15
46 tang ich higu qua trung binh chudn héa twong ty, bién HH” tré thanh ma tran dom vi, khi
46 dung lugng kénh ting tuyén tinh so véi m6t hé théng SISO Khi sé Iwgng céc anten thinh
phan tang. Phuong trinh (1.17) vi thé tr thanh:
C=N. tog. (1 +4) (1.18)
Day la dung Iugng kénh ly tuémg ciia m6t hg théng MIMO. Giéi han ny khéng bao
gid dat duge vi luén luén tén tai trong hé gitta cdc kénh va hé s6 twong quan gitta cdc anten
thanh phn luén khdc khong. Tuong hé cng cao gitta cdc anten thinh phan va tong quan
cang Ién giifa cde kénh din dén két qua ld Lim gidm higu qua cita hé théng MIMO. Trong.
mdi trung tim nhin thang (LOS), gia sir khi tat ca cdc kénh déu hoan toan tuong quan, higu
qua ciia anten MIMO s& khong con nia, Higu qua the su eva anten MIMO chi phit huy
trong méi truvng da duémg ching han nhu trong céc tng dung théng tin di dng. Trong méi
trudmg nhu viy, cdc ma tran H chita céc théng tin ctia méi tuong quan gitta céc kénh khéc
nhau do anten ciing niu do méi traémg truyén din. Vi vay, vige xée dinh ma tran kénh AP
rit quan trong vi né lign
cia mgt hé théng MIMO host dng trong mét mai tru’mg cu thé s
quan dén dung lugng kénh cia anten trong méi trréng 46, Nhiéu nghién iu da dua ra céc
phuong phap mé hinh héa kénh truyén khéc nhau d@ xde dinh ma tran Hf trong méi trrimg
da duéng, ching han nhu trong [107]
1.5, Cac ky thuat cai thién cach ly cho anten MIMO
‘Tuong hd gitta cée phan tir anten trong anten MIMO anh huréng dén higu sudt anten
béi vi mét phan cong sudt vao d3 khong duge bite xq ma bj tin hao do hap thy béi cde phin
tir lan eG, Hom nita, anh hiring tong hé gita cée phin ti Lam ting twong quan gitta ede dd
thi bite xa va vi vay lam gidm die tinh bite xa cua anten [82]. Mét s6 ky thudt 3 duge dé
xudt dé gidm anh huéng twong hé gitta cdc phin ttr hay cai thign cdch ly cla anten MIMO,
bao gdm (74, 82]:
(1). Thay 44i huéng d§t anten (Orientation).
(2). Sir dung mang cdch ly (Decouping Network),
(3). Str dyng phan tir ky sinh (Parasitic Element).
(4), Sir dung céu tric mat phing dé khéng hoan hao (DGS),
(5). Sir dung duéng trung tinh (Neutralization Line).
1.5.1, Huong dat anten
Hudng dat cée phn tir anten rit quan trong trong anten MIMO. Néu anten hoat dng
tan sé cao (trén 1 GHz) thi khi dit cdc phin tir anten xa nhau (vi dy dat 6 canh/géc thiét 16
bj) thurdmg sé cai thign hg sé cdch ly cia anten MIMO. Hon nita, hudng dat anten c6 thé tao
1a sy true giao phin eye va pha phiin bé dong dign do dé giip cai thign duge edch ly va gidm
‘hé sé tuong quan cua anten MIMO. Déi véi dai tin sé thap, huéng dat anten thudng khong.
da dé cai thign cach ly khi m§t phing dé tre thank mot phdn cua cdu trie bite xa va anh
huéng cia dong dign & mat dé sé trd nén nghiém trong hon. Vi vay, mot sé ky thuat khdc ¢6
thé duge sir dung nhu cau tric mat phang dé khong hoan hao hay dung trung tinh [82].
emg
'
“acy
(a) oe
Hink 1.12. (a) Mé hinh anten vs () két qu: do tham sé tin xa (24; 9=18,2,
I=L}: don vim) [72]
‘Tai ligu [72] gidi thigu mOt m6 hinh anten MIMO (kich thurée 60 x 60 mm?) sir dung
phuong phép dit huréng anten nhim giém anh husmg twong hd. Cy thé, hai anten don eye
dang gip duge dit vudng géc véi nhau dé dat duge hé sé cach ly cao. Ngoai ra, mot doan vi
dai duge sir dung dé ndi hai diém tiép dign nhim trigt tigu twong hé gidp ting hé sé cach ly
gitta cde céng. Anten hoat dong trong dai tin tix 2,4 dén 2,5 GHz, bao phi toan bé dai tin.
ctia hé thng WLAN. Hé s6 céch ly gitta cdc cong tigp dign dat trén 25 dB tai tin sé trung
14m. M6 hinh anten va két qu do tham sé tan xa $ cia anten duge trinh bay 6 hinh 1.12.
