P neumatics

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS RESEARCH CATALOGUE STUDIO 703

CONTRIBUTORS ARCH 3501 - ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIO 4

Leo Spurgin & Chelsea Serrano-Piche COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY - FALL 2008
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1.0

1.1 1.2 1.3

Pneumatics Tensairity Tensairity Con.
 1 1.1
Pontiac Silverdome

Some commonly used fabrics used in pneumatic membranes

are polyvinal chloride coated (PVC) polyester fibres, Polytet-
rafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon) coated fiber glass, or silicon
coated fiber glass. These membranes are translucent but by no
means transparent. On the other hand, Ethylene tetrafluoroeth-
ylene (ETFE or Tefzel) foils, nowadays commonly used as
air cushions for facades and roofs in architecture, have a very
high transparency.

Pneumatics Air as a structural element has many uses both architectural

and otherwise. Pascal’s Law is what makes pneumatic struc-
Pros of Pneumatic Systems:
“Structural Air” tures possible. It states that air is considered the fluid which, - Membrane can be translucent, transparent, solid for shading
when put under pressure in a confined area, will instantly apply purposes, UV resistant, non-flammable
equal pressure at all points of contact. As air is pressurized - Membrance can have acoustic to optimize interior space
within pneumatic architecture, the membrane equally expands. - Membranes are foldable, recyclable, temporary, prefabricated,
Of or pertaining to air, gases, Cables are often installed to hold down the membrane, rather cost effiecient, resistant to extreme temperatures, and fairly
or wind. than support it. The cables are typically made of steel because sturdy. (www.Intents.be)
of cost, availability, and life span. A compression ring is needed
to hold down and stabilize these cables in pneumatic systems
used as roofs often spanning sports arenas. The two basic
Cons of Pneumatic Systems:
types of air supported structures are high profile and low profile
- Unintentional deflating and cost for this kind of repair is one of
designs, which refer to the height relative to the span. Low pro-
the few risks or problems with this sort of structure.
file designs are used to span large distances while high profile
designs incorporate air in more than just the roof structure.
The type of air used in low profile designs is just that, air. It is
moved with fans and air ducts from the outside and circulated
continuously. The same goes for high profile designs although Geometric shapes are preferred for pneumatic roofs. Below are
compressors work much harder to bring the air in and keep some common shapes. Cable patterns are visible as well.
the pressure equalized. Using gases instead of air would be
costly and inefficient. Helium, for example, would not be ideal
for these membranes because their molecules are smaller than
those of common air making slow “leaks” constant.
 1.2

“Tension and compression are physically separated into

cables and struts causing the struts to appear as free float-
ing. Under load, the tension in the cables increases. This force
is transferred to the compression element which becomes
prone to buckling. However, due to the firm connection of the
compression element with the airbeam membrane, buckling
is prevented. As in the theory of beams on elastic foundation,
the compression element is stabilized against buckling by the
compressed air. Therefore, the compression element can be
Tensairity loaded to the material yield limit. The major property of Tensair- A test with done with an automobile supported by two identi-
cal parralell tensairity beams each with a diamter of 50cm.
Tension+Air+Integrity ity is that the air pressure is solely given by the external load
and is independent of the span and slenderness of the beam. This bridge was able to support 3.5 tons of weight without
The load bearing capacity of Tensairity is, by orders of magni- buckling. Each beam weighs only 88 pounds whereas a steel
Designer: Mauro Pedretti
tudes higher than for the traditional air beam.” (www.airlight.com) beam designed to support a similar load weighs upwards of
Fabricator: Airlight
800 pounds. A normal airbeam can only be pressurized to 15

bar whereas a Tensairity beam can be pressurized to 400mbar
(1000 times more pressue) because of its other elements.
Flying Roof - Bellinzona, Switzerland

