Designofsteamcondenser

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 General
A condenser in its simplest terms is a heat transfer device which reduces a thermodynamic fluid from its vapour phase to its liquid phase. The main use of a condenser is to receive exhausted steam from a steam engine or turbine and condense the steam. The benefit being that the energy which would be exhausted to the atmosphere is utilised and the engine turbine exhaust conditions are stable and controllable. A steam condenser generally condenses the steam to a pressure significantly below atmospheric. This allows the turbine/engine to do more work. The condenser also converts the discharge steam back to feed water which is returned to the steam generator /boiler. In the condenser the latent heat of condensation is conducted to the cooling medium flowing through the cooling tubes. There are many types of steam condenser mixing type, surface condenser, etc. But now we are going to see about Two pass surface condenser. For 210 MW power plant Located at gandhinagar (GEB). From this plants catalogue we take data as below.

1.2 Assumption while design heat exchanger:To analyze the exchanger heat transfer problem, a set of assumptions are introduced so that the resulting theoretical models are simple enough for the analysis. The following assumptions and/or idealizations are made for the exchanger heat transfer problem formulations: the energy balances, rate equations, boundary conditions, and subsequent analysis
1.

2.

3.

4.

The heat exchanger operates under steady-state conditions [i.e., constant flow rates and fluid temperatures (at the inlet and within the exchanger) independent of time]. Heat losses to or from the surroundings are negligible (i.e. the heat exchanger outside walls are adiabatic). There are no thermal energy sources or sinks in the exchanger walls or fluids, such as electric heating, chemical reaction, or nuclear processes. The temperature of each fluid is uniform over every cross section in counter flow and
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Designofsteamcondenser

parallel flow exchangers (i.e., perfect transverse mixing and no temperature gradient normal to the flow direction). Each fluid is considered mixed or unmixed from the temperature distribution viewpoint at every cross section in single-pass cross flow exchangers, depending on the specifications. For a multipass exchanger, the foregoing statements apply to each pass depending on the basic flow arrangement of the passes; the fluid is considered mixed or unmixed between passes as specified.
5. 6.

Wall thermal resistance is distributed uniformly in the entire exchanger. Either there are no phase changes (condensation or vaporization) in the fluid streams flowing through the exchanger or the phase change occurs under the following condition. The phase change occurs at a constant temperature as for a single-component fluid at constant pressure; the effective specific heat cp,,ff for the phase-changing fluid is infinity in this case, and hence C max = m CP, e ff 00, where m is the fluid mass flow rate.

Longitudinal heat conduction in the fluids and in the wall is negligible. 8. The individual and overall heat transfer coefficients are constant (independent of temperature, time, and position) throughout the exchanger, including the case of phasechanging fluids in assumption 6. , 9. The specific heat of each fluid is constant throughout the exchanger so that heat capacity rate on each side is treated as constant. Note t properties are not involved directly in the energy balance and rate e are involved implicitly in NTU and are treated as constant. 9. For an extended surface exchanger, the overall extended surface efficiency is considered uniform and constant. 9. The heat transfer surface area A is distributed uniformly on each fluid side in a single-pass or multipass exchanger. In a multipass unit, the heat transfer surface area is distributed uniformly in each pass, although different passes can have different surface areas. 10. For a plate-baffled 1n shell-and-tube exchanger, the temperature rise (or drop) per baffle pass (or compartment) is small compared to the total temperature rise (or drop) of the shell fluid in the exchanger, so that the shell fluid can be treated as mixed at any cross section. This implies that the number of baffles is large in the exchanger.
7.

The velocity and temperature at the entrance of the heat exchanger on each fluids side are uniform over the flow cross section. There is no gross flow misdistribution at the inlet. 12. The fluid flow rate is uniformly distributed through the exchanger on each fluid side in each pass i.e., no passage-to-passage or viscosity-induced misdistribution occurs in the exchanger core. Also, no flow stratification, flow bypassing, or flow leakages occur in any stream. The flow condition is characterized by the bulk (or mean) velocity at any cross section.
11.