1.5.2, Mang cach ly
L
as ate
Hink 1.13. Mang cich ly sie dung cic phn te dign Bhing [15] 7
Mang cach ly la mét giai php nhim ting exing
fch ly gitta
céng cia anten
MIMO mi khéng can thigp vao edu tnic bite xa cila n6. Mang each ly s® bé sung thinh phn
dign khang tai mang tiép dign cua anten MIMO do dé tri tiéu duge dign khing tuong hé
aiita cde phan tir anten don, két qua la lam ting higu suét bite x9 va gidm twong quan vé dé
thi bite xa ciia anten MIMO, Sit dung mang céch ly thudng kém theo véi mét mang phéi
hgp tré khang dé tang ewing sy phéi hgp tré khang & dau vao cdc cng anten.
Hinh 1.13 mé ta so 4 kh6i mé hinh sir dung mang cach ly dé tang cwimg hé s6 céch
ly gitta cdc céng ciia hé anten hai cdng [15]. Anh hudng tuong hé gitta cdc phan tir lién ké
trong anten MIMO hay mang anten durge m6 ti bai he s6 Sj, trong ma trdn tin xa $4 cia he
anten, Mang céch ly sé gidp gidm hay logi bé cdc gid tri Khéc 0 cba cdc he 86 Si nhung s®
Tam thay di gif tri Sy ti cdng vio cia
(S®), Cac hé s6 phan xa sau khi thém mang cach
bang cach sir dung mang phéi hgp tré khang cho méi céng (ma tran S)
ly c6 thé giim ve
cca hg anten,
Trong vi dy 6 hinh 1.13, mang cach ly bao gom hai duong tru
ign khang, trong khi 46, mang phéi hgp tr khang tai mdi céng 6 thé duge thye hign dé
dang bing cach sir dung cdc phin tir tp trung. Gia siz hai anten Ta giéng nhau va duge phéi
hop tré khang t8t & céng vio tip dign, ma trn tin xa tai diém tham khio ty duge cho bai:
1=[ 04 72") (a9)
Voi a va o la bin 46 va pha cia hé 6 tuomg h3. Mang céch ly trong vi du nay gdm
hai duémg truyén véi mye dich dé chuyén di gid tri ciia h s6 twong hé thinh mét gid tri
thud do, Gia tri nay 6 thé bi t
1u bai mot dign khang mic song song. Vi vay, sau khi
thém hai dung truyén véi tré khang dic tinh Zo vi d6 dai dign 6, ma tran tan xq tai diém
tham khdo tp tré thank:
I=[ ten | (120)
Bién di (1.20) thanh ma trén din nap,
14 ate 2108-6) nq" 2i28-6)
=2a72128-9) Lt aten2i2e-#)
‘Tir hinh 1.13, ta thay mang hai céng nhin tai t: ndi song song vé mat dién véi phan tir
]= a2
ap trung o6 dign nap B. Két qua sé tao ra m6t mang hai céng méi va ma ten din nap tai
digm ty tro than: 18
tr) = [v4] +1") (1.22)
trong dé [Y°] li ma tran din nap cia mang hai céng cé phan tr dign nap B
iB 8
be
W)=|i5 ip (1.23)
Bin d6i (1.22) vé ma trdn tan xa tai diém tham khio ts
VE — WD) + 7? = 240M
+ 2YRYo+ Way — Une We + 2VYo + On)? — On) as
=2¥0¥ V8 — (D+ HD?
+ 2VRYo +H — On) WF + VY + OH)? — OY
V6i Yo = 1/2Zo vi YP a phn tie ma trim din nap 6 (1.23).
