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Q.1- What is static characteristics? Ans- The static characteristics of an instrument involves measurement of quantities that are either constant or vary slowly with time. Q.2- What is accuracy? Ans- Accuracy may be defined as the ability of a device to respond to a true value of a measured variable. Q.3- What is precision? Ans- Precision is the degree of exactness for which an instrument is designed or intended to perform. Q.4- What is sensitivity? Ans- It is the ratio of a change in output to the change in input. Q.5- What is resolution? Ans- Resolution is the least incremental value of input or output that can be detected. Q.6- What is dead zone? Ans- Dead zone is the largest range of values of a measured variable to which the instrument does not respond. Q.7- What is true value? Ans- True value is the error-free value of the measured variable. Q.8- What is absolute instruments? Ans- Absolute instruments are those which give the value of the electrical quantity to be measured, in terms of the constants of the instruments and their deflection only.

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Q.9- What is secondary instruments? Ans- Secondary instruments are those which have been precalibrated by comparison with an absolute instrument. Q.10-What is recording instruments? Ans-Recording instruments are those which give a continuous record of variations of the electrical quantity over a selected period of time. Q.11-What is moving-iron instruments? Ans-Moving-iron instruments depend for their action upon the magnetic effect of current, and are widely used as indicating instruments. Q.12-What is working principle? Ans- The operation of a permanent magnet moving-coil instrument is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a force acts on the conductor, which tends to move it one side and out of the field. Q.13- What is hot-wire instruments? Ans-These instruments utilize the principle of expansion of wire, heated due to the current being measured, passing through the wire. Q.14- What is working principle of hot-wire instruments? Ans-It is based on the heating effect of electric currents. When the current to be measured passes through the hot wire, the wire gets heated and then expands. Q.15- What is induction instruments? Ans-Induction type instruments are suitable for a.c. circuits only, as their working depends on induced current due to an alternating flux.

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Q.16- What is electrostatic instruments? Ans- There are the only instruments that are directly voltage sensitive and do not depend on a current for their operation. Q.17- What is operating principle of electrostatic instruments? Ans- The operating principle of an electrostatic instrument depends on the force of attraction between two or more electrically charged conductors between which a potential difference is maintained, and this force gives rise to a deflecting torque. Q.18- What is wattmeters? AnsWattmeters are indicating-type instruments, generally used for power measurement of the electrical circuit. Q.19- What is energy meters? Ans- Energy meters are integrating instruments used to measure the quantity of electric energy supplied to a circuit in a given time. They give no direct indication of power, i.e. as to the rate at which energy is being supplied. Q.20- Which energy meter is used for domestic application? Ans- A.C. induction-type energy meters are the most common form of meters met within everyday domestic and industrial installations. These energy meters measure electric energy in kilowatt-hours (kWH). Q.21- What is megger? Ans- Megger is a portable instrument used for testing the insulation resistance of a circuit, and measuring the resistance of the order of mega ohms in which the measure value of resistance is directly indicated on a scale. Q.22- What is instrument transformer?

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Ans- Instrument transformers are general devices used for extending the range of a.c. measuring instruments for the measurement of the electric current and voltage.

Q.23- What are uses of C.T.? Ans- Current transformers are used to extend the range of voltmeters, and the current pressure coils of wattmeters and energy meters. Q.24- What is potentiometer? Ans- Potentiometer is an instrument for measurement of an unknown electromotive force (e.m.f.) or potential difference (voltage) produced by the flow of a known current in a network of circuits of known characteristics. Q.25- What is A.C. potentiometer? Ans- A.C. potentiometer works on the same principle as d.c. Potentiometer except that in a.c. potentiometer both magnitude and phase of the unknown e.m.f. Must be same to obtain balance. Q.26- What are analog instruments? Ans- When the instruments used meter movement to indicate the magnitude of the quantity under measurement on a continuous scale. Q-27- What are digital instrument? Ans- When the result of the measurement is displayed in discrete intervals or numerals (instead of by a pointer deflection on a continuous scale), they are called digital instruments.

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Q.28- What is principle of electronic voltmeter? Ans- An electronic voltmeter uses rectifiers, amplifiers and other circuits to generate a current proportional to the voltage being measured. Q.29- What is DVM? Ans- A digital electronic voltmeter, also called digital voltmeter (DVM), measures and displays d.c. or a.c. voltages as discrete numerals instead of a pointer deflection on a continuous scale as in analog electronic instruments.