Designofsteamcondenser

1.3 Types of steam condenser:1.3.1 Jet or mixing type condenser: This type of condenser is suitable where conditions permit condensation of exhaust steam by direct contact with the cooling water. It can maintain a pressure of less than 0,07 bara and can condense over 12000 kg/hr of steam. The vacuum is created in the chamber by an air ejector. The cooling water is sprayed into the chamber an the fine spray contacts the steam. The steam condenses and falls to the bottom of the condenser chamber with the injection water. The condensed steam and injection water is withdrawn using a centrifugal extraction pump. The jet condenser is generally provided with safety features to guard against flooding

Figure 1.1 Jet or mixing type condenser

1.3.2 Surface condenser: - The arrangement of the surface condenser is shown in Fig. It consists of a cast iron air-tight cylindrical shell closed at each end as shown in Figure1.2. A number of water tubes are fixed in the tube, plates which are located between each cover head and shell.

Figure 1.2 Surface condenser The exhaust steam from the prime mover enters at the top of the condenser and surrounds the condenser tubes through which cooling water is circulated under force. The steam gets condensed as it comes into contact with cold surface of the tubes. The cooling water flows in one
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Designofsteamcondenser

direction through the first set of the tubes situated in the lower half of condenser and returns in the opposite direction through the second set of the tubes situated fit the upper half of the condenser as shown in figure. The cooling water coming out from the condenser is discharged into the river or pond. The condensed steam is taken out from the condenser by a separate extraction pump and air is removed by an air pump. A section of tubes near the air pump suction is screened off by providing a baffle as shown in Fig 1.3 the number of tubes used fit this section per unit area is more compared with other part of the condenser. The velocity of water through these tubes is also maintained higher. About 2-2.5 m/s.

Figure 1.3 down flow and central flow type condenser

The surface condenser requires three pumps when it works on dry-vacuum system, one for circulating the cooling water, one for extracting the condensate and third is required for removing the air. The surface condenser requires only two pumps when it works on wet vacuum system, one for circulating the cooling water and other for extracting the air and condensate together. These types of condensers are widely used for high capacity power plants. The surface condensers may be classified according to (a) Number of water passes: single or multipass. (b) Direction of condensate flow and tube arrangement: down flow, and central flow. A two pass down-flow surface condenser is already shown in Fig. 1.3. A sectional view of down-flow condenser is shown in Fig. 1.3. The steam enters from the top and flows mainly downward over the tubes. The air is extracted at lower temperature than the condensate by providing a separate cooling section known as air cooler as explained earlier. A sectional view of central flow condenser is shown in Fig. 1.3. In this arrangement, the air cooling section is provided at the centre of the tube nest and air is extracted from this section. This arrangement causes the steam to flow radially towards the centre. And passes over the entire periphery of tubes. The formed condensate is extracted from bottom. This arrangement is aft over downward flow type as it has an access to the whole periphery of the tubes. In all surface condensers, the cooling water is passed through the tubes and steam surrounds the tubes I f steam cooling inside the condenser tubes, then the number of tubes (volume occupied by the tubes) required is extremely large and increases the capital cost of condenser. Requirements of modern surface condensers:4

Designofsteamcondenser
1. The steam should be evenly distributed over the whole cooling surface of the condenser

vessel with minimum pressure loss. 2. There should not be under cooling of condensate. To achieve this, the quantity of cooling water circulated should be so regulated that lie temperature of cooling water leaving the condenser is equivalent to the saturation temperature of the steam corresponding to the steam pressure in the condenser. 3. The water should be passed through the tubes and steam must surround the tubes from outside for the reason mentioned earlier. This also helps to prevent the deposition of din on the outer surface of the tubes. Any deposition collected on the inside surface of the tubes can he removed with the help of mechanical brushes just by removing the end cover plates. 4. There should not be air-leakage stall in the condenser as it destroys the vacuum in (lie condenser and reduces the work done per kg of steam. The presence of air also reduces the heat transfer rates in the condenser very rapidly. If at all there is airy leakage of air. An arrangement (air-pump, should be made it) remove it as rapidly as possible with least expenditure of energy. 5. Air arrangement for cooling the air to a maximum possible extent should be provided in the condenser before its extraction. This reduces the loss of potential condensate and also reduces the capacity of air-extraction pump. 6. The rise in temperature of die cooling water passing through d ie condenser is limited to 10 C