_ erdno
taping
L via
w
Hink 1.14, Anten MIMO hai phan te dom ewe véi mang cdich ly (L=45; W= 22; S= 8,5; Le
2,5; don vi mm [15]
Dé trigt tigu twong hé, phin tir V8. phai bi triét tiGu, hay o6 gid tri bing khéng,
bus 2a-2128-8)
Két qui
(1.26)
27 19
gid tr cia @ Va B, ta xd dinh duge gid tri cua Sy.
afoot
Hinh 1.15. Két qua mo phéng va the nghiém tén hao nguge va céch ly ea anten MIMO thing
¢6 mang eich ly [15]
Ky thudt mang cdch ly str dung nguyén tie phan tich 6 trén durge 4p dung trong thiét
mnten MIMO duge trinh bay & hinh 1.14 [15]. Anten gdm hai phan tir bite xa hoat dong
atin sé 2,45 GHz v ich gitta hai phan tir bite x9 18 0,069%0, Hinh 1.15 va 1.16
bigu din két qua mé phéng va do tham sé tin xa cia anten khi khéng cé va khi c6 mang
céch ly. Trudng hep anten MIMO khéng 6 mang céch ly,
dign duréi mite chap nhgn duge, khoang 34B (hinh 1.15). Khi sir dung mang each ly, h
hon 30 dB 6 tin
Khoang
1 s6 céch ly gitta hai céng tiép
trung tam nhu biéu dign 6 hinh 1.16.
cach ly 8 duge cai t
hn hae gy (4B)
cienty (am)
nthe |
"Tin sb GH) . a sb cH
Hink 1.16. Két qué mé phong va thec nghiém tén hao ngugc vi cach ly ctia anten MIMO khi cé
‘mang céch ly [15}
1.5.3, Phan tir ky sinh
Mt phucong phép khée dé giém thiéu anh huémg twong hé 1a sit dng phan tir ky sinh
giita cdc phan tr anten dé loai bé mét phan (hode hau hét) truéng cdm img khu gan gitta
ching. Phin tirky sinh sé tgo ra trudmg tong hé nguge nhau va lim giém think phin trudmg,
tuong hé géc ban dau, vi vay sé Lim giam tuong hé ting thé trén anten bj anh huéng. Thong.
thurimg, cée phan tt ky sinh khong két ni vat ly véi cée anten (64, 107] hode durge ndi vei
mat phing dé dé tg0 thinh dang céng hudng [4, 46, 100}. Céc phan tt ky sinh nay duge
thidt ké a8 didu khign di thn cach ly bang thong va mise 46 gidm tong hd. 20
|
Tt Tenptdrt
| -
f)_.
Hinh 1.17, Taomg hi gia hai anten long ce dt gin nhau vis tcmg hi gita hai antenlcang cic
hi c6 thém phéin ti k§ sinh [64]
Y tuéng str dung mét phn tr ky sinh dé giam anh hudng trong hé 1a tao ra trudng
nue v6i truémg bie xa ban dau cia nhur m6 ti @ hinh 1.17. Trong m6 hinh nay, hai anten
ung eve duge dat ri
‘ai, mot vector mat 46 dong J duge tgo ra trén nhénh cia lung eye A va cam img mot
nnhau. Khi anten luGng eve A duge tigp dign va anten lwong eye
dong twong hé manh ty Ié voi dong kich thich Tegeizea trén anten A théng qua hé s6 trong
hd at vi nguge pha 180° véi dong kich thich nhu mé ta 6 hinh 1.17. Vi vay
Teouptedairect = ~lexcitea (1.28)
Gi si trong trudmg hop ndy khéng 4p dung duge phuong phép dit hai anten vudng
‘26 nhau hode ting khoding e:
duge sit dung dé cai thign céch ly, Dat mot phin tir ky sinh (C) gita hai anten dé tao thinh
mét nguyén ly (co ché) tuong hé khdc. Trong khi anten A tuong hé véi anten B theo hé sé
+h dé gidm anh huéng tuong hd, 6 day mét phn ti ky sinh
tuong hé a (vén phu thude vao khodng eich gitta hai anten ciing nhu logi anten va co ché
‘wong hé), anten A sé tong hé véi phan tir ky sinh C theo hé sé tong hé 8. Vi vay, dong,
ign cim ting trén phan tit tuong hé quan hé véi dong kich thich tir anten A niu sau:
Tcoupted-parasitic = —Blexcivea (1.29)
Dong dign cam img trén phan tit ky sinh C (gia st d§t & diém gita anten A va B) sé
‘uong hd véi phin tir anten B, vi vay sé tao ra dong dign nguge pha 180° trén phan tir B theo
bigu that:
Teoupted-cancet = ~Bleowpted-parasitic = B”lexcitea (1.30)
Digu nay c6 nghia ting ding dign tuong hé trén phan tir B phy thuée vao hai co ché
tuomg hd, (1) tuong hd true tip tir phan tir A va (2) tuomg hd tir phan tir ky sinh C. Téng
dong dign tuomg hé trén phan ti B: 21
a3n
Teoupiea— = Teuoptea-airect + leoupteacancet = (—& + BVlexcivea
inh va c6 thé digu chinh dé trigt tigu anh
Gia trj cia 6 la mOt dac tinh cia phan tit ky
hung tuong hé tryc tigp gitta hai anten. Can luu y khi str dung phuong php nay vi phan tir
ky sinh cting sé tuong hé véi anten duge kich thich (tiép dign), do vay né sé anh huéng dén
phan bé dong dign va tré khang cia anten.
