LOI GGL THIEL Trong cong cuéc khdi phuc kinh té va xay dung chii nghia xa hoi 6 nuée ta hién nay khéi lugng xay dung co ban sé rat lén. Ching ta phai xay dung lai hau nh | ton bé he thorig edu cong, xy dumg nhiéu céng trinh thuy loi, bén ciing va nha . Gidi quyét nén méng cho cdc céng trinh 1a mét van dé rat phitc tap va rat tén kém. Do tinh hinh dja chat cia nuée ta, méng coc sé la gidi phap phé bién nhat, hop ly nhat, vi né c6 nhiéu gid tri vé kinh té'- ky thuat. Trong nhimg nam viia qua, ching ta da sit dung kha nhiéu loai mab ege trong xay dung cdu cong vii mét 80’ xi nghiép Ion. Thue té dd chimg minh rang, méng coe hon han cc loai méng sau khdc. Trén thé giéi, mong coé duge sit dung réng rai va nhing nam gén day If juan tinh toén méng cdc phat trién rat nhanh va rat nhiéu van dé phite tap duge dé ra. O' nube ta, truéc mat phdi nhanh chong tiép thu cdc thanh tyu Khoa hoe cia thé gidi va trén co sé dé nghién cu cic van dé thiét thue phuc vu cho viée thiét ké va xay dung cdc céng trinh cia ta. Vi vay, viée bién soan mét tai ligu hoan chinh vé tinh todn méng ope la rat céin thiét. ‘Tai ligu nay dé cap hau hét céc vain dé xung quanh viéc tinh todn cdc loai mong coc, trinh bay ti mi cde phuong phap tinh todn cu thé cing nhw trinh bay mét cach hé théng cde vain dé Iy lun va thanh qua nghién citu 6 cde niréc. Téc gid da gidi thiéu nhing nét co bin vé phuong huéng va tinh hinh nghién cifu hién nay, déng théi cing dé trinh bay mt phdn nhimg quan diém va két qua nghién cia cUa minh trong nhing nam vita qua. Cé thé noi, day la mét tai ligu c6 gid tr thue tién phue vu tét cho céng tac thiét ké va céng tée nghién citu khoa hoc. Né 86 rat bé ich cho can b6 thif@ké' cic cng trinh xay dung co ban va la mét tai ligu tham khdo tét cho can bg nghién citu. Tiép theo tai liéu nay, mong rang téc gia sé bién soan mét tai ligu tink toan cu thé cac loai méng. coc bang mdy tinh dién tit dé ching ta 06 di cy sé chéc chén sit dung mét cach rong rai céc phuong phap da néu ra va sé gitip Suing ta manh dan thiét ké' va xay dung nhtng cong tinh to 1én, hién dai hon, thé hién su phat trién cia khoa hoc kj thuat xay dung co bain trong ché' dé xa hdi chi nghia ching ta, Lé Van Thuong Phé tién si khoa hoc ky thuat Pho chi nhigm Khoa Cau Duing Truvng Dai hoc Xay dungLOI NOI DAU Nhe ning wu diém néi bat eda n6, mong coc va coc Sng ngay cang duge phat trién manh mé trong cde nganh x4y dimg cong trinh. Do nhing diéu kién han ché nhét dinh, nén céc sich gido khoa vé “nén méng" cua cdc tru’mg dai hoc khéng thé dé cap hét duoc tat cd cdc van dé tinh toan méng coe, ma nhing van dé nay lai rat nhiéu. Vi lé dé, chting téi manh dan bién soan quyén séch nay dé phn nao dép img duge nhu cdu eda can bé ky thuat xay Gung mudn c6 mot tai ligu tuong déi c6 hé théng va hoan chinh vé tinh todn méng coe. Quyén sach nay gém 7 chuong va chi yéu chi trinh bay viée tinh toan mong coc vé mat tinh luc hoc 1a van dé cap thiét true tién. Hy vong rang viée tinh toan méng coc vé mat ding