INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical evergreen tree, believed to have originated in the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. The tree grows from 7 to 25 m (20-80 ft) tall. The rind (pericarp) of the edible fruit is deep reddish purple when ripe. Botanically an aril, the fragrant edible flesh can be described as sweet and tangy, citrusy with peach flavor and texture. Mangosteen is closely related to other edible tropical fruits such as button mangosteen and lemondrop mangosteen. Botanically, it bears no relation to the mango. The subsurface chemistry of the Mangosteen rind comprises an array of polyphenolic acids including xanthones and tannins that assure astringency to discourage infestation by insects, fungi, plant viruses, bacteria and animal predation while the fruit is immature. Color changes and softening of the exocarp are natural processes of ripening that indicates the fruit can be eaten and the seeds are finished developing. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any pest. Pests include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms) and microbes that compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread or are a vector for disease or cause a nuisance. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides, there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other animals. An obvious side effect of using a chemical meant to kill is that one is likely to kill more than just the desired organism. Contact with a sprayed plant or "weed" can have an effect upon local wildlife, most notably insects. Xanthones for several decades have been the subject of research, but recently determined their structure and how they may work to provide health benefits after it have been examined closely. Over 200 xanthones have been identified. They are found mostly in the rind of the Mangosteen and the Noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit but can also be found in some selected rain 1

forest plants. The edible aril (fruit) portion of the Mangosteen doesnt contain xanthones. To be utilized, the xanthones must be extracted from the rind. The type of extraction process used has a direct contact on which xanthones are extracted and the effects they exert. The chemical composition of xanthone forms the innermost of a diversity of naturally occurring organic compounds, such as mangostin, which are sometimes as a group referred to as xanthones. Xanthones are natural component of plants in the families Bonnetiaceae and Clusiaceae and are found in some species in the family Podostemaceae. Many of these xanthones are found in the rinds of the Mangosteen, which can be found in the region of Southeast Asia. Xanthones is an organic compound. Its molecular formula is C13H8O2. By the heating of phenyl salicylate, it can be prepared. In 1993 it was introduced as an insecticide and it is currently used as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide. Tannins are distributed all over the plant kingdom. They are commonly found in both gymnosperms as well as angiosperms. The tannins in a plant are mainly located in the vacuoles or surface wax of the plants. These sites are where tannins do not interfere with plant metabolism, and it is only after cell breakdown and death that the tannins are active in metabolic effects. Tannins are found in leaf tissues, bud tissues, seed tissues, root tissues and stem tissues. An example of the location of the tannins in the stem tissue is that they are often found in the growth areas of trees, such as secondary phloem and xylem and the layer between the cortex and epidermis. Tannins may help regulate the growth of these tissues. However, there may be a loss in the bioavailability of tannins in plants due to birds, pests, and other pathogens. Many plants employ tannins to deter animals. It has not been determined whether tannin was produced for another purpose, example as pesticide, or whether it evolved specifically for the purpose of inhibiting predation. Animals that consume excessive amounts of these plants fall ill or die. It is, therefore, important to make pesticide that will kill the targeted pests and not make any harm to the plant you mean to protect. By using the Mangosteen rind as a source of organic

pesticide that contains natural properties on discouraging infestations by insects, fungi, plant viruses, bacteria and animal predation we can prevent harm to humans and other animals. This research was conducted to know the potential of the Mangosteen rind as a promising pesticide for the control of pests.

OBJECTIVES
To know the potential of the Mangosteen rind as an additive pesticide component for the control of pests; To create a pesticide that is environment-friendly; To formulate a pesticide that will not effect to the production of more harmful insects that infest the farmlands; and To create an effective pesticide at a low cost for ordinary farmers.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Plant crops serve an important role in every day of our lives, without the production of crops; it would be very hard for organisms to sustain its vitality. Since various kinds of organisms depend on these crops, it is expected that so-called pests used to invade and infest them. Through the help of technology, scientist created many ways and solutions on how to decrease or totally stop the invasion of these pests. So, they created these pesticides that aid in the destruction of plant crops. But as time goes by, the chemicals from the pesticides have gradually co-evolved with the crops that caused into the propagation of pesticide-resistant insects. That resulted for more destruction. So in order to resolve this problem, what do we need to use to create a pesticide that will destroy all of these pests but, must be environmental friendly one?