‘Gt sé céng trinh nghién citu sir dyng phan ti ky sinh 4é cai thign hé s6 céch ly cho
anten MIMO [4, 107]. 6 nghién citu [107], anten MIMO hai phan tir g8m hai anten khe dt
ing dudng vi dai 50 ©. Hai phan tir ky sinh duoc thém
di ximg nhau,tigp din de lap
vio nhim gidm anh huéng twomg bé (hinh 1.18). Tae dung eta cde phan tr ky sinh ti phd
hop tré khang va tuong hé durge trinh bay qua két qui mé phéng & hinh 1.20. Phin tir kj
sinh da edi thign duge gin 15 dB he 88 eich ly so vdi traimg hap khéng sir dung phan tr ky
kei phan tie 1 duge kich thich,
‘qua m6 phéng phan bé ding 6 hinh 1.19 cho th
dong cém tg 6 phan tir2 rét manh khi khéng ¢6 phan ti ky sinh, Tuy hi
nay gidm di dng ké trén phan tir 2 khi anten MIMO sit dung phan tir ky sinh,
sinh,
dang cdm img
Hink 1.18. Mé kink anten MIMO hai khe — Hink 1.19, Phan bé dang din é trén anten MIMO
bite xa voi phi te don ewe ky: sink [107] Khng cé va e6 phan te dom cue ky sink [107]
z=
wht —snerw
“Tins GR)
Hinh 1.20. Két qué mé phong tham 86 tin xa khi khéng c6 va co phan tit dom cure ky sinh [107] 2
Mot nghign citu khée vé sir dung phan tir ky sinh dgt dng phing véi phan tr bite xa
[4]. Trong nghién ctru nay, mét cdu tric céng hung dang khe gp khtic (SMLR) cé vai trd
nhu mét b6 loc Logi bd bang tin duge dat gita hai phan tt bite xa (hinh 1.21), Hinh 1.22 m6
18 phan bé ding dign clia ming anten khi chwa 6 va khi c6 eu tric SMLR. Ta thy ring
hi mot phan tir bite xa, dong cm img sé bj edu trie SMLR giam gitt va do d6 khéng tong,
hé sang phan tir lan cn.
|
Hink 1.21. Cu nie SMER 8 xuét dt gita hai phn tc anten vi dt [4]
4 Pe
, o
Hin 1.22, Phan bé ding dign ita anten (a) kh khing c6 edu tr
SMLR [4]
LR vi (b)Khi 6 edu tric
Két qua m6 phong 6 hinh 1,23 cho thy, anten MIMO Khi c6 edu trie SMLR c6 hé s6
cach ly cai thign duge 16 dB so véi khi khng c6 céu tric SMLR, véi khoang cach tir canh_
t6i canh phan tir bite xg la 7 mm (0,1 1A0). Cac két qua do thy nghiém da ching minh duge
tinh kha thi cia thiét ké khi kha tuong dng vai cde két qua m6 phéng.
“Tham tin x9 S (2B)
ity
a “edit
Hink 1.23, Kés qué mé phing tham 36 tin xa cia anten ki king o6 va c6 edu onic SMER [4] 2B
1.5.4. Cu tric mat phang dé khéng hoan hao
‘Mit phang dé anh hwéng trye tiép dén dc tinh cua anten mach in khi né c6 vai trd nh
dudng din cia dong dign phan héi va déi khi tré thinh mét phan cua cdu tric bite xa khi
anten hoat d6ng 6 tin sé thap. Do cae anten MIMO dang mach in c6 chung mit phing dé,
dong cam tng trén mat phing dé c6 thé dé dang trong hé voi phan tit anten lan cn gay nén_
anh hung twang hé cao, tir dé Tam giém de tinh ech ly va tuong quan cia anten MIMO,
Pp oe.
legs
P ads
wn i oe
@ o
Hinh 1.24. M6 hinh anten MIMO véi bén phan tie bite xa sit dung cdu tric DGS (Ly= 37,7;Ws= 25;
L2= 22; W2> 7; Le= 18,75; Le= 30; Wo= 1; don vj mm) [33]
Anh hung tuong hé gitta cde phan tir anten cé thé giam thiéu bing cach tao ra cdc edu
tiie khong hodn hao trong mat phing dé, Cac vi tri khuyét (bi khoét) s& hogt dng nhur b6
Joe chin dai va sé ngan can traémg tuong hé khu gan gitta cdc phan ti gin nhau khi cdu trac
anten duge thiét ké mét cdch hop ly. Nguyén ly gidm thiéu anh hudng twong hé nay duge
gi ld cdu trac mat phing dé khdng hoan hio (DGS).