lye hoc s& duge dé c4p trong mét tai ligu khac. Chuong I gidi thiéu edu tao, cde loai coe va méng coc. Nhting loai coc tién tiga va hign dai nhu coc éng ha bing may chiin dong, céc loai coc mé réng chan, coe 6 tai, v.v.. déu duge trinh bay ky trong chuong nay Chuong I néu lén mot each hé thdng ede phuomg phap xée dinh site chiu tdi cia coc duge ding’ nhiéu ¢ mot sO nude tién tiga trén thé gidi, Vie xit Iy cde két qua thi nghiém cod bing tdi trong tinh, vie nit ra cde céng thite dong, pham vi img dung’ ca ching, dc biét 1a viée x4c dinh qua trinh thay déi, site chiu tai cia coc Sau khi déng, déu duge trinh bay tuong déi dy dui trong chuong nay dya vio, nhing tai ligu moi nat. Chuong III trinh bay vigc tinh toan méng coc dai thdp theo phuung phép.cé, dién duoc. 4p dung phé bién tir true téi nay. Cudi chuong nay c6 néu ra,mét. s6. nhdn xét va phn tich vé nhing diéu bat hep ly. trong viéc tinh toan mong. coc dai tha. Chuong IV trinh bay tuong déi ky va cu thé mot sf phuong phap diéu chinh vé tinh toan coe don (hay méng sau den) chiu tdi trong ngang. Day la mét vin dé tinh todn phife tap, déng théi né 1a co sé cho viée tinh toan mong coc dai cao theo cae mé hinh chinh xéc. Chuong V trinh bay mét cdch téng-quat phuong ph4p chinh x4c dé tinh toén méng coc dai cao tuyét déi cimg, nghia la phuong phap cb ké dén chuyén vi cia dinh coc, déng thai cing néu lén phuong phap gin diing, coi méi coe co lién két ngam cimg tai mét chiéu sdu nhdt dinh nao dé trong dat. Chuong VI trinh bay phuong phap gin ding va phuong phap chinh xc dé tinh toan méng coc dai mém. C6 rat nhiéu phuong phép géin diing, nhung @ day chi 5néu ra phuong phdp cila Anténév 1a phuong phép ph6 bién hon. Phuong phap chinh xéc ma chting t6i trinh bay trong chuong nay edn ¢6 thé coi nhu mét phuong phép téng quét, vi n6 xét cho trutmg hop tdi trong téc dung bat ky, nO c6 thé ding dé tinh to4n méng coc dai cao tuyét déi cimg, déng théi cé thé rit ra cac két qua giéng niu céc phuong ph4p gén ding néu dua vao céc gid thiét tuong img: Dé khdc phuc diéu bat hop ly da trink bay & cuéi chuong V, trong chuong VI chiing t6i néu ra mét phuomg phép t6ng quat dé tinh ton méng coc dai thip‘e6 ké dén ay lam vige ela phan dat tip mie voi dai coe. Voi mye dich két hop yéu cdu vé phuc vu tinh toan cy thé, hé thong va yéu cdu vé nang cao trinh. d6 ly luda, trée mai phn tinh todn déu trinh bay so luge” vé téng quat phat trién cia van dé va sau méi chuong cé tém tdt lai trinh tv tién, hah tinh todn theo tig phuong phap, déng thdi cb néu ra mét sd vi du cu thé. bang 86 thyc hién theo cdc trinh ty 44 néu ra. Ngoai viée phuc vu cho céc cén bd ky thudt, cén bé nghién ctu, can bé gidng day, quyén séch nay cdn ding lam tai ligu tham khdo cho sinh vién céc ndm cudi khod thude cée trutmg dai hoc vé x4y dung cong trinh. Vi trinh d9 va kinh nghigm con ft nén khong thé ndo tranh khéi thiéu sét, rét mong ban doe gop § phé binh. Nhan day, ching téi xin ‘chan thank cdm on phé tin si khoa hoc ky thudt Lé Van Thuéng 