purposes but in Mumbai M. . .M. expects citizens only to meet their flushing requirement by . hether it is really possible to harvest rain water in Mumbai? Yes. ain water harvesting by different techniques is possible in different parts of Mumbai, only the appropriate method has to be selected after site studies. reater Mumbai is occupied by basaltic lava flows, alluvium, marshy swamps and mud plains. he ground water occurs in fractures & vesicular joints and in weathered zones of the basalt. It is generally felt that Mumbai is a coastal city, so much ground water will not be available. But as per the available data dug up as well as bore wells are located in all wards of Mumbai. hey are in abundance generally in the old island of Mumbai, Salsette, rombay and the old villages, which occupy measure area of Mumbai. Dug up wells & bore wells in Mumbai together number more than . evival of abandoned wells & replenishing dug up & bore wells by will also help in improving quality of ground water. hough there is a concrete Jungle, we still have some green areas, some open spaces, some water courses and good aquifers in certain parts of city, where soil / ground water table can be used as storage. In reclaimed areas artificial tanks will have to be used to store the rain water. But prior to adopting any of these methodologies teaching oneself holistic approach i.e. water reuse, recycling and water conservation is a must. arning. It is necessary to ensure that the ground water is not contaminated by mixing of sewage / sullage or any other impurities e.g. chemical / biological etc. So there should not be any leakages in the premises, where system is to be installed. Societies should maintain their premises clean. erraces should be cleaned prior to monsoon & be kept locked during monsoon. Pets should not be permitted there. Similarly street flood water in monsoon is contaminated. So it also should not be mixed with system. Please note that mistake made by one person directly charging the aquifer, can affect number of persons at a time & there is no easy solution to clean the contaminated ground water. Paving In urban area people adopt paved open spaces, which do not require regular maintenance and facilitates car parking. But it leaves no scope for water to percolate. Moreover to have paving material i.e stone, we cut mountains, which means trees, leading to soil erosion, speedy run-off - flooding & tial choking of swds, which again have to be desilted by spending money. herever not essen paving is to be avoided. o meet the requirements of paving & percolation, one can use porous pavements made with higher % of coarse aggregate. It can also have a geo textile layer at bottom for directing the water to a particular location. Pre-cast tiles with holes in center set on sand bedding will also allow good percolation. orest. It is necessary to understand relation between soil, water & forest to have better results. Diverse varieties of trees, growing to different heights increase time of concentration. It is due to obstructions

created by leaves, branches at various levels to travel of rain drop. ld branches lying on the ground also obstruct path of water. umus, which is generated from dry leaves & decomposed organic matter releases water very slowly. orests also arrests soil erosion. herefore streams in the area having a forest cover have water for a longer period. o conserve both soil & water umbrella of forest is a must. So please plant as many indigenous varieties of plants as possible. hey help in maintaining ecosystem too. Basic echarging Principle * IVE A E IME PE A E * I I IS NNIN MAKE I A K, I I IS A KIN , MAKE I S AND * I I IS S ANDIN MAKE I SI , I I IS SI IN MAKE I S EEP * A E AI S, PE A ES & E S E ED models for Mumbai. ities like Delhi, Ahmedabad use purely recharging techniques while hennai , Banglore tend to store their roof water in sumps & recharge soil with surface run-off. In places like Porbandar entire roof top rainfall is stored in tanks. But in Mumbai any one of this method can not serve as a complete model. e have to use combinations depending upon site condition & water requirement. Mumbai generally receives rainfall by large intensity showers followed by dry spells. hen it rains heavily the soil may not be able to absorb water at the rate of rainfall. ence large quantity of water will be wasted. herefore it is advisable to collect roof top runoff in artificial tanks, which would suffice flushing demand of a few days & overflow from these tanks & surface run-off can be used for recharging of schemes for existing & new buildings ground water with proper precautions. Some sketches for are enclosed.
EGISLATION ON RAINWATER HARVESTING Himachal Pradesh

All commercial and institutional buildings, tourist and industrial complexes, hotels etc, existing or coming up and having a plinth area of more than 1000 square metres will have rain water storage facilities commensurate with the size of roof area. No objection certificates,required under different statutes, will not be issued to the owners of the buildings-unless they produce satisfactory proof of compliance of the new law. Toilet flush systems will have to be connected with the rainwater storage tank. It has been recommended that the buildings will have rain water storage facility commensurate with the size of roof in the open and set back area of the plot at the rate of 0.24 cft. Per sq m of the roof area.

Ahmedabad

In 2002, the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) had made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all buildings covering an area of over 1,500 square metres. According to the rule, for a cover area of over 1,500 square metres, one percolation well is mandatory to ensure ground water recharge. For every additional 4,000 square metres cover area, another well needs to be built.