Above is a net based on helical cables wrapped around an

transparent inflated membrane. Such a net works like a scissor
mechanism. The air pressure squeezes the foil due to the elas-
ticity into the meshes of the net reducing the curvature of the
foil and thus the tension considerably compared to a structure
without a cable net. For a cylinder, it can adapt forms between
a very thin and long tube to a very short and thick tube.
 1 1.3
Leamouth Footbridge London, UK
Lanselevillard, France Skier Bridge -Charpente Concept

Tensairity Tensairity beam technology can can incorporated into a design

in other ways other than just straight horizontal beams. Tensair-
There are various footbridges that have been built or proposed
that take advantage of this Tensairity technology. The Tensairity
Tension+Air+Integrity
ity trusses can be implemented permanently such as with the element keeps the bridge from buckling in the center which al-
Lanselevillard Skier bridge in France. The bridge connects two lows the bridge to only need structual elements under the ends
Designer: Mauro Pedretti
small ski resort towns in the mountains of France. In addition of the bridge. The cables in these bridges are just to hold the
Fabricator: Airlight
to supporting the dead load of the wooden bridge itself, the bridge and the Tensairity element together tightly.

Tensairity truss supports the live load of snow and any skiiers
crossing the bridge during the main vacation seasons.
Sécheron-Nations Footbridge Geneva, Switzerland

Steel Equivalents Tensairity Shapes

- heavy weight - light weight - lighting
- heavy loads - heavy loads - adaptable
- expensive transport costs - low pressure
- setup requires many tools - small transport
- permanent volume
- poor thermal barrier - fast setup
- very strong - temporary
- transparency
1 2.0

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

Metrodome TTU Practice Field Tubaloon Airtecture Hall
 1 2.1

Hubert H. The Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Michi-

gan was desgined by Skidmore, Owings, & Merril (SOM) The
Humphrey Metrodome’s roof structure is made of curved, double layered,
Metrodome teflon-coated fiberglass panels fastened to a skewed net of
Architect: SOM cables which span the dome. Weighing about 1.5 pounds per
square foot, the roof is kept inflated by twenty 90-horsepower
fans. It requires 250,000 ft³/min (120 m³/s) of air to keep it
inflated. To keep the interior pressurized, every entrance uses
revolving doors. The double-walled construction allows warmed
air to circulate beneath the top of the dome, melting accumu-
lated snow. The Stadium has a central contol room for the
single purpose of monitoring the air pressure and maintaining
the roof. Three times in the stadium’s history, severe weather
has caused a collapse or deflation of the roof. Severe thunder-
storms with extreme varying pressures have caused the roof
to deflate in the past along with a very rapid accumulation of
snow. The Pontiac Silverdome uses a very similar pneumatic
system to support its roof. and the descision to use a pneumat-
ic roof was based on finicial figures taken from the construction
of the Silverdome.
 1 2.2

The cables on the roof are covered with a protective fabric and
when neceassry are held together where they cross with metal
clamps (top left). To drain rainwater off of the roof there are
drains in the small brick wall that hides the compression ring
that the cables are attached to at the base of the roof mem-
brane (top right). There are also larger drains that lead off of
the small brick wall that are hidden by brick turning them into
asthetic elements (far right).

Texas Tech The Texas Tech practice field uses a very similar structural sys-
Practice Field tem as many larger pneumatic structures. The roof is air sup-
ported and the field itself is below grade making the low profile
Lubbock, Texas pneumatic roof appear to be a high profile pneumatic structure.
Revolving doors are used at grade to enter the building (right).
The larger loading bay doors are sealed off from the main field
so they can be opened for extended periods without deflating
the roof.
 1 2.3
rial by using low pressure air to prevent compression elements
from buckling”. A Tensairity beam consists of a cylindrical
membrane filled with pressurized air, a compression element
tighly connected to the airbeam, and two cables running in a
helical form around the airbeam. (greenlineblog.com)
The structure of the Tubaloon was desgined by Tensairity’s
creator’s son Andrea Pedretti. He and one of SNØHETTA AS
architects, Teas, adapted the traditional Tensairity beam, but
instead of using helical cables he used galvanized-steel arma-
tures. This meathod uses Tensairity beams composed of seg-
ments with brackets, which the air tub es nestle into. Instead
of a by-the-book application of Tensairity, Tubaloon represents
“an inflatable, tension-membrane structure in which most of the
supporting structure is internalized,” Teas explains. The frame
mounts to two poured-concrete foundation pads, with four
additional connection points for cables and a compressor that
maintains air pressure. (archrecord.construction.com)