44 viét 1éi tya cho quyén sch nay; cdm on cde déng chi cén bé gidng day trong bé mén 44 gép nhiéu ¥ kién quy bau vé ndi dung va hinh thie, déng chi Trdn Binh ¢ BO mén May tinh - phé tin si khoa hoe ky thuat da gop § kién cho mét sé chuong, déng chi Léu Tho Trinh - cén bé gidng day cia BG mén Co hoc két cdiu da gép mét sf ¥ kién vé n6i dung thuéc linh-vue co hoe két cu; elm on phé tién st khoa. hoc ky thugt Lé Quy An, Chu nhiém BG mén Co hoe dat Nén Mong Trutng dai hoc Giao théng sAt - b6 da xem lai todn bé ban thdo va gop nhiéu kién quy béu, ky sw Nguyén Ba D6, Nha xudt ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat 4a cd nhiéu cing site trong vige tu chinh ban thdo khi bién tap. GS.PTS. Lé Disc Thing MeChuong 1 cAU TAC CUA MONG COC §1-1. Khai nigm chung Mong coc 1a mot trong nhing loai méug duge ap dung dau con ngwdi 44 biét dong nbirng than cay, canh cay 48 lam mong. Trong lich sit vin héa loai ngudi, c thoi dai 44 duge nguoi ta goi 1a «thii dai xay dung mong coe >. Trong trméng hop tdi trong twong d6i lon ma nhiing lép dat t6t lai nfm & duéi stu hodc khi xAy dung cong trinb tai nhitng chd cd muéc thi mot trong nhimg bign phap xy dung mong hgp ly 18 ding mong cgc. Truge day mong coc ebi dugc ding nbitu trong cdc cong trink clu durong va thiy Igi, nhung ohitng pm gin day, inéng coc con.duge Ap dung rit rong ri trong cdc céng trink xy dung dan dung va cong nghi¢p. Trong xy dung dan dung va cong nghi¢p, Lic diiu méng coc chi dug ding & nhiing noi dat yéu, nhung dén nay ngay cd nhiing noi att twong 46i t6t, ngwoi ta cling ding méng coc thay cho méng bing va che logi méng lip ghép Khdc. Kinh nghiém thuc té lia céc muée glin day cho thay ring, kbi xay dung nba khong c6 tng bm, thi méng coc td ra cd ahitu higu qué kinh t hon [20]. Sé-di mong coe ngay cing duge ap dung rong ri, bGi vi ni chung, kbi ding loai mong nay thi gidm durge khdi hrong lama dit, tit kitm duge vat ligu, 66 th8 co gidi héa vige thi cong duoc dé dang, v.v... Mit khde, ding mong coc co thé gidi quyét duge nbiing vin de ky thuat kho khan trong mot s6 cong trinh phite tap nbw ding méng coe trong cae bo phan chiu tai trong lén.ciia cong trinh-a8 gidm bét sy chénh Iéch vé lin, ho%c ding méng coc a8 gidm 9 lin cla bg may, v.v... Tuy vay. cin phai chit ¥ ring, c6 nhimg truéng hop ding mong coc sé khong loi va khong kinh t€. Ching hau, a6i voi nn dat 1d cat chit co th® ebju duge ti trong tong 46i lon, n€u dong y coc vio sé lim cho cét xp Ién va nh thé cwdng do cla nén sé gikm xubng; - hole d6i vei mot s5 cOng trinh thily Igi, trong hS mong chiu tac dung cila Ive thém, néu dong coc thi cé thé 1am cho dong thém tap trung, ting thém kh& ning pha hoai cia dong thm d8i voi néa, v.