Bangalore

In order to conserve water and ensure ground water recharge, the Karnataka government in February 2009 announced that buildings, constructed in the city will have to compulsorily adopt rain water harvesting facility. Residential sites, which exceed an area of 2400 sq ft (40 x 60 ft), shall create rain harvesting facility according to the new law.

Port Blair

In 2007, Port Blair Municipal Council (PBMC) directed all the persons related to construction work to provide a proper spout or tank for the collection of rain water to be utilised for various domestic purposes other than drinking. As per the existing building by-laws 1999 the slab or roof of the building would have to be provided with a proper spout or gutter for collection of rain water, which would be beneficial for the residents of the municipal area during water crisis. The PBMC had advised all the owners of buildings in the Municipal area to comply with the provisions within four months failing which action would be taken against them by the Council.

Chennai

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in three storied buildings (irrespective of the size of the rooftop area). All new water and sewer connections are provided only after the installation of rainwater harvesting systems.

Kerala

The Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999 was amended by a notification dated January 12, 2004 issued by the Government of Kerala to include rainwater harvesting structures in new construction. Read more...

New Delhi

Since June 2001, the Ministry of Urban affairs and Poverty Alleviation has made rainwater harvesting mandatory in all new buildings with a roof area of more than 100 sq m and in all plots with an area of more than 1000 sq m, that are being developed. Read more... The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has made rainwater harvesting mandatory in all institutions and residential colonies in notified areas (South and southwest Delhi and adjoining areas like Faridabad, Gurgaon and Ghaziabad). This is also applicable to all the buildings in notified areas that have tubewells. The deadline for this was for March 31, 2002. The CGWA has also banned drilling of tubewells in notified areas Also read CGWB notifications Draft Delhi water board (amendment) Bill more>>

Indore (Madhya Pradesh)

y y

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 250 sq m or more. A rebate of 6 per cent on property tax has been offered as an incentive for implementing rainwater harvesting systems. Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 1000 sq m or more. Government order on rainwater harvesting in Kanpur

Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)

y y

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 300 sq m or more. Tentative for enforcing this deadline was June 2001. Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002 Government order for all Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh

Tamil Nadu
Through an ordinance titled Tamilnadu Muncipal Laws ordinance, 2003, dated July 19, 2003, the government of Tamil Nadu has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all the buildings, both public and private, in the state. The deadline to construct rainwater harvesting structures is August 31, 2003. The ordinance cautions, "Where the rain water harvesting structure is not provided as required, the Commissioner or any person authorised by him in this behalf may, after giving notice to the owner or

occupier of the building, cause rain water harvesting structure to be provided in such building and recover the cost of such provision along with the incidental expense thereof in the same manner as property tax". It also warns the citizens on disconnection of water supply connection provided rainwater harvesting structures are not provided. Read the ordinance >>> Related regulation Groundwater (Regulation) Act Amendment to Schedule to Chennai Metropolitan Area Groundwater (Regulation) Act

Haryana

y y

Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA) has made rainwater harvesting mandatory in all new buildings irrespective of roof area. In the notified areas in Gurgaon town and the adjoining industrial areas all the institutions and residential colonies have been asked to adopt water harvesting by the CGWA. This is also applicable to all the buildings in notified areas having a tubewell, deadline was for March 31, 2002. The CGWA has also banned drilling of tubewells in notified areas.

Rajasthan

The state government has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all public and establishments and all properties in plots covering more than 500 sq m in urban areas.

Mumbai

y y

The state government has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all buildings that are being constructed on plots that are more than 1,000 sq m in size. The deadline set for this was October, 2002.

Gujarat

The state roads and buildings department has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all government buildings more...

y
Harvesting rain... but is it really as simple as that? Find out for yourself.
What is rainwater harvesting? It simply means catching and holding rain where it falls and using it. You can store it in tanks or you can use it to recharge groundwater. See how people harvest rain. Does it work? Yes. Our ancestors harvested rain just as naturally as they tilled the ground to grow crops. We lost touch with these local solutions. But now, as the taps dry up, more and more people are reviving this age-old system and practicing it very successfully. Can I harvest rain in my own house? Yes you can. Structures to harvest rain require little space. A dried borewell, a row of soak pits or a tank--concealed below the ground- are all that you need. The open spaces -- rooftops and ground - can be used as your catchment (surface to catch rain). Find out how it is done... How much will it cost? It varies, depending on the area of your roof and other structures that you will use to