HYPOTHESIS
If the production of pesticide is possible from the extraction of xanthones and tannins from the Mangosteen rind, then the production of an organic pesticide at a cheap cost is possible.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Lots of farms are destroyed due to the destructive organisms that feed on the crops of the farmers especially in the provincial areas. Farmers spent almost half of their budgets just to buy commercially made pesticides that will kill the destructive organisms such as snails, locusts, worms, etc., so we need to make an environment friendly pesticide that can save the crops and lessen the expenses that the farmers will budget on just buying a commercially made pesticide.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is focused mainly about the making of the organic pesticide and only extends through the chemical compositions of the Mangosteen rind; the steps on making an organic pesticide; and on how to extract the chemical compositions, such as xanthones and tannins, from the Mangosteen rind for the successful production of an organic pesticide.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

General Background Information: MANGOSTEEN The mangosteens scientific name is Garcinia mangostana. It is a tropical evergreen tree. It is believed that it came from the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. This tree can grow from 7 m to 25 m tall. The exocarp of the fruit is deep red purple when ripe. The fragrant edible flesh can be described as sweet and tangy, citrusy with peach flavor and texture. Mangosteen is closely related to other edible tropical fruits such as Button Mangosteen and Lemondrop Mangosteen, but bears no relationship to the Mango fruit. (Flowering Trees Of The World For Tropics And Warm Climates) The mangosteen was first described by Carolus Linnaeus, the father of taxonomy. The juvenile Mangosteen fruit does not require fertilization to form. It first appears as pale green or almost white. The fruit enlarges over the next two to three months and at the same time, exocarp color deepens to darker green. The fruit increases in size until its exocarp is 68 centimeters in outside diameter and remains hard until the final, abrupt ripening stage. (Manual Of Cultivated Plants) An immature Mangosteen exocarp is chemically composed of an array of polyphenolic acids including xanthones and tannins that assure astringency to discourage infestation by insects, fungi, plant viruses, bacteria and animal predation. When the color changes and the exocarp soften, it means that the fruit is ripening. This indicates that it can now be eaten and that the seeds are finished developing. (Research And Extesion Journal ISSN 1655-3403) Mangosteen is typically advertised and marketed as one of the so-called "superfruits" presumed to have a combination of taste, fragrance, visual qualities, nutrient richness, antioxidant strength and has a potential for lowering risk against human diseases. But among six exotic fruits, the Mangosteen is the lowest to these qualities.

The aril is the flavorful part of the fruit but for its nutrient content, the Mangosteen aril has no important content, it contains no antioxidant phytochemicals in significant concentration and there is no evidence of aril contents has any health properties. (Edible Fruits And Nuts) A possible side effect may occur when drinking Mangosteen juice with xanthones regularly. There is a recent medical case report that described a patient with severe acidosis possibly caused by a year of daily use of Mangosteen juice containing xanthones, as occurs in the manufacture of many commercial Mangosteen juices. The authors proposed that chronic exposure to alpha-mangostin, a xanthone, could be toxic to mitochondrial function, leading to impairment of cellular respiration and production of lactic acidosis. (Womens Journal) There is a legend about Queen Victoria offering a reward to anyone who could deliver to her the fabled fruit. (USM R And D Journal) PESTICIDE Usually, a pesticide is designed to destroy organisms that are undesirable. End-use products contain one or several active ingredients and formulants. A pesticide is designated by its common name, chemical name or commercial name. The common name refers to the active ingredient. The chemical name designates the active ingredient chemical structure name. The commercial name is the name given by the manufacturer. (Pesticide Formulation And Application Systems) Mostly, pesticides are grouped in two categories, which are organic and inorganic pesticides. Organic pesticides contain carbon, while inorganic pesticides do not contain carbon which can be found only under the form of carbonate or cyanide. These pesticides are derivatives made from arsenic, mercury, fluorine, sulphur and copper, as well as derivatives made from cyanide. (Handbook On The Use Of Pesticides In The Asia-Pacific Region) Organic pesticides can be divided into three groups: synthetic pesticides, natural pesticides and microorganisms. Inorganic pesticides are mostly derived from minerals. (Persistent Pesticides In The Environment, Second Edition)

