CALORIMETRY -Some definition of terms: Calorimetry measurement of heat flow between the system and the surroundings System

tem part of the system where the reaction occurs Surroundings the part of the universe that does not belong to the system Heat capacity the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of substance by 1 K (or 1oC). The greater the heat capacity, the greater the heat required to produce a rise in temperature Specific heat the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1 K (or 1oC) Adiabatic system a system that does not exchange heat with the surroundings Exothermic reaction a chemical reaction in which heat is liberated Endothermic reaction a chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed For the experiment proper, the test tube should be completely inserted into the styroball so as not to allow some heat to escape to the surroundings. Calcuations: H = H final H initial. But these H values can not be obtained experimentally, so another approach is used In the calorimeter: Qsys = Qcal + Q rxn = 0 (since adiabatic) So, Qcal = - Qrxn But Qcal = mcT, where m = mass, c = specific heat, T = change in temperature Qcal = CcalT where Ccal = heat capacity This is true only for reactions not involving any solid reactant in excess or solid product after reaction. CORRECTION: HO for the reaction H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l) is equal to -55.8 kJ/mol, NOT -56.9 kJ/mol The experiment s divided into two parts, the first is calibration of the calorimeter in which Ccal is calculated. (See the sample data sheet below). The second part is the determination of the enthalpy of reaction of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. The calculated Ccal will be used to calculate for the H of the reaction. Note that

DATA AND RESULTS A. Calibration of the Calorimeter Acid solution used: 1.00 M HCl Volume of acid: 10.00 mL Volume of base: 5.00 mL

Base solution used: 1.00 M NaOH

Determination of T initial (oC) Time (sec) 15 30 45 60 75 Tacid(oC) 29 29 29 29 29

Determination of T final (oC) Time (sec) 30 60 90 120 150 Tacid(oC) 31 32 32 32 32

T initial (oC): 29oC__ T(oC): __3Co___ C cal (J/oC): 93 J/oC_ Graph of T vs time: (initial T determination)

T final (oC): 32oC

Graph of T vs time: (final T determination)

B. Determination of the Enthalpy of Reaction of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide Acid solution used: 1.00 M HNO3 Volume of acid: 10.00 mL Volume of base: 5.00 mL

Base solution used: 1.00 M NaOH

Determination of T initial (oC) Time (sec) 15 30 45 60 75 Tacid(oC) 29 29 29 29 29

Determination of T final (oC) Time (sec) 30 60 90 120 150 Tacid(oC) 31 32 32 32 32

T initial (oC): 29oC__ T(oC): __3Co___ q calorimeter (J) : 0.279 J Limiting reagent: NaOH Moles of limiting reagent: 0.005 moles Experimental DH reaction (kJ): 55.8 kJ Theoretical DH reaction (kJ): 55.8 kJ % error: 0.0% Graph of T vs time: (initial T determination)

T final (oC): 32oC

Graph of T vs time: (final T determination)

Calculation: A. Calibration Qcal = CcalT -Qrxn = CcalT (note, rxn is system)

B. Determination of the Enthalpy of Reaction of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide