SEMINAR

ON

REPORT

BROADBAND
Submitted in fulfillment For the degree of

B.tech IN ELECTRONICS &COMM. ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:-

MR.MANGAL VIJ AP IN ECE DEPT.

VIRENDER

528/ECE/07

VAISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Acknowledgement
To matter what accomplishment we achieve somebody helps us. For every accomplishment we need the cooperation and help of others. As knowledge advances by steps not by leaps so, ability advances by encouragement and guidance. Although you have ability and knowledge but it is worthless unless and until you can develop it if somebody encourages you. I express my deep sense of gratitude and feeling of indebtedness to Mr. Mangal Vij,our class lecturer for their bold attention in this particular time of course and guide us as per course The Survivable Networks. I am extremely thankful to my classmates for their valuable suggestions, criticisms, insight and support during the course VIRENDER 528/ECE/07

Broadband:

The Broadband Service has been launched in Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and Kolkata from 14th January 2005. Soon, it will be extended to more than 200 cities. Any internet connection above 256 kbps which is always on is broadband service. BSNL is in the process of commissioning of a world class, multi-gigabit, multi-protocol, convergent IP infrastructure through National Internet Backbone II (NIB-II), that will provide convergent services through the same backbone and broadband access network. The Broadband service will be available on DSL technology (on the same copper cable that is used for connecting telephone), on a countrywide basis. In terms of infrastructure for broadband services NIB-II would put India at par with more advanced nations. The services that would be supported includes always-on broadband access to the Internet for residential and business customers, Content based services, Video multicasting, Video-on-demand and Interactive gaming, Audio and Video conferencing, IP Telephony, Distance learning, Messaging: plain and feature rich, Multi-site MPLS VPNs with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. The subscriber will be able to access the above services through Subscriber Service Selection System (SSSS) portal. When your telephone line arrives at the local exchange, the ADSL and voice components of the signal are split apart in the same way as your splitter works at home or in the office. The voice wiring is connected to BT's PSTN network (which we do not cover in this guide) and the ADSL wiring is connected to a device known as a DSLAM.

The picture (above, right) shows a series of Fujitsu patch panels used to split wiring pairs into their respective POTS and ADSL components. All telephone lines are connected to panels on the right side and ADSL lines are fed into patch panels on the left side ready to connect to the DSLAM. Click on the

picture for a larger image. The picture (left) (courtesy of easy net) shows ADSL copper pairs running down the left side into a patch panel used by engineers to easily connect or disconnect customers. Depending upon the size of the local exchange, batches of 192, 256 or more copper pairs are connected to patch panels at the same time. An exchange serving a large or broadband hungry population may connect dozens of new customers per week so it's imperative that spare capacity is readily available. Each white wire running up the right side is connected to a line card in the DSLAM serving multiple customers.

+ Rest of the internet

OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BROADBAND

:-

Communications capacity, or speed, is only one of a set of performance characteristics of a service. That it is not the whole picture is easily seen in the contrast between dial-up access, where the modem must place a telephone call and negotiate a connection with the ISP's modem, and the services available today that are generally considered broadband--which frequently offer "always-on" connectivity as well as high speed. Along with speed and always-on are additional parameters such as bandwidth symmetry and addressability that are important components of a definition of broadband. Each of these is considered in the sections that follow.

Speed

The speed or bandwidth of a service--the rate at which one can transfer data to and/or from the home--is a function of multiple factors. Because the effective bandwidth reflects the capacity of the end-to-end connection between sender and receiver, the speed seen by a user can be constrained at any one of a number of points between the user's computer and the computer providing a particular service. However, speeds within the core network have been rising, at least in the United States and other developed nations, and the capacity of the network link between the user and the broadband provider's network is one of the crucial factors that determines how the broadband service can be used. The better-than-dial-up criterion for broadband assures that a service is at least a little better than what was available before, but it does not address the question of whether the service is good enough. And while a 2- or 5-Mbps threshold would seem ample for most applications envisioned today, it might, on the one hand, prove inadequate in the

future, or, on the other, raise questions about whether its costs today would exceed what customers are willing to pay for today. Later, this chapter explores several approaches to answering the fundamental question, How fast is fast enough?

As indicated earlier, the effective speed for interacting with an Internet host is not merely a function of the performance of the broadband local access link--it depends on the entire path between the host and the user, and also on the loading on the host computer. As a result, depending on the circumstances, improvements in the performance of one link does not necessarily improve overall performance--it may only shift the bottleneck. Network infrastructure such as caching and content hosting within the local ISP access networks also has a substantial effect on perceived performance to the end user and loading on the connections to the core Internet.
Always-On :

In addition to higher bandwidth, a broadband connection also generally provides an always-available connection to the Internet. One principal implication of always-on broadband service is that, for the first time, residential users have nearly instant access to Web or other Internet services on demand. Before the advent of broadband services, residential and many small business Internet users were confined to using a dial-up line to access the Internet. With dial-up, the user faces a noticeable delay--the sum of the time it takes to place a call between the user and ISP modems, the time it takes for the two modems to negotiate a connection, and the time it takes to log in (generally by authenticating the user via a password) to the ISP. The delay is increased if the user makes a habit of turning off the PC between sessions, since the time it takes the computer to boot up must also be added to the time it takes before a user can access the Internet. By eliminating the need to place a telephone call, broadband services greatly reduce the time required. While there is some delay associated with negotiating communications parameters when the customer's modem is powered up, these devices are designed to be left on all of the time, meaning that there is continuous connectivity between the modem and the network to which it is attached. Laptop computers have had power management features for some years; more recently this capability has been added to desktop computers. Power management capabilities make it possible to have computers

"sleep" (quickly switched to a low-power state) and then be reawakened whenever the user wishes to access Internet resources.

The term "always-on" might conjure up visions of some sort of compelled use in which computers or applications must be left running all of the time. Always-on does not imply this; it refers merely to a characteristic of broadband networks that enables network communications to be initiated at any time. Users remain free to close software programs or shut down computers as they wish. Of course, some applications and computer devices will be designed to work best when they are always connected, and many users may choose to keep some computers or applications in an always-connected state.
Connectivity Sharing and Home Networks

Another attribute that users sometimes associate with broadband access is that of a premises network. Dial-up access is generally done from a single machine. The speed of the dial-up connection is slow even for a single machine, so trying to share that bandwidth among multiple machines is not generally very desirable. Moreover, it is common for each PC to have an analog modem. Thus, users have generally arranged to timeshare the household phone lines sequentially among a number of machines in a home. A broadband connection, however, by virtue of its always-on nature and greater capacity, makes it reasonable to support multiple machines concurrently. Thus, broadband Internet access and use of home networks will increasingly be interrelated. The year 2000 represented something of a turning point for the massmarketing of these devices, seen in the increasing number of vendors offering products and in falling prices. In 2001, a number of products that integrate home networking technology have been announced. Gateways connect to DSL or cable modems and provide home networking via a variety of technologies--the range alone indicates progress in standards-setting and growing technology maturity in this arena. Vendors also are integrating these functions into the modems themselves, aided by the minimal cost of adding home networking functionality to the silicon that implements the modem. Such integration extends to computers and Internet appliances as

well, with these devices incorporating one or more home networking technologies. These trends work toward making broadband installation a simpler process for the consumer, eliminating the need for additional wiring, and lessening the need for visits by installers. Finally, even for a single computer on a broadband connection, users often have an expectation of being able to multiplex among a number of applications. Dial-up access, in contrast, often constrains a user to be doing one thing at a time with the system. This may be because it is simply too slow to have multiple activities sharing the connection, or it may even be because the resulting effective slowdown of the connection simply renders one of the applications unusable. For example, listening to Internet audio while also downloading files is likely to make the audio drop out over a dial-up connection, whereas simultaneously listening to Internet radio, downloading files, and surfing the Web is quite feasible over a high-speed connection.
How broadband internet works :-

Broadband internet requires either a broadband modem, or broadband router to connect your network to the internet. A broadband modem is a device which can be connected to a single system. A broadband router connects directly into your local network, and enables sharing of the internet connection to each system on your network.

Benefits of a broadband internet

Low cost :- avoid the costs of multiple dial-up lines, share the connection with multiple users Speed :- download web pages and email at high speeds, make better use of your employees' time Security :- implementing a hardware firewall on the broadband router stops unwanted intruders from entering your network

ADSL ASIC ATM BLEC CDMA CDPD CLEC DARPA DBS DLC DLEC DMT DSL DSP GEOS HDSL IEEE IETF IP ISDN ISP ITU LAN LEC LEOS MAC MDUs MIMO MMDS MSO NII NSF NSP PEG PON POTS

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Application Specific Integrated Circuit Asynchronous Transfer Mode Building-focused Local Exchange Carriers Code-Division Multiple Access Cellular Digital Packet Data Competitive Local Exchange Carrier Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Direct Broadcast Satellite Digital Loop Carrier Data Local Exchange Carrier Discrete Multitone Transmission Digital Subscriber Line Digital Signal Processor Geo-Synchronous Orbit Satellites High-speed Digital Subscriber Line Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Protocol Integrated Services Digital Network Internet Service Provider International Telecommunication Union Local Area Network Local Exchange Carrier Low Earth Orbit Satellites Medium Access Control Multi-Dwelling Units Multiple In, Multiple Out Multipoint Multichannel Distribution Service Multiple System Operator National Information Infrastructure National Science Foundation Native Signal Processor Public, Educational, and Government Passive Optical Network Plain Old Telephone Service

PPP PSD QAM

Point-to-Point Protocol Power Spectral Density Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

RF RLP SDSL SONET TDM TDMA UDP USB VADSL VDSL VLSI VoDSL VoIP VPN W3C WAN WDM WLAN WLL

Radio Frequency Radio Link Protocol Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line Synchronous Optical Network Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiple Access User Datagram Protocol Universal Serial Bus Very-high data rate Asymmetric DSL Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line Very Large Scale Integrated circuit Voice Over DSL Voice over Internet Protocol Virtual Private Network World Wide Web Consortium Wide Area Network Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Local Loop

What is a splitter?

Everybody uses splitters on their telephone lines. If you want to connect up more than one telephone into the same socket, the

chances are you're using a splitter. When you're connected via ADSL, you need a special type of splitter which contains a micro-filter.
Why do we need a micro-filter?

There are two reasons why they're required. The first is to stop the ADSL signal interfering with the voice part of your phone line - this sounds a bit like 'fast clicks' when it happens. The second reason is to ensure that the ADSL line is terminated correctly. Without becoming too technical, an unmatched termination can cause reflections back down the line. This is a bad thing and can cause errors on your ADSL connection. Don't worry if you don't understand because it's not all that important to the end user. There are many splitters on the market and they come in different shapes and sizes. In most, if not all cases, the letters "ADSL" are printed somewhere on the device. A couple of examples including the original BT faceplate (centre) are shown in the picture below.

DSLAM

PVC1 PVC2 PVC3 PVC4

= = = =

Home500 USB users connected at 50:1 Business500 Ethernet users connected at 20:1 Business1Mb Ethernet users connected at 20:1 Business2Mb Ethernet users connected at 20:1

Notes: The Permanent Virtual Connections (PVC's) are where BT intends that contention should take place. They have a minimum size of 10Mbps and carry a mix of traffic to/from 3 ISPs. i.e. - each PVC would be used by a maximum of 3 ISPs for users on the same service - Home 500 for instance. All PVC's are connected to BT's ATM Network.

Ping - Input: IP address or host name.

:-

Sends signals (packets) to another computer on the Internet to see if they send a return or an 'echo.' If all the signals 'timeout' the computer may be disconnected from the Internet or at least unreachable from the Consumer.net server. This feature only checks a computer connected to the Internet, it cannot verify the validity of an e-mail address. It also cannot check a specific web page, but you can

check the main server to see if it is connected (www.consumer.net is valid but www.consumer.net/sitemap.htm is not).

Key Objectives:-

To provide high speed Internet connectivity (upto 8 Mbps) To provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to the broadband customers To provide multicast video services, video-on-demand, etc. through the Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS). To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to select the services through web server To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services

Technical Capability of the Backbone:-

The Broadband Service will be given through the state of the art Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) based IP Infrastructure, which is designed to provide reliable routes to cover all possible destinations within and outside the country. Layer 1 of the network will consist of a high speed Backbone comprising of 24 powerful Core Routers connected with high speed 2.5 Gbps(STM-16) links. The routers are located on the national DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 optical level to provide for high transmission speeds.

Advantage of MPLS over other Technologies:-

MPLS VPN is a technology that allows a service provider like BSNL to have complete control over parameters that are critical to offering its customers service guarantees with regard to bandwidth throughputs, latencies and availability.
Services available through Broadband:-

This is the always-on Internet access service with speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps. Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video Conferencing session.
High speed Internet Access:

Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services for application in distance education, telemedicine etc Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private network securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.

Video and Audio Conferencing: Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live And time shifted TV.

System requirements:Operating system Web browser, such as internet explorer

Web browser type Web browser setting Ethernet port

Microsoft internet explorer5.0 or Netscape navigator 4.7 or above Enable java script NIC adapter Enable TCP/IP

Preferably pc should be near by to phone line termination, less than 2 meters distance.

What the customer needs in order to be able to use Broadband?

BSNL's Bfone (Basic phone) connection Personal Computer with 10/100 Ethernet Port ADSL CPE (Customer Premise Equipment). This can be taken from BSNL at nominal rental per month
DSL Works

How

When you connect to the Internet, you might connect through a regular modem, through a local-area network connection in your office, through a cable modem or through a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection. DSL is a very high-speed connection that uses the same wires as a regular telephone line.

Advantages of DSL

1. You can leave your Internet connection open and still use the phone line for voice calls. 2. The speed is much higher than a regular modem (1.5 Mbps vs. 56 Kbps) 3. DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it can use the phone line you already have. 4. The company that offers DSL will usually provide the modem as part of the installation.

Disadvantages of DSL

1. A DSL connection works better when you are closer to the provider's central office. 2. The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data over the Internet. 3. The service is not available everywhere.

Asymetrical DSL

1. Most homes and small business users are connected to an asymmetric DSL (ADSL) line. ADSL divides up the available frequencies in a line on the assumption that most Internet users look at, or download, much more information than they

2. send, or upload. Under this assumption, if the connection speed from the Internet to the user is three to four times

3. faster than the connection from the user back to the Internet, then the user will see the most benefit (most of the time).

4. Other types of DSL include:

5. Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) - This is a fast connection, but works only over a short distance.

6. Symmetric DSL (SDSL) - This connection, used mainly by small businesses, doesn't allow you to use the phone at the same time, but the speed of receiving and sending data is the same.

7. Rate-adaptive DSL (RADSL) - This is a variation of ADSL, but the modem can adjust the speed of the connection depending on the length and quality of the line.

DSL Equipment: Transceiver

Most residential customers call their DSL transceiver a "DSL modem." The engineers at the telephone company or ISP call it an ATU-R. Regardless of what it's called, it's the point where data from the user's computer or network is connected to the DSL line.

The transceiver can connect to a customer's equipment in several ways, though most residential installation uses USB or 10 base-T Ethernet connections. While most of the ADSL transceivers sold by ISPs and telephone companies are simply transceivers, the devices used by businesses may combine network routers, network switches or other networking equipment in the same platform

ADSL modem:-

ADSL stands for Asynchronous digital subscriber line. Asynchronous means the download speed is high than upload speed Generally download speed is 4 times higher than upload speed. In 256kbps connection download speed is 256 kbps and upload speed is 64 kbps.

Upload & Download limit:-

Anything which is coming to computer through modem s download. Anything which is going out of computer is upload. Browsing the site involves upload as well as download.

Installation procedure:-

Configuring TCP/IP properties on your Pc. Configure the modem and feed the use name & password. Check the internet connectivity. The ADSL modem provided by BSNL is pre-configured with login id and password of your broadband internet connection. You have to only connect the ADSL modem to telephone lines as well as to your PC. After you power on the ADSL modem, The ADSL modem takes around one minute to synchronize. The led indication ADSL Link and LAN Link should stop blinking and be stable. Configure IP address on your PC: Go to the TCP/IP properties of LAN NETWORK connection in your PC and configure the IP address as

192.168.1.xx (say 25) and gateway as 192.168.1.1 and enter the DNS server IP addresses as 61.1.96.69 (primary DNS) and 61.1.96.71(secondary DNS).

Change the login ID password:-

Open the browser and log on to http://10.241.43.216 and select the option for changing the password. Now you need to change the password in your ADSL modem also and for that log on to http://192.168.1.1 .

Type the username admin and password admin in login window. You will see the ADSL modem configuration page.

Select & click on Home->WAN setting on left panel and scroll the page to see the username and password fields. Modify the password field with the new password and click the Apply button. On left panel select Tools->system settings. Click on save & restart. Now ADSL will reboot, wait till LEDs become stable and start browsing.

Troubleshooting

Internet not working. Check the phone line. If phone line is dead then get the line corrected. If Phone is working fine checks for error no.

Different

errors:

Error 678: if phone is working fine check for ADSL link on the modem. If link is ok the check that LAN card is properly installed or the DSLAM of the site is down.

Error 691: user name password is incorrect. Either wrong typing of password or username. Or account is disabled due to non payment.

Error 719: LAN card is disabled. Go to control panel, network then to properties. Enable the LAN card.

In this section we learnt how mobile communication takes place. There are two ways by which mobile communication takes place, GSM CDMA The basic transmission procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Station TRANSCEIVER MSC: Mobile Switching Center HLR: Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location Register AUC: Authentication Center EIR: Equipment Identity Register SC: Short Message Center OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center

E-10B (ELECTRONICS - 10 BINARY)

Here we came to know about function of:-OMC: -- Operation maintenance centre. OC:--Monitoring unit. ETA:--Frequency sender and receiver. URM:--Multiplex connection unit.(5 unit) CSE:--Subscriber connection unit. DSF:--Stand by charge unit.

MR:--Multiresistor (5 unit) MQ:--Marker (2 unit) TR:--Translator (2 unit) TX:--Tax (charging unit) (2 unit) RLM:--Remote lining unit. COM:--Switching module. CX: -- Switching unit.

TAX (Trunk auto exchange)

This section deals when a caller picks up the receiver, gets the dial tone and how the call is made and processed.

Transmission
The call is transmitted from telephone to:

Caller / D.P / Pillar / MDF / Exchange / Tax / Exchange / MDF \ Pillar \ D.P \

Receiver

There are two types of media: Guided Media (OFC) Un-Guided Media.

BROADBAND
A trend of changes in telecommunication technology is very fast. The need of hour is large bandwidth and its optimum utilization at reasonable cost. Any data access rate more than 2Mbps is considered as broadband access. As per the recent broadband policy of govt. of India, access rate over 256kbps will come under category of broadband access. Equipment's required in customer premises are Filter:-The filter separates out the signal for telephone. (Called as Splitter) Modem:-The modem directs the signal to PC and TV. Set Top Box (STB)-The STB converts the digital IP based signal to a form compatible with the TV set. PC and TV

What is DSL?
A high speed digital communication line Has several advantages over other high speed communication solutions. DSL runs on existing copper DSL helps carriers reduce congestion on their voice-switching systems Very high speed.

Data Card

There are two type of data card: 1. IX data card (speed -144kbps (max)) 2. E-VDO data card (speed - 2Mbps)

OCB EXCHANGE SYSTEM SALIENT FEATURES

OCB stands for organ control bhersion. Digital switching system developed by CIT ALCATEL of France. OMC & S/N duplicated. Varieties of service provided are: basic telephony, ISDN, Mobile, Videotext etc. Supports different types of signaling system. Max. no. of junctions may be 60000 and 35 types of cards can be used. Less space requirement. Automatic fault recovery and remote monitoring. Environmental requirement is not very stringent.

MAJOR UNITS OF OCB SYSTEM

Subscriber Connection Unit (CSN)
A CSN basically consists of 1 basic rack and 3 extension racks capacity of CSN is 5000.Subs may be analog and digital.

TRUNK & JUNCTION CONNECTION UNIT (SMT)

It is the interface between switching network and junctions from other exchanges (or remote connection unit).

SWITCHING MATRIX
The Switching matrix is a single stage t made up of host switching matrix and branch selection & amplification function, SMX is duplicated.

AUXILLIARY (SMA)

EQUIPMENT

CONTROL

STATION

It consists of frequency receiver/generator conference call CCTS, tone generators etc,

CONTROL UNIT (SMC)

The six control units are as under: Multi register (MR) for connecting and disconnecting calls. Translator (TR) for storing exchange database. Charging unit (TX) for carrying out charging jobs. Marker (MQ) for performing connection & disconnection of subscribers. Ccs-7 controller (PC) for carrying out routing & traffic management functions. Matrix system handler (GX) for monitoring connection in S/N.

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE UNIT (SMM)

It is OMC for supervising functions of different units and for taking suitable actions at the event of faults. Magnetic disks each of capability 1.2 GB for various stages. In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to house inside plant equipment including telephone switches, which make phone calls "work" in the sense of making connections and relaying the speech information

MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site base stations fitted with microwave antennas. These sites are usually mounted on a tower, pole or building, located throughout populated areas, then connected to a cabled communication network and switching system. The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice and data to the nearest cell sites, normally not more than 8 to 13 km (approximately 5 to 8 miles) away. When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the mobile telephone exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can then be alerted by the mobile switch when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset constantly listens for the strongest signal being received from the surrounding base stations, and is able to switch seamlessly between sites. As the user moves around the network, the "handoffs" are performed to allow the device to switch sites without interrupting the call. Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio transmitters which broadcast their presence and relay communications between the mobile handsets and the switch. The switch in turn connects the call to another subscriber of the same wireless service provider or to the public telephone network, which includes the networks of other wireless carriers. Many of these sites are camouflaged to blend with existing environments, particularly in scenic areas. The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital data that includes digitized audio (except for the first generation analog networks). The technology that achieves this depends on the system which the mobile phone operator has adopted. The technologies are grouped by generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979 with Japan, are all analog and include AMPS and NMT. Second-generation systems, started in 1991 in Finland, are all digital and include GSM, CDMA and TDMA. The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to 'cloning': anytime a cell phone moves out of coverage (for example, in a road tunnel), when the signal is reestablished, the phone sends out a 're-connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying itself and signaling that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's possible to intercept the re-connect signal and encode the data it contains into a 'blank' phone -- in all respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate of the real phone and any calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the original account. Third-generation (3G) networks, which are still being deployed, began in 2001. They are all digital, and offer high-speed data access in addition to voice services and include WCDMA (known also as UMTS), and CDMA2000 EV-DO. China will launch a third generation technology on the TD-SCDMA standard. Operators use a mix of predesignated frequency bands determined by the network requirements and local regulations. In an effort to limit the potential harm from having a transmitter close to the user's body, the first fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate transmitter, vehicle-mounted antenna, and handset (known as car phones and bag phones) were limited to a maximum

3 watts Effective Radiated Power. Modern handheld cell phones which must have the transmission antenna held inches from the user's skull are limited to a maximum transmission power of 0.6 watts ERP. Regardless of the potential biological effects, the reduced transmission range of modern handheld phones limits their usefulness in rural locations as compared to car/bag phones, and handhelds require that cell towers be spaced much closer together to compensate for their lack of transmission power. Some handhelds include an optional auxiliary antenna port on the back of the phone, which allows it to be connected to a large external antenna and a 3 watt cellular booster. Alternately in fringe-reception areas, a cellular repeater may be used, which uses a long distance high-gain dish antenna or yagi antenna to communicate with a cell tower far outside of normal range, and a repeater to rebroadcast on a small short-range local antenna that allows any cell phone within a few meters to function properly.

GSM
Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Groupe Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data communication was easy to build into the system. The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the many vendors implementing GSM). GSM also pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier, alternative to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for international travellers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number. Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data capabilities, by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated. The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries, notably Scandinavia, where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems. GSM-900 uses 890915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) and 935960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880915 MHz (uplink) and 925960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original GSM-900 band. Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 5.6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bit rates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal. GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the development of UMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called AMR-Narrowband, which is high quality and robust against interference when used on full rate channels, and less robust but still relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channels. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet

connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometers. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometers (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance. Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors, for example in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from nearby cells. The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference).

Network structure
The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large and complicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It is divided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separate articles.

The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS

The structure of a GSM network.

Subscriber Identity Module

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries. Many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done because the price of the mobile phone is typically subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, and operators want to try to avoid subsidizing competitor's mobiles. The locking applies to the handset, identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not to the account (which is identified by the SIM card). In some countries such as India, all phones are sold unlocked.

GSM security
GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The

development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user whereas GSM only authenticated the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-theair voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time with a cipher text-only attack, and in February 2008, Pico Computing, Inc revealed its ability and plans to commercialize FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack. The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one.

