Energy Offenders

Energy Offenders for Businesses

Efficient Buildings with Integrated Energy Solutions

HVAC = 1st largest energy offender Chillers consumes Pumps consumes Fans consumes Heaters consumes ..

by Mr. William Yick Johnson Controls (HK) Ltd. April 23, 2007
1

Source: U.S. Department Of Energy 2

Energy Solutions Chiller Plant

Right Chiller selection Configuration of chiller

HVAC System Performance Measures Energy Efficiency Ratio

EER = Btu of cooling output watt-h of electric input = Btu/h of cooling output W of electric power input Coefficient of Performance (COP) COP =
1

EFFIC IE N CIES O F C H ILLER S

1.2 1.15 1.1 1.05 1

Condition 1
29.4C 6.6C kW/Ton 0.577 0.57 0.567 0.576 0.606 0.66 0.75 0.922

0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7

KW/TON

% LOAD 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

Cooling /Heating Capacity Output Energy Input

10 0

90

80

70

60 % Load

50

40

30

24

= EER / 3.412 Btu/watt-h

3 4

Optimal point of chiller plant operation

Energy Solutions Chiller Plant

Apply Variable Speed Chiller

Constant Speed Variable Speed

Design Condition

Vane close as load decreases Motor speed remains constant

Adaptive Capacity Control logic Optimizes compressor efficiency Motor speed slows down Optimizes vane position Consumes less energy It can achieve the energy saving around 20% in comparing with the constant speed chiller.

Energy Solutions Pumps

Energy Solutions Apply VSD on the Water Pumps

Resizing Variable speed drives Retrofit constant flow to variable flow

Be ware the selection of pump for variable speed drive

Energy Solutions Advanced Plant Control System

Plant Control Strategies
Chilled Water Temperature Reset Condenser Water Temperature Reset Demand limit control

Energy Solutions

Advanced Plant Control System Chilled Water Reset

Adjust Supply Chilled Water Temperature Set point for Chiller(s) based on
Constant Supply Chilled Water Temperature for individual chillers Dry Bulb Temp or common supply 30 C Constant Return Water 27 C Temperature Control Outdoor Temperature / Humidity Leaving Chilled

Increase 1 deg.C can save 3% Water Temp. Setpoint 7.5 C chiller motor energy 7.0 C Slightly
Increase
9 10

Energy Solutions

Advanced Plant Control System Condenser Water Reset

To keep minimum Entering Condenser Water Temperature (ECWT) Set point As COLD as possible for Maximum Chiller Efficiency Based on Outside Air Conditions Minimum Safe Temp. for Chiller (e.g. 12.7 deg.C)
Every 1 deg.C drop means 3% saving

Head Pressure
Lowering condenser water temperature

Pressure
Lowers head pressure

ECWT

OSAT (WB)
Outside Air Temp. (Wet Bulb )

CDWT Setpoint

Min. Safe Temp.

Temperature Difference

text

Condenser Head Pressure Evaporator Compressor

Reduces compressor work

Outside Air Wet Bulb Temp.

= Outside Air Wet Bulb Temp. CDWT SETPOINT + Temp. Difference

11

Enthalpy

Reduces energy consumption

12

Cooling Towers Operation Without VSD

120,000CFM 120,000CFM 120,000CFM

Cooling Towers Operation With VSD

34C
84,000CFM 84,000CFM 84,000CFM 84,000CFM

34C 84,000CFM

25kW On On

25kW On

25kW Off

Off Off

Off On

?kW On

?kW On

?kW On

?kW On

?kW

29C

Total Cooling Tower Airflow = 360,000CFM Total Power Consumption = 75kW

29C

Total Cooling Tower Airflow = 420,000CFM Total Power Consumption = ?kW

On

On

On

Off

Off
13

On

On

On

Off

Off
14

Cooling Towers Operation With VSD

70,000CMH 70,000CMH 70,000CMH 70,000CMH

Cooling Towers Operation With VSD

34C 70,000CMH
70,000CMH 70,000CMH 70,000CMH 70,000CMH

34C 70,000CMH

8.6kW On On

8.6kW On

8.6kW On

8.6kW On

8.6kW On

8.6kW On

8.6kW On

8.6kW On

8.6kW On

8.6kW

29C

Total Cooling Tower Airflow = 420,000CFM Total Power Consumption = (35/50)3 x 25kW x 5