XANTHONES The chemical composition of xanthone forms the innermost of a diversity of naturally occurring organic compounds, such as mangostin, which are sometimes as a group referred to as xanthones. Synthetic derivatives of xanthone can be added during the polymerization of polyester, to form a plastic that has a greater resistance to degradation by ultraviolet light. The most useful derivative is tetrahydroxyxanthone. Polyester film can be used for the production of third generation printed solar cells, to make them a cost effective alternative to silica-based solar energy generation. It was originally intended that the additive be used for polyester greenhouses in hot climates, where the plastic would degrade after a few years from UV exposure. The xanthone-treated product has an extended useful lifetime of ten years instead of three. Xanthone is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol which used in the determination of urea levels in the blood. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthones)

TANNINS Tannins are astringent, bitter plant polyphenols that either bind and precipitate or shrink proteins. The astringency from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption of red wine or an unripened fruit. The term tannin refers to the use of tannins in tanning animal hides into leather; however, the term is widely applied to any large polyphenolic compound containing sufficient hydroxyls and other suitable groups (such as carboxyls) to form strong complexes with proteins and other macromolecules. Tannins have molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 9,000. Tannins are incompatible with alkalis, gelatin, heavy metals, iron, lime water, metallic salts, strong oxidizing agents and zinc sulfate. Tannins are usually divided into hydrolyzable tannins and condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins).

Occurrence Tannins are distributed all over the plant kingdom. They are commonly found in both gymnosperms as well as angiosperms. In terms of location of the tannins in a plant, they are mainly located in the vacuoles or surface wax of the plants. These sites are where tannins do not interfere with plant metabolism, and it is only after cell breakdown and death that the tannins are active in metabolic effects. Tannins are found in leaf tissues, bud tissues, seed tissues, root tissues and stem tissues. An example of the location of the tannins in the stem tissue is that they are often found in the growth areas of trees, such as the secondary phloem and xylem and the layer between the cortex and epidermis. Tannins may help regulate the growth of these tissues. They are also found in the heartwood of conifers and may play a role in inhibiting microbial activity, thus resulting in the natural durability of the wood. However, there may be a loss in the bioavailability of tannins in plants due to birds, pests, and other pathogens. The leaching of tannins from the decaying leaves of vegetation adjoining a stream may produce what is known as a blackwater river. Toxicity If ingested in excessive quantities, tannins inhibit the absorption of minerals such as iron which may, if prolonged, lead to anemia. This is because tannins are metal ion chelators, and tannin-chelated metal ions are not bioavailable. This may not be bad for someone with an infection, as iron is mopped up by the immune system to keep microorganisms from properly multiplying. Tannins have been shown to precipitate proteins, which inhibits in some ruminant animals the absorption of nutrients from high-tannin grains such as sorghum. Tannins only reduce the bioavailability of plant sources of iron, also known as non-heme. Animal sources or heme iron absorption will not be affected by tannins. Tannic acid does not affect absorption of other trace minerals such as zinc, copper, and manganese in rats. Tannins are phenolic compounds and interfere with iron absorption through a complex formation with iron when it is in the gastrointestinal lumen which decreases the bioavailability of iron. There is an important difference in the way in which the phenolic compounds interact with different hydroxylation patterns (gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid) and the effect on iron 8