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is the equipment which facilitates the wireless communication between user equipments (UE) and the network. UEs are devices like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless internet connectivity, WiFi and WiMAX gadgets etc. The network can be that of any of the wireless communication technologies like GSM, CDMA, WLL , WAN, WiFi, WiMAX etc. BTS is also referred to as RBS (Radio Base Station), Node B (in 3G Networks) or simply BS (Base Station). Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless communication standards, it is generally and commonly associated with mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA. In this regard, a BTS forms part of the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) developments for system management. It may also have equipments for encrypting and decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass filters) etc. Antennas may also be considered as components of BTS in general sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically a BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by a parent Base Station Controller via the Base station Control Function (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF provides an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) connection to the Network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection. The basic structure and functions of the BTS remains the same regardless of the wireless technologies.

BROADBAND

Broadband in telecommunications refers to a signaling method that includes or handles a relatively wide range of frequencies, which may be divided into channels or frequency bins. Broadband is always a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider the bandwidth, the greater the information-carrying capacity. In radio, for example, a very narrow-band signal will carry Morse code; a broader band will carry speech; a still broader band is required to carry music without losing the high audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction. A television antenna described as "normal" may be capable of receiving a certain range of channels; one described as "broadband" will receive more channels. In data communications a modem will transmit a bandwidth of 56 kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone line; over the same telephone line a bandwidth of several megabits per second can be handled by ADSL, which is described as broadband (relative to a modem over a telephone line, although much less than can be achieved over a fiber optic circuit, for example). In data communications Broadband in data communications can refer to broadband networks or broadband Internet and may have the same meaning as above, so that data transmission over a fiber optic cable would be referred to as broadband as compared to a telephone modem operating at 56,000 bits per second. However, broadband in data communications is frequently used in a more technical sense to refer to data transmission where multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the effective rate of transmission, regardless of actual data rate. In network engineering this term is used for methods where two or more signals share a medium. In video Broadband in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as cable television, where the individual channels are modulated on carriers at fixed frequencies. In this context, baseband is the term's antonym, referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in composite form with an audio subcarrier. The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. However, broadband video in the context of streaming Internet video has come to mean video files that have bitrates high enough to require broadband Internet access in order to view them. Broadband video is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on demand. In DSL The various forms of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over a high-bandwidth channel above the baseband voice channel on a single pair of wires.

In Ethernet A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth, as in 100BASE-T Ethernet. Ethernet, however, is the common interface to broadband modems such as DSL data links, and has a high data rate itself, so is sometimes referred to as broadband. Ethernet provisioned over cable modem is a common alternative to DSL

BSNL is in the process of commissioning of a world class, multi-gigabit, multi-protocol, convergent IP infrastructure through National Internet Backbone-II (NIB-II), that will provide convergent services through the same backbone and broadband access network. The Broadband service will be available on DSL technology (on the same copper cable that is used for connecting telephone), on a countrywide basis spanning 198 cities. In terms of infrastructure for broadband services NIB-II would put India at par with more advanced nations. The services that would be supported includes always-on broadband access to the Internet for residential and business customers, Content based services, Video multicasting, Video-on-demand and Interactive gaming, Audio and Video conferencing, IP Telephony, Distance learning, Messaging: plain and feature rich, Multisite MPLS VPNs with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. The subscribe will be able to access the above services through Subscriber Service Selection System (SSSS)portal.

OBJECTIVES

To provide high speed Internet connectivity (upto 8 Mbps) To provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to the broadband customers To provide dial VPN service to MPLS VPN customers. To provide multicast video services, video-on-demand, etc. through the Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS). To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to select the services through web server To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services.

TECHNICAL CAPABILITY
The Broadband Service will be given through the state of the art Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) based IP Infrastructure, which is designed to provide reliable routes to cover all possible destinations within and outside the country. Layer 1 of the

network will consist of a high speed Backbone comprising of 24 powerful Core Routers connected with high speed 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) links. The routers are located on the national DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 optical level to provide for high transmission speeds.

Advantage of MPLS over other Technologies

MPLS VPN is a technology that allows a service provider like BSNL to have complete control over parameters that are critical to offering its customers service guarantees with regard to bandwidth throughputs, latencies and availability.

Services available through Broadband

High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps. Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video Conferencing session. Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services for application in distance education, telemedicine etc Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private network securely over the NIB-II infrastructure. Video and Audio Conferencing: Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and time shifted TV