The Tubaloon
Architect:SNØHETTA AS

Location:Kongsberg, Norway
Typology:Performance Shelter
Client:Kongsberg Jazz Festival
Completed: June 2006

The “Tubaloon” is a large fabric cochlear shaped band stand

designed for Norway’s Kongsberg Jazz Festival. The program
called for a design that could be erected rapidly and that was
tough enough to be taken down and redeployed elsewhere.
The Tubaloon also posses accoustic qualities inherent in its de-
sign that keep small, quite performances intimate with its clam-
shell cantilever side while the PVC coated fabric has almost no
effect on amplified performances. However the horn-like shape
on the back of the Tubaloon amplifies louder performances
across the townscape. The combination of pneumatics with
a tension membrane gives the Tubaloon a unique shape and
appearance because of its internal structure. The steel skeleton
that helps give the Tubaloon its shape is dependent on both the
pneumatics and the membrane for support similar to the way
the skin and tendons of the human body work to keep the skel-
eton correctly positioned. The structure of the Tubaloon con-
sists of cables, rods, and fabric that create a volume using an
innovative structural technique called Tensairity. The technique
was developed by a Swiss engineer named Mauro Pedretti and
is used to create large-span beams that “minimize strut mate-
 1 2.4

Airtecture This temporary exhibition hall is one of the first pneumatic

structures with a cubic interior and a structural system primar-
Exhibition Hall ily supported by air inflated elements. The hall consists of
approximately 330 individual air-inflated structural elements
Architect: Festo
such as transparent window cushions made of Hostaflon ET,
40 Y-shaped columns, roof beams with translucent, intermedi-
ate membranes and pneumatic tension elements. A computer
system controls the pressure in these diffrent elements and
actively changes based on dynamic environmental conditions
such as precipitation or strong winds. The structure is consid-
ered to be lightweight and can be moved quite easily because
most of the elements can be folded up when deflated.At each
side of the expedition hall are two L-shaped pieces that come
together to make the entrances. Above each “doorway” are
vents to let air in and out of the hall. Each Y-shaped support
on the exterior is held in place by three cables on each side
untimately connected to the “foundation” of the system.
1 3.0

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Study Bouncehouses Seals Seams
 1 3.1 Air Flow
Pneumatic Roof Structures using a large pneumatic roof span require the
Study Model spanned space to be constantly pressurized. Although this
pressure can be felt when it is let out of the space, it is not to
Based on Metrodome and large of an amount to be maintained by small compressors and
Practice Field fans. For scaled down versions of pneumatc structure like our
study models a regular air mattress pump provides the plenty
of air pressure. This pump is used in the same way as a larger
version in the way it provides a constant stream of pressure.
Above is a study model of a pneumatic roof span. The
membrane is relatively thin clear vinyl cut to the shape of the
base. The base is a geometric shape as suggested in our
research. String was used in place of the cables that would
normally span the roof in order to hold the membrane down
and keep it from breaking free from the compression ring. In
this model duct tape along the bottom of the base acts as the
compression ring.
In order to push and keep air inside the structure, a hole was
left in one of the corners of the membrane. This hole was made
to seal around the air pump. We discovered that the air pump
put out so much air that as long as the air flow was pointed at
the hole, no seal was required unless the roof was loaded. The
combination of the duct tape (compression ring) and the string
(steel cables) kept the membrane sealed against the base
allowing it to hold pressure.
Weight tests were undertaken to see how much live load the
roof could hold. These tests are representative of the live loads
of snow and ice that can cause a collapse in pneumatic roof
structures. Various loads were added and were all held up by
the roof. If scaled these loads would be more than would ever
be put on a real roof span. This model served its purpose in
that it educated us on the potential of air pressure and showed
us that air tight seals are not completely necessary.
 1 3.2