¥... Nhi¢m vy chit yéu cia méng coc la truy¥n thi trong tir cOng trinh xuSng lop dit & dudi va cée Iep At xung quanh nd, Méng coc gdm hai bo phgn chiab Ia coe va dai coc (h. 1-1). Cyc 1a nhitng than ring ré ding a2 trayén Iye. Dai coe 1a két ou dang €2 lien két cic coc Iai véi nhau vA phan b6 tdi trong cfa - dng trinh 1én cfc coc. 7Tay theo d¥e tinh cia coc trong aét ma ngubi ta phan chia mong coe thanh bai logi: mong coc chéng vA méng coc ma sit. Méng coc ch6ng IA loai mong gdm c&c coe tya lén n&n cieng —thwéng la nn dé (h. 1-2a). Trong trong hyp nay ti trong cia cOng trink chi yéu do nén citng & dudi tiép nhén. Mong coc ma sat (cb kbi con goi 1A méng coc treo) 1a loai mong gdm cdc ege chi xuyén qua nhitng Iép dat thong throng chir khéng twa lén nn 4& cirng (h. 1-25). Méng coe ma sit chiu duge thi trong do cong trinh truy8n xu6ng chi yéu nh ma sit gifka ege va dét n&n. Hink 1-1. Che bd ‘phin cite méng ege : Hinh 1-2. Phin log! mong coe theo 1. ebmg trinh; 2. at ege; 3. coe je tinh ea coe: 1) mong coe ch6ng; b) mong cor ma sit Tay theo vi tri dai coc so voi mit 4&t ma ngudi ta phin than mong coc hi thp vA méng coe dai cao. Thong thudng khi diy dai nim duéi mit dat tbl méng e9c thuge logi dai thip (h. 1-3a), cd khi @éy dai nim cao hon mit aft thi méng coc thude loai di cao (h. 1-3). Sy lam vide ciia-méng coc dai thip ‘va méng coc dai cao kha nhau r&t nhi8u nén vide tinh ton ching cfing khic nhau, Néi chung, so véi logi méng coc @ai thip thi méng ege dai cao chiu tii a 4 Hinh 1-3. Phta log! méng coe theo vj tri Gai coe: 2) méng coe Abt thiip; b) méng coe Mai cao irong ngang kém hon, nbung vé mit thi cOig tht méng cge dai cao 6 rét nhidu wu didm vi khong phai thi cong dai coc & durdi d&t; nbi8u khi con khong phai thi cong dai coc 8 duéi nude nika (nfu thiét ké day dai cao hon m§t nwréc). Nhe wu ditm quan trong d6 ma méng coc dai cao hi¢n nay argc cha ¥ phat tritn nhidu trong nginh xdy ding clu va ching. 8Rieng v8 coc thi truée day bu nhw chi cd loai coc gb va coc bétong cbt thep ha b&ng bia thiéng, nbung do sw nghiép xy dng cia loai nguoi ngay eang phat trifn nén hién nay c6 rat nbidu loai coc. Tay theo phwong phép thi cong ma ngwoi ta phan thanh’ céc loai ge sau diy: — ege hg bing bi — coe ha cd xoi nude; — coe ha bling phuong php xoin; . — cge ha bling phucong phap rung (méy chin dong); — coe mé rong chan ; — coe dB tai chd (coe nhdi). Tay theo dia kign, c6 th8 cbé tao coc bling gB, betdng, hétong cét thep. thép hoe céc vét ligu bdn hop. - Duéi day 8 trinh bay cfu tao cia ting ogi coe. « § 1-2, Cau tgo cha ege Vi hign nay cé rit nhi8u loai coc, cho nén cXn phii biét cifu teo cia moi Jogi va pham vi 4p dung cia ching. Tuy vay, trong phin nay cbl trinh bay ky hoi loai coe duge ding nhidu nbat trong thye tin’ xAy dung 14 egc-gB va coc bé- tong c6t thép ha'bang bia thiréng va loai coc Sug ha bing may chin dong. 1. Logi ge he bang bua thuong (bia treo, bis diézen va bas kof). 