29C

Total Cooling Tower Airflow = 420,000CFM Total Power Consumption = 43kW

On

On

On

Off

Off
15

On

On

On

Off

Off
16

Cooling Towers Operation With VSD

70,000CMH 70,000CMH 70,000CMH 70,000CMH

Energy Solutions Heat pumps / Heat recovery system

34C 70,000CMH

8.6kW On On

8.6kW On

8.6kW On

8.6kW On

8.6kW

29C

Total Cooling Tower Airflow = 420,000CFM Total Power Consumption = 43kW

28C

On

On

On

Off

Off
17 18

Energy Solutions Heat pumps / Heat recovery system

Cost to produce 30kW Heat Natural Gas Water heater
30kW / 85% efficiency x 0.75 per kWh = HK$26.47

Energy Solutions Heat pumps / Heat recovery system

39 C

49 C

Electric Water Heater

30kW / 95% efficiency x 1.1 per kWh = HK$34.47

28 C 22.2 C 15.6 C

Heat Pump
30kW / 353% efficiency x 1.1 per kWh = HK$9.35
27.5 C 33 C

COP = 3.53
12.2 C
19

6.7 C
20

Energy Solutions Heat pumps / Heat recovery system

Energy Solutions Anti Fouling System

Scaling of condenser tubes reduces the heat transfer efficacy, increase the refrigerant temperature and pressure in the condenser, reduces the cooling capacity, increases the power consumption in the compressor. Fouling factors are considered in heat exchanger design to oversize the heat exchangers to offset the effect of fouling. However, equipment suppliers generally consider a fouling factor of 0.0005; a good water treatment programme is required to contain fouling within this limit. Ordinary scale of CaCO3 of only 0.6 mm is equivalent to a fouling factor of 0.002. Studies have shown that 0.6 mm scale can result in an energy loss of about 20%. Absence of water treatment programmes or poorly managed water treatment programs can very easily lead to scales of this magnitude.

30 C

17 C

35 C
25c

7C

12.5 C

21

22

Energy Solutions Anti Fouling System

23

24

Energy Solutions Anti Fouling System

Energy Solutions Anti Fouling System

Make-up Water To Tower

Condenser Approach Curves

Clean Condenser Temperature Refrigerant Temperature Fouled Condenser Refrigerant
Blowdown From Tower

Cooling Tower

ter Wa

T
ter Wa

85

9 5

Condenser
C o m p . Motor

Drain

The increase of temperature difference between refrigerant and condenser water will increase 1.5-3% 1.5increase in energy cost
25

Anti-fouling system

Cooler

54 44 Air Handler
26

How It Works?
Solenoid coil wrapped around condenser inlet pipe. ED 2000 control sends a square-wave pulse current through the solenoid coil. Pulse induces oscillating electric field precipitate into insoluble crystals settle at the bottom of cooling tower flushed from system during blow-down
Prevents scale fouling by inducing dissolved mineral ions to precipitate into larger crystals, which pass through the condenser without adhering to the tube walls. Crystals are formed through solenoid-induced molecular agitation (SIMA).
27

Energy Solutions Heat Pipe System

Indoor
Supply Air to indoor

Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Precipitation without ED 2000

Exhaust from indoor Hot air from outdoor Exhaust to outdoor

Controlled Crystal

Distortion with ED 2000

Outdoor
28

Energy Solutions Heat Pipe System

Return air from HVAC Supply Air to HVAC system

Energy Solutions Airside Products and Systems

Cooling Coil Heating Coil VAV boxes Supply Fan D1 P D2 Filter Flow

Benefits:
D3

No moving parts No extra power input Easy for installation Eliminate the IAQ problem Typical can save 8-10% energy for air handling unit
29

Return Fan Flow

Minimize outside air intake Variable speed fans Free cooling Optimum start-stop

Airside Control Strategies

Typical can save 8-10% energy for air handling unit

The CO2 Level shall be less than 1000ppm in order to meet the satisfaction level.
Beware the IAQ problem.
30

Energy Solutions Airside Product (Indoor Air Quality)

Nano TiO2 Indoor Air Disinfection System
Photocatalytic disinfection technology oxidizes and disintegrates harmful substances in the air, efficiently killing airborne bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, as well as decompose all VOCs. It is environmental friendly and do not generate secondary pollutants HEALTH AIR
Ultraviolet Light Air Filter Titanium Dioxide Catalyst

Energy Solutions Airside Product (Indoor Air Quality)