1.3.3 Evaporative condenser:These condensers are more preferable where acute shortage of cooling water exists. The arrangement of the condenser is shown in Fig. 1.4. Water is sprayed through the nozzles over the pipe carrying exhaust steam and forms a thin film over it. The air is drawn over the surface of the coil with the help of induced fan as shown in figure1.4. The air passing over the coil carries the water from the surface of condenser coil in the form of vapour. The latent heat required for the evaporation of water vapour is taken from the water film formed on the condenser coil and drops the temperature of the water film and this helps for heat transfer from the steam to the water. This mode of heat transfer reduces the cooling water requirement of the condenser to 10% of the requirement of surface condensers. The water particles carried with air due to high velocity of air are removed with the help of eliminator as shown in figure. The make-up water and water vapour and water particles carried with air) is supplied from outside source The quantity of water sprayed over the condenser coil should e just sufficient to keep the condenser coil thoroughly wetted. The water flow rate higher than this will only increase the power requirement of water pump without increasing the condenser capacity. This type of condenser works better in dry weather (low WBT) compared with wet weather as the water vapour carrying capacity of dry air is higher than wet air at the same temperature.

Designofsteamcondenser

Figure 1.4 Evaporative condenser

The arrangement of this type of condenser is simple and cheap in first cost. It neither does nor requires large quantity of water therefore needs a small capacity cooling water pump. The vacuum maintained in this condenser is not as high as in surface condensers therefore the work done per kg of steam is less with this 1.3.4 Non-Conventional Direct Contact Condensers:This is a new concept in power industry where condensate is used to condense the exhaust steam in the condenser it is shown in fig 1.5 In this arrangement, part of the condensate coming out of condenser is cooled by external cooler as shown in figure and the same is used again in the condenser in the form of spray and the condenser is of Mixing type, This system increases unit availability by unto 3% compared to conventional condenser. The other benefits include a slightly lower heat rate, ease of maintenance, cleaner heat transfer surface, shorter condenser height, better part load performance and better control of dissolved O2. The other advantages are listed below

The potential leakage is less than conventional condenser as number of Joints is less. Therefore the outages are reduced. The pressure of the condensate side is higher than cooling water side (in cooler) which presents the leakage of contaminants into the condenser.

Designofsteamcondenser

Figure 1.5 Non-conventional direct contact condensers The heat transfer rates are doubled and fouling factors are five times lower than those for conventional condensers. When cleaning is necessary, individual module of this system can be taken out of service with no effect on performance. The major drawbacks are (i) total heat transfer surface (condenser and cooler together) is 30% more than conventional (ii) Need of pump around loop (Pl) consumes extra power and increases system complexity. In addition to this (iii) adequate filtration and treatment for biofouling of cooling water is necessary to prevent plugging.

Designofsteamcondenser

Chapter 2 Problem arising while designing

2.1 Corrosion:Corrosion in process plant is an ever present problem and the engineers responsible for design, operation and maintenance need to be vigilant in the control of corrosion. Corrosion may be defined as the deterioration and loss of material due to some form of chemical attack. The origin of the corrosion may be the process fluid itself, or a constituent of it, or corrosion may be the result of the presence of impurities, perhaps in trace quantities carried in the fluid stream. The foulant may be crystalline, biological material, the products of chemical reactions including corrosion, or particulate matter.

Fig 2.1 Chart of corrosion Vs velocity of fluid An alternative way of expressing the potential corrosion is to consider the rate of corrosion over the range of pH

Fig 2.2 Chart of corrosion Vs ph value of fluid of fluid

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Designofsteamcondenser

Material of equipment to resist corrosion:Although glass and plastic materials have been used for the fabrication of heat exchangers there are limitations to their use. In the former the problem of fragility exists and in the latter there are temperature restrictions. At the present time the majority of heat exchangers are usually fabricated from metallic alloys where corrosion is anticipated. Standard austenitic stainless steels such as type 316 (18 Cr: 10 Ni: 3 Mo) have useful if limited resistance, to acids and reasonable resistance to pitting corrosion. Type 304 (18 Cr: 10 Ni) stainless steel has a good resistance to nitric acid.

2.2 Fouling:The accumulation of unwanted deposits on the surfaces of heat exchangers is usually referred to as fouling it causes resistance of heat flow as show n in fig 2.1. The presence of these deposits represents a resistance to the transfer of heat and therefore reduces the efficiency of the particular heat exchanger. The character of the deposit depends on the fluid (liquid or gas) passing through the heat exchanger.

Fig 2.3 Temperature distribution Vs velicity of fluid for tube 2.3 Reasons of fouling:Scale Formation:- The formation of scale on heat transfer surfaces is a common phenomenon where aqueous solutions are involved, e.g. the use of "natural" waters for cooling purposes It involves the deposition of salts from solution, either by crystaUisation on the heat transfer surface or in the bulk liquid phase. The result can be a tenacious scale that may be difficult to remove generally referred to as "hard scale", or a softer deposit that is sometimes called a "sludge". Unless suitable preventative measures are taken the problem can give rise to serious consequences. Fouling can occur as a result of the fluids being handled and their constituents in combination with the operating conditions such as temperature and velocity. Almost any solid or
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Designofsteamcondenser

semi solid material can become a heat exchanger foulant, but some materials that are commonly encountered in industrial operations as foulants include: Inorganic materials Airborne dusts and grit Waterborne mud and silts Calcium and magnesium salts Iron oxide Organic materials Biological substances, e.g. bacteria, fungi and algae Oils, waxes and greases Heavy organic deposits, e.g. polymers, tars Carbon Fig. 2.2 shows an idealised asymptotic graph of the rate of growth of a deposit on a surface. In region A the process of adhesion is initiated. In some fouling situations the conditioning (or induction) period can take a long time, perhaps of the order of several weeks. Region B represents the steady growth of the deposit on the surface. Under these circumstances there is competition between deposition and removal. The rate of deposition gradually falls while the rate of removal of deposit gradually increases. Finally the rate of removal and the rate of deposition may become equal so that a plateau steady state or asymptote is reached (Region C) when the deposit thickness remains virtually constant.

Fig 2.4 Chart of foulant material thickness Vs time So Reduced efficiency of the heat exchangers due to fouling, and it represents an increase in fuel consumption with repercussions not only in cost but also in the conservation of the world's energy resources.

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Designofsteamcondenser

2.4 Method of protect from fouling:In order to help reduce or overcome the problem of fouling, additives may be used. For instance a whole industry has built up around the treatment of water used for cooling purposes. The various chemicals added to the water fall into three categories, i.e. control of biological growth, prevention of scale formation and corrosion inhibition. Careful choice of treatment programmes will do much to reduce the accumulation of deposits on heat exchange surfaces. The best efforts of engineers and technologists to reduce or eliminate heat exchanger fouling the growth of deposits will still occur in some instances. Periodic cleaning of the heat exchangers will be necessary to restore the heat exchanger to efficient operation. Suitable material shhuld be seleced because ithelp us for preventing corrosion fouling there is one gaph shown which shows overall heat transfer rate Vs time in days for material admirality brass and steel 304

Fig 2.5 comparision of steel 304 and brass The principle variable is the velocity of the fluid across the heat transfer surface. Velocity of all the variables, is the one over which the designer has the greatest control. In general the designer has freedom to set the velocity on both sides of the exchanger, it is usual to match its specification in terms of pressure drop, at minimum capital cost. As the velocity is increased the overall heat transfer coefficient increases which means that for a given temperature difference, the heat transfer area (and hence the capital cost is reduced). On the other hand as the velocity increases the pressure drop rapidly increases The difficulty that arises however, in regard to fouling, is that the optimum velocity for acceptable pressure drop may not be the same as that required to minimise the incidence of fouling.

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Designofsteamcondenser

Fig 2.6 Optimum velocity of fluid inside tube Summary of practical preliminary design concepts 1. The design should be as simple as possible, particularly so if heavy fouling is expected. 2. Design for the highest velocity allowable under the constraints of pressure drop and erosion. 3. Minimise surface temperature in conjunction with the choice of fluid velocity. 4. If at all possible reduce the incidence of potential fouling by reducing the concentration of foulant precursors. 5. Within the constraints of cost, choose a material of construction that discourages the accumulation of deposits. 6. Ensure that the residence time is as low as possible. 7. Attention to pH and corrosion not only within the heat exchanger, but also in transfer lines and equipment upstream of the heat exchanger. 8. Potential fouling due to conditions external to the heat exchanger.

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Designofsteamcondenser

Chapter 3 Design processors

PROBLEM: Design a steam condenser for following data of 210 MW power plant.

do = 25.4mm di = 22.9108mm v = 2.4m / s x = 0.95 p = 0.1bar

ms =475 tones/hrs To = 39C Ti = 30C c = 1020kg / m3
3.1 Heat transfer :-

Q = ms ( x.h fg )
= 475000 X (0.95 X 2392.9) = 1.08 X 1012 J / hr = 299943368.1J / sec
3.2 Cooling water required :-

h fg = 2392.9

(Steam table)

mw =

Q C pw (To Ti )

[C pw = 4178(Heat and Mass Transfer data book pg-21)]

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Designofsteamcondenser

299943368.1 4178.(39.3) or = 7976.8kg / s or = or = 7.8204m3 / s

3.3 Number of tubes required:

mw =

di2 XvXn

7.8204=

4 n=7904.1

(0.0229108) 2 X2.4Xn

or =7905 in each pass Total tubes n t = 7905X2 =15810 Tubes

In condensing zone 3.4 Dimensionless numbers and some properties: Prandalt number:
Pr=5.01 (heat and mass transfer databook page no 21)

Kinetic viscosity:
v = .74425 10 6 m 2 / s
(heat and mass transfer databook page no 21)

Conductivity:

k f = 0.62045w / m k

(heat and mass transfer databook page no 21)

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Designofsteamcondenser

Reynolds number:

v X di v 2.4 X 0.0229108 Re = 0.744254 X 10-6 Re = 73880.98 Re =

3.5 Heat transfer co-efficient of inside boundary of tube:

hi .di = 0.023( Re ) 0.8 X (Pr)1/3 k

(heat and mass transfer By R.K Rajput)

hi .0229108 = .023(73880.98).8 (5.01)1/ 3 14.9 hi = 8365.6 w / m 2 k

3.6 Heat transfer co-efficient of outside boundary of tube:
We assume that outside heat transfer co-efficient is 1.5 times the inside heat transfer co-efficient (from various examples and heat resistance from fig).

Figure 3. 1 Total thermal resistance to cooling tube

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Designofsteamcondenser From fig we can see that only 2% heat transfer oppose by steel tube and other resistance face to heat transfer by foulings,liquid film.

h o =1.5 X h i h o =1.5 X 8365.6 h o =12548.48 w/m 2 .k

3.7 Overall heat transfer co-efficient:

r 1 r r r 1 1 = o + o R fi + o ln o + R fo + U O ri hi ri k ri ho

1 0.0127 1 0.0127 0.0127 1 0.0127 ln = + X 0.0002 + + 0.0000877 + U O 0.0114554 8365.6 0.0114554 14.9 12548.48 0.0114554 1 = 6.0971 X 10-4 UO U O = 1640w / m.k

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Designofsteamcondenser

3.8 Logarithmic mean temperature difference(LMTD:-

LMTD=

To -Ti T -T ln s i Ts -To

[Ts =45.83 from steam table]

39-30 45.83-30 ln 45.83-39 LMTD=10.7C LMTD=

3.9 Surface area required for cooling of steam and length of tubes:

Q = UA or 299943368.1 = 1640 X A X 10.7 A = 17092.72 m 2 A = dn t 17092.72 = X 0.0254 X L X 15810 L= 13.548 m L 13.55 m

3.10 Diameter of shell: Diameter of shell is depends upon numbers of tubes in shell so first we see graph and than by equation we determine the diameter of shell

N t = 4 2 (1-n ) C t Pt

2 .Dctl

(R.K. Shah 588)

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Designofsteamcondenser

Figure 2.2 Log surface area requres Vs length of tube Shell inside diametr determine

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Designofsteamcondenser

n= 0 C t = 0.866 Pt = 31.8 mm (R.K. Shah 662) we take N t = 8200 tubes because we make two cylinders. 8200 =
2 Dctl

4 X 0.866 X (0.0318) 2 Dctl= 2.99 m (for increasing accuracy we take 5% more) Dctl= 3.13599 m Dc = 3.13599 + 0.0254 Dc = 3.16139 Dc 3.162 m

3.11 checking the tube against pressure:

Pn = 4 kgf/cm 2 Pn = 3.924 bar

(Data book of wanak bori power station)

But for safety consideration we should take 33% more value.