harvest rain. But rainwater harvesting does not require major construction work, so the expenses suit most of our pockets. Find out for yourself. Who will build it and how long will it take? You need someone who understands rainwater harvesting. It is simple but it still needs someone who has experience in the principles of rainwater harvesting. Then a skilled mason or a plumber can do the job for you within 10 days. Know more about water harvesters in your city. We have put together a list of such people and will keep updating this list as more people harvest rain. Who will it benefit? You. Your groundwater will be recharged. But as groundwater moves, your neighbourhood will gain too. So for best results, get all your neighbours to become rainwater harvesters as well. What will be the quality of water? You are putting rain water into the ground, which once contaminated, cannot be cleaned easily. Please do not let water with sewage or other dirt flow into your recharge pits. This is why the cleanest rainwater is from our rooftops. There are also filters to keep some dirt out. See for yourself. Does it require a lot of maintenance? Once or twice a year, at very little cost. Remember rainwater harvesting means that you have to get involved. This is about making water all our business. This is about building our relationship with water. With the environment. Harvest rain. Learn the value of each raindrop. Write to us if you want more information. Become a water warrior. Join the Jal Swaraj movement.

Harvesting
Broadly rainwater can be harvested for two purposes

System

y y

Storing rainwater for ready use in containers above or below ground Charged into the soil for withdrawal later (groundwater recharging)

Source: A Water Harvesting Manual For Urban Areas

From

where

to

harvest

rain

Rainwater harvesting can be harvested from the following surfaces Rooftops: If buildings with impervious roofs are already in place, the catchment area is effectively available free of charge and they provide a supply at the point of consumption. Paved and unpaved areas i.e., landscapes, open fields, parks, stormwater drains, roads and pavements and other open areas can be effectively used to harvest the runoff. The main advantage in using ground as collecting surface is that water can be collected from a larger area. This is particularly advantageous in areas of low rainfall.

Waterbodies: The potential of lakes, tanks and ponds to store rainwater is immense. The harvested rainwater can not only be used to meet water requirements of the city, it also recharges groundwater aquifers. Stormwater drains: Most of the residential colonies have proper network of stormwater drains. If maintained neatly, these offer a simple and cost effective means for harvesting rainwater.

Whether

to

store

rainwater

or

use

it

for

recharge:

The decision whether to store or recharge water depends on the rainfall pattern and the potential to do so, in a particular region. The sub-surface geology also plays an important role in making this decision. For example, Delhi, Rajasthan and Gujarat where the total annual rainfall occurs during 3 or 4 months, are examples of places where groundwater recharge is usually practiced. In places like Kerala, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu and Bangalore where rain falls throughout the year barring a few dry periods, one can depend on a small sized tank for storing rainwater, since the period between two spells of rain is short. Wherever sub-strata is impermeable recharging will not be feasible. Hence, it would be ideal to opt for storage.

Source: A Water Harvesting Manual For Urban Areas

In places where the groundwater is saline or not of potable standards, the alternate system could be that of storing rainwater. Beyond generalisations, it is the requirement that governs the choice of water harvesting technique. For example, in Ahemadabad, which has limited number of rainy days as that of Delhi, traditional rainwater harvesting tanks, known as tankas, are used to store rainwater even today in residential areas, temples and hotels.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER WHAT IS RAIN WATER HARVESTING : The principle of collecting and using precipitation from a catchments surface.

An old technology is gaining popularity in a new way.

ain water harvesting is

enjoying a renaissance of sorts in the world, but it traces its history to biblical times. Extensive rain water harvesting apparatus existed 4

cisterns and paved courtyards to capture rain water to augment water from city's aqueducts. As early as the third millennium B , farming communities in Baluchistan and Kutch impounded rain water and used it for irrigation dams. ARTIFICAL RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER : Artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which the ground water reservoir is augmented at a rate exceeding that obtaining under natural conditions or replenishment. Any man-made scheme or facility that adds water to an aquifer may be considered to be an artificial recharge system. WHY RAIN WATER HARVESTING :

ain water harvesting is essential because :-

Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to depend on ground water. Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into the sub-soil has decreased drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished. As you read this guide, seriously consider conserving water by harvesting and managing this natural resource by artificially recharging the system. The examples covering several dozen installations successfully operating in India constructed and maintained by current systems.

B, provide an excellent snapshot of

RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES : There are two main techniques of rain water harvestings. Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

echarge to ground water.