Decompose just about all Organic Pollutants, Bacteria, Virus. Virus Ultraviolet Light
Carbon Dioxide Water H 2O CO2

Virus

Bacteria

Bacteria Bacteria

Bacteria

Virus

Virus Virus

H 2O CO2

Organic & Inorganic Pollutants

O2TiO2 e31

OH

OH

O2eTiO2 TiO2
32

h+

h+

Solid Substrate

Energy Solutions Airside Product (Indoor Air Quality)

Ultraviolet light illuminating the surface of the titanium dioxide catalyst generates Hydroxyl Radicals (OH) and Super-oxide Ions (O2-). Both have strong oxidation properties The Hydroxyl Radicals (OH) and Super-oxide Ions (O2-) can decompose organic pollutants, killing bacteria and viruses and transforming into harmless carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The reaction is safe and environmental friendly and no secondary pollutant is created

Typical Energy Solutions

- Lighting and Lighting Controls

Enjoy the savings without sacrificing the comfort level.

33 34

Energy Offenders
Energy Offenders for Businesses

Lighting Basic Principal

Lighting = 2nd largest energy offender Lighting consumes
15-20% of total US energy requirements

20 to 50% of energy used in a typical building

Source: U.S. Department Of Energy 35 36

Fluorescent Lamp

Plug-n-Play T5 Solution

T8 + Conventional Ballast VS T5 + Electronic Ballast

37 38

Plug-n-Play T5 Solution

Energy Solutions Lighting & Lighting Controls On/off snap switch Timers and control system Solid state dimmers Dimming electronics ballasts Occupancy sensors Day lighting level sensors

39

Use of Motion/Wireless sensors

40

Energy Solutions Lighting & Lighting Controls

Innovative Lighting Controls

Energy Solutions Lighting Zoning

Old Lighting Sectors e.g. 20 zones at L13

41

42

Energy Solutions Lighting & Lighting Controls

Energy Solutions Lighting Zoning New Lighting Sectors

e.g. 39 zones at L13

Natural Lighting
Many Areas are Overlit

Electric Lighting

43

Whatever changes here, it is no longer optimized !!! Any Flexible or Wireless Solutions able to integrate to the Building Intelligence?
44

Energy Solutions Delamping

Energy Solutions Use of Efficient Reflector

Benefits High reflection and diffusion ratio Increase utilisation factor, thus increase light level
Reflection Ratio Type of Material Luminosity Enhancement Jacket (LEJ) Mirrored Glass Processed Aluminum Processed Aluminum (matted) Stainless Steel Chromium White Tile / Paint Straight 99% 80 99% 75 95% 55 65% 65% Diffuse 95% 70 80% 75 90%

45

46

Operating & Maintenance

Typical Energy Solutions

- others solutions

Check that steam traps and valves are working correctly And that all filters and heat transfer coils are clean
47 48

Energy Improvement Projects

Electric Motor
Electric Motor /Pump Operating Efficiency

49

50

Electric Motor

Electric Motor Management

Energy efficient motor characteristics - More efficient, and often higher power factor - Save energy and reduce demand - Reduce load on cables, transformers, etc. - Speed is slightly higher (can be critical) - Significantly larger inrush (LRA)

The main opportunities are: a) Stopping idle or redundant running of motors Matching motor with the driven load Improving transmission efficiency Use of High efficiency motors

b) c) d)

51

52

Electric Motor

Building Envelope & Insulation

Importance of Running Cost of Motor Driven Equipment 7.5 7.5 37 Motor rating (kW)
Efficiency Power input (kW) Running hours Energy input (kWh) Running cost @ S$ 0.136per kWh Running cost for 10 years (S$) First cost (S$.) First cost as % of running cost 0.86 8.72 6000 52320 7116 71,155 741 0.85 0.88 8.52 6000 51120 6952 69,523 815 0.95 0.92 40.22 6000 241320 32820 328,195 3704 0.92

37 0.93 39.78 6000 238680 32460 324,605 4074 1.06

Sealing Air Leaks
53
Air infiltrates into and out of buildings through every hole, nook, and cranny. About one-third of this air infiltrates through openings in ceilings, walls, and floors.

Identify the high running hours motor to retrofit.

