ADDITIONAL MATHEMETI CS

PROJECT WORK 2
NAME : NOOR AMALINA BINTI MURSIEDY IC NUM : 941003-14-5788 SCHOOL : SMK PUTRAJAYA P11(1)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Num 1 Part 1 Part 2 Question 1 2

Questions

Page 8

9 -10 11 - 12 13 14 - 16 17 18 - 20 20 21 - 23 24-25 26

Question 2 (a) Question 2 (b) Question 2 (c) Question 3 (a) Question 3 (b) Question 3 (c) 3 4 5 Part 3 Further Exploration Reflection

Introduction -------------------------------------------------------During this project work ,some of the mathematical principle been applied . In mathematics, a geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio. For example, the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, ... is a geometric progression with common ratio 3. Similarly 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, ... is a geometric sequence with common ratio 1/2. The sum of the terms of a geometric progression is known as a geometric series. Beside that, Linear equations can have one or more variables. Linear equations occur with great regularity in applied mathematics. While they arise quite naturally when modeling many phenomena, they are particularly useful since many non-linear equations may be reduced to linear equations by assuming that quantities of interest vary to only a small extent from some "background" state. The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the best linear approximation of the function near that input value. For a real-valued function of a single real variable, the derivative at a point equals the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. In higher dimensions, the derivative of a function at a point is a linear transformation called the linearization. A closely related notion is the differential of a function.

Appreciation ------------------------------------------------------------During my time of period finishing this project work , there was so many peoples that helped me to go thru this assignment . To both of my apple pie mom and dad , thank you for all your support and first-aid helping me to solve all of this hard questions. And of course , for encourage me to never gave up doing this work . I wont make it without you two.

Secondly , I would like to thanks to my additional mathematics teacher , Pn Zalina . Because she has been a really big help to me and my other classmates. Thank You teacher , because you never give up on us .

Lastly , I would like to thanks to all my friends that doing this project with me . You guys really been a big help to me . Thanks to all your guidances , I manage to finish this project work

Sincerely , Noor Amalina

HISTORY OF CAKES -----------------------------------------------------------Although clear examples of the difference between cake and bread are easy to find, the precise classification has always been elusive. For example, banana bread may be properlyconsidered either a quick bread or a cake.The Greeks invented beer as a leavener, fryingfritters in olive oil, and cheesecakes using goat's milk. In ancient Rome, basic bread doughwas sometimes enriched with butter, eggs, and honey, which produced a sweet and cake-like baked good. Latin poet Ovid refers to the birthday of him and his brother with party and cakein his first book of exile, Tristia .Early cakes in England were also essentially bread: the mostobvious differences between a "cake" and "bread" were the round, flat shape of the cakes, andthe cooking method, which turned cakes over once while cooking, while bread was leftupright throughout the baking process. Sponge cakes, leavened with beaten eggs, originatedduring the Renaissance, possibly in Spain.Cake decorating is one of the sugar arts requiring mathematics that uses icing or frosting andother edible decorative elements to make otherwise plain cakes more visually interesting.Alternatively, cakes can be moulded and sculpted to resemble three-dimensional persons, places and things. In many areas of the world, decorated cakes are often a focal point of aspecial celebration such as a birthday, graduation, bridal shower, wedding, or anniversary.

Part I -------------------------------------------------------------------------Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings Answer:

By Using Geometry - To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced

By Using Calculus (differentiation) - To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate minimum or maximum amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate minimum or maximum size of cake produced.

By Using Progressions - To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration

Part II -------------------------------------------------------------------------

Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teacher s Day celebration. (Diagram 11)

h cm

d cm Diagram 1

1 ) If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800 cm , and the height of the cake is to be7.0cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school.

10

2) The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in height.

a) If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights, h cm ,and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used , d cm. Tabulate your answers Answer: First, form the formula for d in terms of h by using the above formula for volume of cake, V= 19000, that is:

11

b) Based on the values in your table,

(i) state the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers. Answer: h< 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive.

ii)suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer Answer: h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling

12

c) (i) Form an equation to represent the linear relation between hand d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of computer software.]

13

14

(ii)

(a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required.

Answer: h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm

(b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained. Answer: d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm

15

3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm (a) Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii). Answer: h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = VOLUME of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = Vol. of cream at the top surface + Vol. of cream at the side surface

16

(b) Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes. Answer : 1 - Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid)

17

2-Triangle-shaped base

= (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm 3 Pentagon Shape

19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore:2375 = 5(length x width)475 = length x width 18

By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19) Therefore, amount of cream= 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface= 5(8 x 19) + 2375 =3135 cm

c) Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used?

Answer: Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used

19

Part III -------------------------------------------------------------Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two different methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers Answer: Method 1: Differentiation

20

therefore, h = 18.22cm, d =2r =2(18.22) = 36.44cm

21

Method 2: Quadratic Function

I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily 22

FURTHER EXPLORATION
--------------------------------------------------------------Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2.The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cakeis10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. (a) Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cake form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number pattern

23

(b) If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify you re answer using other methods Answer:

24

REFLECTION ---------------------------------------------------When I m sitting in front of my laptop , spent countless of hours in order to finishing this project. From week to week , finally I managed to finished it .I realize , how much is important Additional Mathematics in my list of subjects. I started to think that I love this subject and I m finding this quite easy. Now that I recall , back then when I found how hard is every time I m learning this subject , its all because I don t try hard to learned it . I m grateful that I have the chance to learn this subject.

From now on , I promise ,I ll try hard in learning more Additional Mathematics subject.

25

26