Q.30- What are types of DVM? Ans- 1.Ramp-type DVM. 2.Integrating-type DVM. 3.Continuous-balance or servo-balance DVM. 4.Successive- approximation DVM. Q.31- What is CRO? Ans- The word oscilloscope has evolved to describe a variety of electronic instruments used to observe, measure, or record transient physical phenomenon and present the results in graphical form. Q.32- What are main parts of CRT? Ans- 1. Electron gun assembly. 2. Deflection plate assembly. 3. Fluorescent screen. 4. Glass envelope. 5. Base for making connections. Q.33- What is digital CRO?

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Ans- A digital or storage CRO, can retain the display much longer, upto several hours and days after the image was first written on the phosphor. Q.34- What is function of CRO probes? Ans-The CRO probe performs the important function of connecting the circuit under investigation to the vertical input terminals of the CRO, without loading or otherwise disturbing the test setup. Q.35- What is function generator? Ans- Function generator is a class of oscillator-based signal sources that provided choice of different output waveforms with adjustable frequency over a wide range. Q.36- What is wave analyzer? Ans- Wave analyzer is an instrument which is used to measure the magnitude of the various harmonics of a complex waveform. Q.37- What is heterodyne wave analyzer? Ans- Heterodyne wave analyzers are used for measurement of frequencies in RF range and above (MHz ranges). This type of analyzers work on the principle of heterodyning (mixing). Q.38- What is distortion? Ans- The term distortion may be broadly defined as any deviation of an electrical signal in any parameter (such as time, amplitude, or wave shape) from that of an ideal signal. When referring to analog signals, distortion means shape alternation. Q.39- What is spectrum analyzer?

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Ans- The spectrum analyzer is, however, the general-purpose instrument most often used to measure distortion. With spectrum analyzer, the entire spectrum within its frequency band is analyzed. Q.40- What is Q-factor? Ans- Q-factor is a direct measurement of the quality of the resonator, or in other words, the length of time for which the energy can be stored. Q.41- What is principle of resistance strain gauge? Ans- Resistance of a wire or semiconductor is changed by elongation or compression due to externally applied stress. Q.42- What is principle of resistance thermometer? Ans- Resistance of pure metal wire with a large positive temperature co-efficient of resistance varies with temperature. Q.43- What is principle of thermistor? Ans- Resistance of certain metal oxides with negative temperature coefficient of resistance varies with temperature. Q.44- What is principle of LVDT? Ans- The differential voltage of two secondary windings of a transformer is varied by positioning the magnetic core through an externally applied force. Q.45- What is principle of thermocouple? Ans- An emf is generated across the junction of two dissimilar metals or semiconductors when that junction is heated. Q.46- What is principle of piezoelectric pickup?

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Ans- An emf is generated when an external force is applied to certain crystalline materials, such as quartz. Q.47- What is principle of photovoltaic cell? Ans- A voltage is generated in a semiconductor junction device when radiant energy stimulates the cell. Q.48- What is passive transducers? Ans- Passive transducers derive the power required for transudation from an auxiliary power source. They are also known as externally powered transducer. Q.49- What is analog transducers? Ans- These transducers convert the input quantity into an analog output which is a continuous function of time. Q.50- What is digital transducers? Ans- These transducers convert the input quantity into an analog which is in the form of pulses. Q.51- What is inverse transducers? Ans- An inverse transducer is defined as a device, which converts an electrical quantity into a non-electrical quantity. Q.52- What is resistive transducers? Ans- It is generally seen that methods which involve the measurement of change in resistance are preferred to those employing other principles. Q.53- What is reproducibility?

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Ans- It is the degree of closeness with which a given value may be specified in measured. Q.54- What is repeatability? Ans- repeatability are a measure of closeness with which a given input may be measured over and over again. Q.55- What is threshold? Ans- If the instrument input is increased very gradually from zero there will be some minimum value below which no output change can be detected. The minimum value defines the threshold of the instrument. Q.56- What is dead zone? Ans- it is defined as the largest change of input quantity for which there is no output of the instrument. Q.57- Write classification of resistances. Ans- They are classified as low resistance (of the order of 1 ohm), medium resistances (of the order of 1 to 0.1 M ohm) and high resistances ( > 0.1 Mohm). Q.58 What are the different methods of measurement of medium resistances ? Ans- They are ammeter voltmeter method, wheatstone bridge, substitution method and ohmmeter method. Q.59 What are different methods of measurement of temperature ? Ans- Temperature is measured by thermocouple, thermistor, RTD, and pyrometers.

Q.60 What is Wheatstone bridge ?