The storage of rain water on surface is a traditional techniques and structures used were underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc.

ground water is a new concept of rain water harvesting and the structures

Palestine and

reece. In ancient

ome, residences were built with individual

years ago in the

echarge to

generally used are :-

m. deep which are back filled with boulders, gravels, coarse sand. Trenches:- These are constructed when the permeable stram is available at shallow depth. Trench may be . to

of water. These are back filled with filter. materials. Du wells:- Existing dug wells may be utilised as recharge structure and water should pass through filter media before putting into dug well. Hand pumps :- The existing hand pumps may be used for recharging the shallow/deep aquifers, if the availability of water

diverting it into hand pumps.

are generally constructed for recharging the deeper aquifers and water is passed through filter media to avoid choking of recharge wells. Recharge Shafts :- or recharging the shallow aquifer which are located below clayey surface, recharge shafts of . to m. diameter and

to

m. deep are constructed and back

filled with boulders, gravels & coarse sand. Lateral shafts with bore wells :- or recharging the upper as

to

m. long depending upon availability of water with one or

two bore wells are constructed. The lateral shafts is back filled with boulders, gravels & coarse sand.

top then this technique is used. Spread the water in streams/Nalas by making check dams, nala bunds, cement

Spreading techniques :-

hen permeable strata starts from

well as deeper aquifers lateral shafts of . to

m. wide &

Recharge wells :-

echarge wells of

is limited.

ater should pass through filter media before

to . m. deep and

to

m. long depending up availability

to

shallow aquifer. These are constructed

to

m, wide and to

m. wide,

mm. diameter

Pits :-

echarge pits are constructed for recharging the

plugs, gabion structures or a percolation pond may be constructed. DIVERSION OF RUN OFF INTO EXISTING SURFACE WATER BODIES onstruction activity in and around the city is resulting in the drying up of water

The storm run off may be diverted into the nearest tanks or depression, which will create additional recharge. Urbanisation effects on Groundwat er Hydrology : Increase in water demand More dependence on ground water use

Methods of artificial recharge in urban areas :

Computation of artificial recharge from Roof top rainwater collection : actors taken for computation :

bodies and reclamation of these tanks for conversion into plots for houses. ree flow of storm run off into these tanks and water bodies must be ensured.

ver exploitation of ground water

Increase in run-off, decline in well yields and fall in water levels eduction in open soil surface area eduction in infiltration and deterioration in water quality

ater spreading

echarge through pits, trenches, wells, shafts ooftop collection of rainwater oadtop collection of rainwater

Induced recharge from surface water bodies.

Roof top area

sq.m. for individual house and

multi-storied building. Average annual monsoon rainfall - 8 mm. Effective annual rainfall contributing to recharge mm. Individual ouses 100 sq. m. 55 cu. m

%-

Multistoried building

Roof top area Total quantity available forrecharge per annum

00 sq. m.

275 cu. m.

ater available for 5 member amily

100 days

500 days

Benefits of Artificial Recharge in Urban Areas : Improvement in infiltration and reduction in run-off. Improvement in groundwater levels and yields. Reduces strain on Special Village Panchayats/ Municipal / Municipal orporation water supply

Improvement in groundwater quality Estimated quantity of additional recharge from 100 sq. m. roof top area is 55.000 liters. HARVESTING RAINWATER HARNESSING LIFE : A NOBLE GOAL - A COMMON RESPONSIBILITY Ground water exploitation is inevitable is rban areas. But the groundwater potential is getting reduced due to urbanisation resulting in over exploitation. ence, a strategy to implement the groundwater recharge, in a major way need

to be launched with concerted efforts by various Governmental and NonGovernmental Agencies and Public at large to build up the water table and make the groundwater resource, a reliable and sustainable source for supplementing water supply needs of the urban dwellers. Recharge of groundwater through storm run off and roof top water collection, diversion and collection of run off into dry tanks, play grounds, parks and other

sq.m. for

vacant places are to be implemented by Special Village Panchayats/

with special efforts.

the citizens and builders to adopt suitable recharge method in one's own house or building through demonstration and offering subsidies for materials and incentives, if possible. ATTRIBUTES OF GROUNDWATER : There is more ground water than surface water Ground water is less expensive and economic resource. Ground water is sustainable and reliable source of water supply. Ground water is relatively less vulnerable to pollution Ground water is usually of high bacteriological purity. Ground water is free of pathogenic organisms. Ground water needs little treatment before use. Ground water has no turbidity and colour. Ground water has distinct health advantage as art alternative for lower sanitary quality surface water. Ground water is usually universally available. Ground water resource can be instantly developed and used. There is no conveyance losses in ground water based supplies. Ground water has low vulnerability to drought. Ground water is key to life in arid and semi-arid regions. Ground water is source of dry weather flow in rivers and streams.

The Special Village Panchayats /Municipalities/Municipal

Municipalities /Municipal

orporations and other Government Establishments

orporations will help