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Astrocytoma (Brain Tumor; Glioma) by Michelle Badash, MS Definition Astrocytoma is type of brain tumor. It is a malignant tumor, cancer. This type of tumor arises from small, star-shaped cells in the brain. They are called astrocytes. Astrocytes are one of several types of supporting cells in the brain. These type of cells are called glial cells. An astrocytoma is a subtype of the larger group of brain tumors called gliomas. Astrocytoma is the most common form of glioma. It may occur anywhere in the brain. It is most commonly found in: The cerebrum in adultsthe largest part of the brain The cerebelluma smaller part of the brain in the rear Brainstemconnects to the spinal cord Optic nerves in childrennerve that leads from the brain to the eye Brain Tumor

2011 Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. When an astrocytoma is diagnosed, the most important factors are: Grade of tumor (how aggressive it appears when viewed microscopically) Size Location Degree of neurological side effects produced by the tumor Age of the patient

These factors will determine the symptoms, prognosis, and treatment. Causes The exact cause is unknown. Some possible causes of brain tumors include: Heredity Certain occupations

Environmental factors Viruses TOP

Risk Factors

Although the exact risk factors for astrocytomas have not been identified, some studies suggest the following risk factors increase your chance of this tumor:

Genetic disorders (including neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis) Occupational exposure to: Radiation Chemicals Oil refining Rubber manufacturing

Symptoms

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The first symptoms of any brain tumor can be caused as the tumor grows. The growth can increase pressure in the brain. Symptoms may include: Headaches Visual changes Vomiting Seizures Personality changes Problems with memory, thinking, and concentration Problems with walking

Symptoms will vary, depending on the location of the tumor. For example: Frontal lobegradual changes in mood and personality, paralysis on one side of the body Temporal lobeproblems with coordination, speech, and memory Parietal lobeproblems with sensation, writing, or fine motor skills Cerebellumproblems with coordination and balance Occipital lobeproblems with vision, visual hallucinations TOP

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Tests may include:

Grading

MRI scan a test that uses magnetic waves to define the anatomy of the brain, the most sensitive and clearest way to define a brain tumor CT scan an x-ray device that takes circular pictures of the brain using x-ray beams Angiogram x-rays taken after a dye is injected into the arteries, allowing the doctor to look for abnormalities in the arteries that lead to the brain Biopsy/resection removal of a sample of brain tissue to test for cancer cells

A specialist will determine the grade of the tumor. Astrocytomas are graded from I to IV. These grades indicate the prognosis and rate of tumor growth. Grades I and IIThese low-grade astrocytomas grow slowly. They generally stay localized in an area of the brain. They are more commonly found in younger patients. Grade II astrocytomas can spread. Grades III and IVThese high-grade tumors grow rapidly. They can spread throughout the brain and spinal cord. Aggressive treatment is needed. This is the most common type found in adults. Grade III tumors are called anaplastic astrocytoma. Grade IV tumors are called glioblastoma multiforme or GBM. TOP

Treatment

Treatment is based on the location, size, and grade of the tumor. Treatment may include:

Surgery Surgery involves the removal of as much of the tumor as possible. If the tumor is high grade, surgery will often be followed by radiation or chemotherapy to help prevent further spread. Radiation Therapy (or Radiotherapy) Radiation therapy involves the use of radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink the tumor. Radiation may be: External radiation therapyradiation directed at the tumor from a source outside the body Internal radiation therapy (also called brachytherapy)radioactive materials placed into the body near the cancer cells

Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be given in many forms including pill, injection, and via a catheter (IV or port). The drugs enter the bloodstream. They travel through the body killing mostly cancer cells. Some healthy cells are killed as well. Prevention TOP

There are no guidelines because the exact cause is not known. It has been suggested that the electromagnetic waves emitted from high-tension wires or even cell phones may increase the risk of developing brain tumors. To date, there is no scientific evidence supporting this theory. Pathophysiology Astrocytoma causes regional effects of astrocytomas by compression, invasion, and destruction of brain parenchyma, arterial and venous hypoxia, competition for nutrients, release of metabolic end products (e.g., free radicals, altered electrolytes, neurotransmitters), and release and recruitment of cellular mediators (e.g., cytokines) that disrupt normal parenchymal function.
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Secondary clinical sequelae may be caused by elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) attributable to direct mass effect,

increased blood volume, or increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume.[7]