absorption. The content of the iron-binding galloyl groups may be the major determinant of the inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds. However, condensed tannins do not interfere with iron absorption. Uses Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather. Oak bark has traditionally been the primary source of tannery tannin, though inorganic tanning agents are also in use today. Tannins may be employed medicinally in antidiarrheal, hemostatic, and antihemorrhoidal compounds. The anti-inflammatory effect of tannins helps control all indications of gastritis, esophagitis, enteritis, and irritating bowel disorders. Tannins not only heal burns and stop bleeding, but they also stop infection while they continue to heal the wound internally. The ability of tannins to form a protective layer over the exposed tissue keeps the wound from being infected even more. Tannins are also beneficial when applied to the mucosal lining of the mouth. Tannins can also be effective in protecting the kidneys. Tannins have been used for immediate relief of sore throats, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhaging, fatigue, skin ulcers and as a cicatrizant on gangrenous wounds. Tannins can cause regression of tumors that are already present in tissue, but if used exessively over time, they can cause tumors in healthy tissue. Tannins are used indirectly as molluscicides to interrupt the transmission cycle of schistosomiasis. They have also reported to have anti-viral affects. When incubated with red grape juice and red wines with a high content of condensed tannins, the poliovirus, herpes simplex virus, and various enteric viruses are inactivated. Tannins can also be used to pull out poisons from poison oak or from bee stings, causing instant relief. The tannins help draw out all irritants from the skin because tannin is an astringent that tightens pores and pulls out liquids. Tannins produce different colors with ferric chloride (blue, blue black, or green to greenish black) according to the type of tannin. Iron gall ink is produced by treating a solution of tannins with iron(ll) sulfate. Tannin is a component in a type of industrial particleboard adhesive developed jointly by the Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization and Forintek Labs Canada. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannins)

MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIALS NEEDED

6 mangosteen arils 1 liter of acetone-water solution with a ratio of 80:20 Strainer 1 liter bottle Funnel

FLOWCHART
Simple methods used in making a pesticide:

Drying of the Mangosteen arils

Placing the arils in the acetone-water mixture

Filtering of the extracted components

GENERAL PROCEDURES
In making a pesticide, we need to extract the xanthones and tannins tha mangosteen contains. What we need to do is to dry the mangosteen arils under the sun for a day or until it is completely dried up. Then place the dried arils into the acetone-water solution for 3 days to ensure that all the xanthones and tannins it contain is extracted completely. Lastly, remove tha arils from the mixture using the strainer. (XanGo, LLC) Note that no other components are added in order to ensure the effectiveness of the mixture in killing pests that destroys our crops and everything. Also make another mixture having a ratio of 70:30 in order to obtain information about the effectiveness of the pesticide in different kinds of ratios.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Arils-The protective covering of the pulp and is also the location of xanthones and tannins used as the nutrional source of the mangosteen juice Exocarp-is a botanical term for the outermost layer of the pericarp (or fruit). The exocarp forms

the tough outer skin of the fruit which bears oil glands and pigments. The exocarp is sometimes called the epicarp, or, especially in citruses, the flavedo.
Infestation- To inhabit or overrun in numbers or quantities large enough to be harmful,

threatening, or obnoxious: rats infesting the sewers; streets that were infested with drugs.
Pesticide- A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. A pesticide may

be a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any pest. Pests include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms) and microbes that compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread or are a vector for disease or cause a nuisance. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides, there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other animals.
Pesticide resistant- having the immunity from being destroyed by pesticides Polyphenolic acids- are a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized by the

presence of more than one phenol unit or building block per molecule. Polyphenols are generally divided into hydrolyzable tannins (gallic acid esters of glucose and other sugars) and phenylpropanoids, such as lignins, flavonoids, and condensed tannins.
Organic- a substance that contains carbon. Tannins - are astringent, bitter plant polyphenols that either bind and precipitate or shrink

proteins. The astringency from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption of red wine, strong tea, or an unripened fruit.[The term tanning

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refers to the use of tannins in tanning animal hides into leather; however, the term is widely applied to any large polyphenolic compound containing sufficient hydroxyls and other suitable groups (such as carboxyls) to form strong complexes with proteins and other macromolecules. Tannins have molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3,000. Tannins are incompatible with alkalis, gelatin, heavy metals, iron, lime water, metallic salts, strong oxidizing agents and zinc sulfate.
Xanthones- is an organic compound with the molecular formula C13H8O2. It can be prepared by

the heating of phenyl salicylate. In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide and it currently finds uses as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide. Xanthone is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol which used in the determination of urea levels in the blood

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