Puerto Rico

54

Infrared Thermography
*>35.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0
30.0 60 80
Max: 65.8

Understanding the Electricity tariff structure

120.0 120 100

Min 25.4

40

*<20.0

Max: 60.2

120.0 120

Heat built-up: 87.5

120.0 120 100 80

100

80
60

60
40

Tariff Classes On peak vs off peak charges Energy vs demand charges Select the right tariff & manage consumption to minimize electricity cost

40
20

30.0

15.0

38.0
ref: 32.6

50.0 50
Heat built-up: 93.4

100.0 100

35

Min: 26.5

80

30
Min: 23.0 Min: 23.5

40
Min: 27.3

60

25

ref: 35.3
40

30
20
20 20.0

Installation individual electricity meter for different unit

15 15.0

Locate Inefficiencies Areas

55 56

20 20.0

Operational Improvements
Whole-building upgrades deliver twice the savings as equipment efficiency improvements alone

Energy & Environmental Education

Key Manager & Employee Modules For Classroom Training
o Leveraging Energy & Environmental o Water Use & Efficiency o Environmental Transportation o Green Housekeeping and Cleaning o Financial Implications of Efficiency &

Achievements (managers)
o Introduction to Sustainability o Energy & Environmental Efficiency o Lighting Efficiency & Quality o Indoor Air Quality o Recycling

Sustainability
o Environmental Health & Safety (mgrs)

Workplace Safety (employees)

Support materials and resources Internal recognition programs External communication program Audit & reporting vehicles to verify accomplishments

Building Tune-up

Lighting

Load Reductions

Heating and Fan System Cooling System Upgrade

Source: EPA Energy Star 57 58

Typical Energy Solutions

Space heating, cooling and ventilations Lighting and Lighting Controls, zoning Operation and Maintenance Energy improvement projects Building Envelope and Insulation Operational Improvement Energy Education
59 60

Identify and Achieve Energy Savings Savings

10

Energy Information System

Flow Chart for Energy Audit

61

62

Conduct Data Acquisition

ST Supply Temp RT Return Temp SP Supply Pressure RP Return Pressure SF Supply Flow Secondary Pumps ST1

Data Capture Architecture

System kW System kW

EAS
Singapore
MS SQL Database (RDMS)

Import SP1

SP2

Energy Audit Kits

Typical load with two way valve

HK, PRC,

SP3 Primary Pumps Decoupler/Bypass

RT1 SF1 RP1

RT2 SF2 RP2

RT3 SF3 RP3 63

Capture correct parameters and USE them !!!

64

65

66

11

Benchmark your Building Efficiency Performance

ENERGY USERS
ENERGY USE IN HOTELS AND MOTELS

Number of Buildings

What is your portfolio distribution?

Range (%) Air Conditioning Lighting Ventilation Refrigeration Specials Functions

Laundry, Kitchen, Restaurant, Swimming Pool,Garage, Security Lighting, Hot Water

Norms (%) 60 11 10 4 15

45 to 70 5 to 15 3 to 15 0 to 10 5 to 20

30 100

86

121

166

340 1

Energy Intensity Best Performers

(kBtu/ft2-year)

Worst Performers
67 68

Data Collection/Forms
1.Perform detailed analysis of utility bills 2.General description of facility 3.Collect details of Lighting system
Primary type of fixtures Use of incandescent lighting Customers replacement General lighting Lux. Level Status of fixture and lenses Exterior and parking lighting

How to assess the FIMs Life Cycle Cost

4.Collect details of HVAC Equipment General data (equipment

model, design data, etc) Air Handling Units Spilt Systems Water Source Heat Pump Fan Coil Units Air- side Terminal Reheat Units Water Chilling Machine Dx Refrigeration Machines Pumps Cooling tower Boilers Hot water converter Fans

INITIAL INVESTMENT & OPERATING COST

Born from factory

Chiller Life Span

Time

1 years

15 years

Total Cost including Initial Investm ent of Plantroom Equipm ent Only (Excluding tariff increm ent, Service & Maintenance Charges)
$ 2,500,000 $ 2,000,000 $1 ,500,000 $1 ,000,000 $ 500,000 $-

$2,360,000

Efficient Design Model

$410,000

7 8 Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

69

70

How to assess the FIMs Life Cycle Cost

Design should be based on OPERATING COST rather than Initial Investment

Conclusion
Installing an efficient equipment does not mean obtaining an efficient system. It is necessary to consider plant as dynamic system with the relations between components involved plus various human factors and not as static construction built by individual components.
Plantroom Equipment

Efficient Design Model

17.4%

Electricity
82.6%
71 72

12

Energy Management is an ongoing process

73

74

13