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Ans- The wheatstone bridge is an instrument for making comparison measurements and operates upon a null indication principle. Q.61 What are the advantages of Kelvins Double bridge method ? Ans- It is modification of wheatstone bridge and provides greatly increased accuracy in measurement of low value resistances. They also removes the resistance of leads and contact resistances while measuring low valued resistors. Q.62 What are the detectors used for ac bridges ? Ans- Head Phones, Vibration Galvanometers, and Tuneable Amplifier detectors. Q.63 List different bridges used for measurement of Inductance. Ans- Maxwells Bridge, Hays Bridge, Anderson and Owens bridge. Q.64 List different bridges used for measurement of Capacitance. Ans- Schering Bridge ( mostly used ), and De Sauty Bridge. Q.65 List applications of Weins Bridge. Ans- It is primarily known as frequency determining bridge and is also employed in harmonic distortion analyzer and audio and HF oscillators. Q.66 What is optical transducer ? Ans- It is a light sensor i.e. transducer that produces an electrical output in response to light input. Q.67 What is acronym of Laser ? Ans. Laser is an acronym originating from the initials of Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

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Q.68 What are the advantages of Electronic Voltmeters? Ans- Detection of low level signals, Low power consumption and High frequency range. Q.69 What is Electronic Multimeters ? Ans- It is one of the most versatile laboratory measurements which is capable of measuring DC and AC currents and voltages and resistances.

Q.70 What are basic elements of Electronic Multimeters ? Ans- Balanced bridge dc amplifier, PMMC instrument for indication, rectifier, internal battery, Function switch and Range Switch. Q.71 What are factors used for considering an analog Voltmeter ? Ans- Input impedance, voltage range, Decibels, sensitivity, bandwidth, and battery operation. Q.72 What are factors used for selection criteria for Transducers. Ans- Resolution, Sensitivity, Dynamic Response, Linearity, Cost, Application, Range, Static Error, Accuracy, Hysteresis etc. Q.73 What is vector voltmeter ? Ans- It measures the amplitude of a signal at two points in a circuit and simultaneously measures the phase difference between the voltage waveforms at these two points. Q.74 What is function of electron gun assembly in CRO ? Ans- It produces a sharply focused beam of electrons which are accelerated to high velocity. Q.75 What are the methods of focusing an electron beam ?

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Ans- Electrostatic Focusing ( used in CRO ) and Electromagnetic Focusing (used in TV). Q.76 How to observe waveform on CRO ? Ans- In order to observe waveform on CRO, the waveform of voltage under test is applied to Y plates and a voltage obtained from a sawtooth generator is applied to X plates. Q.77 What are different types of CROs ? Ans- Dual Trace CRO, Dual Beam CRO, Storage CROs and Sampling CROs. Q.78 What is duty cycle ? Ans It is defined as the ratio of average value of the pule over one cycle and the peak value. Q.79 What is pulse generator circuit ? Ans- They produce a rectangular waveforms similar to square wave but with a different duty cycle. Q.80 Define Spectrum Analysis. Ans- It is defined as the study of energy distribution across the frequency spectrum at a given electrical signal. Q.81 What is Q meter ? Ans It is an instrument which is designed to measure the value of Q ( Storage factor ) directly and is very useful in measuring the characteristics of coils and capacitors. Q.82 What are applications of Q meter ? Ans- Measurement of Q, Measurement of inductance, capacitance and effective resistance and bandwidth. Q.83 What are advantage of digital instruments ?

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Ans- Speed, Small power requirement, Less error, More significant figures and output can be directly connected to memory devices. Q.84 List the factors used for deciding Digital Vs analog instruments. Ans- Accuracy, Resolution, Power requirements, Cost, Portability, Range, Polarity etc. Q.85 What are different devices used for Digital Display. Ans- Seven Segment Display, LED , LCD, Gas discharge Plasma Display, electrophoretic image displays, Liquid vapor displays. Q.86. List different analog display devices. Ans- PMMC meter, analog voltmeter, electrodynamometer, galvanometer etc. Q.87 What is LED ? Ans- It is an PN junction device whtih emits light when a current passes through it in the forward direction. Q88. What is recorder ? Ans- It records electrical and non electrical quantities as a function of time. Q.89 What is measurement ? Ans- It is essentially an act or an result of comparison between the quantity whose magnitude is unknown and a predefined standard. Q.90 List advantages of electronic instruments over mechanical instruments.

Ans- Greater flexibility, Low weight, High sensitivity and resolution, high reliability and low power consumption.

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Q.91 List different type of noise in instrumentation systems. Ans- Radiated Noise, Generated Noise, White noise and Johnson Noise. Q.92 List different type of transducers used for measurement of displacement. Ans- LVDT, Capacitive, Inductive , Resistive, Strain Gauges and Potentiometers.