Seam Reseach We began to look at how air tight seals were made on high
profile structures that did not involve compression rings or
Bouncehouses cables. On the Texas Tech University campus there were mul-
tiple inflatable bounce houses setup for an advertising event.
These structures showed us an example of how seals could
be made between various pieces of membrane. There are two
kinds of seals: hidden inside seals and visible exterior seals.
Both of these seals are done by stiching the edges together.
The interior seals are stiched then turned inside out in order to
hide the edges of membrane. The exterior seals must be visible
however because it is difficult to stich inside of a closed object.
The fan used to inflate these structures seems relatively small
compared to the size of the structures. Also we noticed that the
seals are not completely airtight in every instance. There is a
small amount of air that is always escaping from somewhere
but it is a negligible amount and does not cause the structure to
deflate.
 1 3.3

Air Tight Seam Our initial attempt at sealing membrane together was done us- To inflate these heat sealed elements a small hole was left
Studies ing heat. Using heat to melt the edges together seemed like the
most effective way to get a completely air tight seal. To melt the
along one edge and a straw was placed inside this hole.

Heat vinyl membrane a hair straightener was used on medium heat.

Inside
Seam

Outside
Seam

The intention of this process is to heat up the two pieces of vi-
nyl enough for the two edges to bind together. The best method
to do this was to apply the heat for just one or two seconds. If
the heat is left on the vinyl for much longer the plastic would
melt so much that it would become to thin to have any strength
left.
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 1 3.3
Seam Test Hicaelic astarta tiamdi priont. Musper alis. Eperra? interae diu-
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optiquis. Habus it facie firimus atilis egervid cureortua tre dem
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conox ne querferibem inc facies vis. Acta, quam ocrum mus fue
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saticaet viliem us. mentiam probutebatum habus, crum. Seredi-
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conox ne querferibem inc facies vis. Acta, quam ocrum mus fue
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1 4.0

4.1 4.2 4.3

Bowers Project Materials Method
 1 4.1
Materials
Research
Bowers Airplane Project
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 1 4.2

Materials Study
Membrane Materials
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saticaet viliem us. mentiam probutebatum habus, crum. Seredi-
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optiquis. Habus it facie firimus atilis egervid cureortua tre dem
medient ervivignocae autem esenaribus, senditri, coentiam
pubissa inte firi por quit. Habit vivis, qua primili capere, etod reo
conox ne querferibem inc facies vis. Acta, quam ocrum mus fue
hi, cuppliust nonclartum hactem nu quis laritemnes es murn
Hicaelic astarta tiamdi priont. Musper alis. Eperra? interae diu-
saticaet viliem us. mentiam probutebatum habus, crum. Seredi-
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optiquis. Habus it facie firimus atilis egervid cureortua tre dem
medient ervivignocae autem esenaribus, senditri, coentiam
pubissa inte firi por quit. Habit vivis, qua primili capere, etod reo
conox ne querferibem inc facies vis. Acta, quam ocrum mus fue
hi, cuppliust nonclartum hactem nu quis laritemnes es murn

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saticaet viliem us. mentiam probutebatum habus, crum. Seredi-
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optiquis. Habus it facie firimus atilis egervid cureortua tre dem
medient ervivignocae autem esenaribus, senditri, coentiam
pubissa inte firi por quit. Habit vivis, qua primili capere, etod reo
conox ne querferibem inc facies vis. Acta, quam ocrum mus fue
hi, cuppliust nonclartum hactem nu quis laritemnes es murn
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saticaet viliem us. mentiam probutebatum habus, crum. Seredi-
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 1 4.3

Material Test Ratuerostis nonseni ametuerostie diam, commod ex el in hent

Silicone+Fiberglass
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1 5.0

5.1 5.2 5.3

Concept Design Calculation
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