Hinh 1.25, Phin bé dang dign tren mat dé cia anten khi khong c6 va Khi c6 day cdc Khe DGS [53]
‘Mét nghién ciru vé anten MIMO sit dung mat dé khong hoan hao duge trinh bay trong
[53]. Anten gdm 4 phan tir bie xa kiéu anten khe, tiép din déc lap bang céc duéng vi dai.
tric DGS duge thye hign bang hai diy khe khoét dat gita hai anten khe 2 va anten khe 24
3 & mat phing dé (hinh 1.24), Tir két qui m6 phéng phan bé dong dign duge biéu di
hinh 1.25, khi khéng e6 day cde khe, dong cam img manh tir anten khe duge truyén xudng.
mit phing dé va anten khe khée. Khi cé day ede khe, dong cém ting tip trung quanh day eée
he va khong anh huréng dén eée phin tir bite xa lan cn. Do vay, anh huing twong hd gitta
‘cde phan tir bite xq ca anten da giam dang ké. CAu tric cai thign cdch ly nay rat higu dung.
trong truéng hgp anh huéng twong hé gay nén boi dong cam tmg manh & mat phing dé. Két
qua do thye nghiém & hinh 1.26 d& ehimg minh duge tic dung eta ef trie DGS Khi edi
thign duge 10 dB hé
khong céch git céc phan tir bite xa,
“ich ly va dat trén 25 dB gitta cdc céng bat ky ma khong cn tang
Tin nao nguye (48)
‘The sé (GH)
Hinh 1.26. Két qué do tham s6 tin xa ciia anten MIMO w6i bén phi te bite xa [53]
1.5.5, Duong trung tinh
Khi mot trong hai phin tir cua anten MIMO duge kich thich, né cém ting dong dign
sang phan tir lin cn va lm ting tuong hé va tong quan gitta hai phan tt. Dudmg trung tinh,
1a mot ky thudt dé cai thign cdeh ly trong dé ding dign tai phin tir kich thich duge tich ra
tai mét vi ti eu thé, sau dé pha cia né bi dao bing céch chon chiéu dai duimg trung tinh
thich hop. Khi d6 ding dign dao pha sé dua dén phin tt anten lin edn dé wigttiéu véi ding,
cam img trye tiép do phan tr duge kich thich gay ra cho phan tt lin cn. Nho dé dng dién
twong hé téng thé trén phan tir Lin can sé bj gidm di ding ké. Phuong phdp nay hoat dong
trén nguyén tic twong ty phuwomg phap phan tirky sin.
Vie Iya chon diém dat dudng trung tinh li quan trong nhit & phuong phip nay. Thong
thurimg, vj tri dat duémg trung tinh trén phan tir bite xq phai e6 trd khing eye tiéu va ding
dign cue dai. Bang théng higu dung cia ky thugt duéng trung tinh phy thude vio sw thay
déi cia tré khang tai diém Iya chon. Do 46, mét diém cé tré khang thap trén phan tir bite xa
vvéi tra khang én djnh suét dai tin hogt ng duge chon la diém bit dau cia duéng trung
tinh, 25
Hink 1.27. M6 hinh anten MIMO sie dung dieing trung tink [88]
‘Diém Iya chon trén anten bj cam tg phai cé dong cm ting lén. Chie
trung tinh duge chon sao cho dio pha duge ding dign dé khir thanh phin ding cim img,
Phuong phip cai thign anh huémg twong hé sir dung dudmg trung tinh 14 mt phuong phip
dom gian nhung né cé mét sé han ché. Dau tin, vigc Iya chon diém bat dau tai anten bite
x la qué trinh phite tap. Can phai phan tich chi tiét phan bé dong trén anten bite xa dé
duge vj tri niy. Thtt hai, co ché bite xa cia anten c6 thé han cl
dai cia dung
tim
ky thugt nang
cao hé s6 céch ly nay. Trong mét s6 trang hop, mat phing dé déng vai trd chinh trong co
ché bie xa (die bigt 6 dai tin s6 thip), vi vay loai b6 dong cim img la chura di vt o6 thé
chua nang cao duge eich ly trong trrimg hgp nay. Thit ba, mdi dug trung tinh chi tae
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