Pn = 5.219 5.22 bar = 0.522 N/mm 2

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Designofsteamcondenser

di = 18.41 > 15 t P(ro2 + ri2 ) t(max.) = (ro2 - ri2 )

(Thin cylinder)

0.522 ( 25.42 + 22.91082 ) t(max.) = ( 25.42 - 22.91082 ) t(max.) = 5.079 N/mm 2 u =600 N/mm 2 for steel f.o.s.= 8 600 = 75 N/mm 2 >5.079 allowable = 8
So our tube is safe. 3.12 Shell plate design:

Figure 3.3 Shell cover plate

tp = k d

P t

( M.D. Khurmi 220 )

0.522 100

t p = 0.44 X 3162 X t p = 100.5 t p = 101 mm

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Designofsteamcondenser

3.13 Shell thickness design:

Po (1 2 ) d 3 . f tc = 2XE
3

(Machine design by R.C. patel)

Here,

Po = 0.104 bar = 0.23 d = 3162 mm E = 105 N/mm 2 f = 2

So therefore,

(atmospheric pressure)

0.104(1 0.232 ) 31623 X 2 tc = 3 2 X 105 t c =39.63 mm t c 40 mm

3.14 Cylinder head (C.I.) (Hemisphere):

Figure 3.4 Cylinder head if shell(hemispherical)

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Designofsteamcondenser

th =

P.d 4. t

(M.D. Khurmi 222)

t =

ut f.o.s. ut = 190 N/mm 2 f.o.s.= 6 (D.D.B. 14)

t =

190 6

0.522 . 3162 4 . 190/6 t h = 13.03 mm th = t h = 14 mm

3.15 Thickness of cylinder flange and cylinder head flange:-

t fc = 1.5 X t c t fc = 1.5 X 40 t fc = 60mm t hf = 1.5 X t f t hf = 1.5 X 14 t hf = 21mm

Figure 3.5 Flange thickness

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Designofsteamcondenser

3.16 Bending in tubes:

Inertia of tube

It = It =

64

4 (d o -d i4 )

64 I t =6906.91 mm 4

(25.44 - 22.91084 )

Weight per unit area of tubes.

W= (self weight of tube) + (weight of water) W=

4 W= 11.445 N/m

2 (d o - d i2 ) t g +

d i2 w g

W= 11.445 X 10-3 N/mm

Maximum deflection of tubes (when no support is provided):

W X L4 = 384 X E X I 11.445 X 10-3 X 13550 4 = 384 X 200000 X 6906.91 = 727.3 mm this is not feasible.

Provide one support so length become half:

=45.45mm it is not feasible

Provide two support:

=8.979mm it is not feasible

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Designofsteamcondenser Provide three support:

=2.8411mm it is not feasible

Provide four support:

=1.164mm it is acceptable
So wehave to take minimum four supports but we take five supports for nerer to zero deformation

3.17 Finding air suction pump capacity:

Air suction pump temp 37C (Assumption based upon

various examples)

m a = ms 0.0005 m a = 475000 0.0005 m a = 237.5kg / hr

1. Volume of air leak = volume of steam

4.75 103 vs =v a 4.75 103 14.675=v a va =697025 m3

2. Partial pressure of air

vs =14.675(from steam table)

Pa = Pa =

m a RT va

237.5 287 (45.83+273) 6970625 105 Pa =3.1177 10-5 bar

3. Total pressure 24

Designofsteamcondenser

Pt =Ps + Pa Pt =0.1 + (3.1177 10-5 ) Pt =0.100031176 bar

4. At air cooling section

T=37C PS2 =0.06274 bar, p a2 = Pt -PS2 p a2 = 0.100031176 - 0.06274 p a2 = 0.0372912 bar

va2 = va2 = m a R a T2 Pa2

VS =22.763 m3 /kg (stam table)

237.5 287 (37+273) 0.0372912 105 va2 =5666.32 m3 /hr

5. Mass of steam carried with air

mS2 = mS2 =

vS2 vS

5666.32 22.763 mS2 =248.927 kg/s

here(vS2 =va2 )

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Designofsteamcondenser

Chapter 4 Appendix
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Heat and mass transfer data book Machine design by R.S. Khurmi Machine design by R.C. patel Design data book PSG Data book of wanak bori power station Power plant engg. By arrora anf domkundwar Heat and mass transfer by R.K. rajput A fundamental of heat exchanger design by R.K. shah Fouling of Heat Exchangers by T. R. Bott (e-book)

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