2) Coe g8: ae | - Coc gB cé wu itm I nhe, van chuytn dé ding, thi cong va ché tao + twong a6i don giin. Nhuge ditm cia coc gO la sire chiu thi khOng cao, bi han ché v8 chidu dai va tiét dign, dB bj ba muc in mon (v2 dilm nay clin cbwy ring ~ néu toan bO coc gd luon Iuon + nim dudi mye mage nglm thi thoi gian sir dung rt lan, cé kbi @6n bang trim nim). q Coc gd thuéng duge lam bling cic Joai gd thong, gd tr thigt (g3 lim, bdng sfc, tév, Ve¥ue) Vi cdc loai gS nay thing, thin cay trong adi du, cutng 4o twong GBi cao. Coc gd c6 - th lam bing céc than cy “nguyén hinh hoc céc thanh gb x8. Chiu dai coe gd nguyén (uhong ni, khong ghép), thong thudng 1k 5—8m, dwong kinh Khodng 20 — 30cm. Hinh 1-4. Chu tgo cia coe a8 Binh coc g5 phai duge bio i " ye bling dai thép (ht. 1-4a) 48 khi dong coc, khdi bi nit né. Mili coe gS durye vot . hon va bit thep (f. 1-40) 48 khi déng durge dé dang va khong bj toe. Khi coc. gd 9cin co chidu dai 16m thi cd th n6i che cdy/gd lel vi mba (A, f-4c). Khi edn 06 tiét dién Ién, thi c6 thd ghép ba hoe bgn,chy gd lei voi nhau (h, 1-4d, ‘Trong bang 1-1 cho cae dic trung tiét dign cia coc gd vA mot 6c a8 ghép- read peal Bing 1-1 Coe due trang tlds dlgn etd;'coe ad P pintien | we, | Ban inh {ome tar] oa, Loui Hat digo) eS) tem | Com’) arutm Hak Vote ne | coe |x 2 7 | ane | cos | ora? | oad | soa | ase ae : | 2,254 | 0,365a* 0,365a° 0,400 48d 628d 273d" 0,540d* | 0,540d* 45a od 674d 1B) Gye bapeng oot thep- : Coc bétdng c6t thép 1a logi coc duge ding phd bién nhfit. So voi coc gS thi coc bétOng e6t thép cé nhitog wu ditm rb rét nhw: ditu ki¢n ap duog khong phy thuge vao tinh hink nude ngtm (tuy nbién khi dog coc &-nhting noi mrge min thi phai cha ¥ dn hign tagng An mon cOt.thép trong coc), tit dign va chifu dai cia coc cé thé cfu tgo tly theo ¥ mudn, cwrdng 46 ciia vat ligu lam ege r&t lon. : Khuyét dim chinh lia coc bétOng oft thép IA trong rong qué In, gay kh6 kbin cho vie van chuytn vA cOng'tac ba coc. MEt Khe, chinh do trong lwgng bin thin qué Ién cho nén olin phai co kb6i lxgng e6t thép Ion a pha - hop véi so dd chiu lc (rong qua trinh van cbuytn vi treo coc — ma legng” ct thép nay 98 khong c&n nhigu kbi coc d& & trong mong, tire 1a khi cong trink tren mong 48 duc st dung. Kink nghigm thye 16 cho. thiy rfing, egc rit hay. bj héng trong qué trinh van chuy8n, ngay cé trong nbiing trudng bop da ding Ingng edt thép twong déi cao. Kinh nghi¢m cing cho thay ring, trong qua trinb thi cong coc, ign tugng nuit coc (vi vét mirt 0,2—0,25 mm) 1A hign twong thong hay xy ra. Ching ta cling d& timg théy hign tong nay tai cég.chng trudng * méng coc & Hai.Phong, Phi Luong, Van Diem, v.y... BE nang cao ting, dn dinb | chéng nirt va Lit kiém thép, ngudi ta di diing coc bétoag c6t thép tng subt _ totruéc, Losi coc nay ching ta cling da ding & mot 86 cdng trinh tai Hii Phong voi chidu dai kho’ng 40 m va ti8t dign 40 x 40 cm. Coe bétong cSt thép c6 nhiu loai tiét di¢n khdc nhau hw; tron, vudng, cbit nbat, chit T, chit I, tam gide, da gide hoe yudng c6 15 r5ng tron (h. 1-5). oO Hink 1-5 Che losi uét dign cia coe bétdng cbt thép Logi ege 06 tit dién vudng dug ding rong rai hon cA vi né co wu ditm chi yéu la ché tgo don gidn, khong en nhifag thiét bj phitc tap, ¢6 tht. ché tao ngay tai cOng trudng. Kich thude tié di¢n cia loai coc nay thutng 1a 20x20em ; 2x25em; 30XI0em; 35x35em; 40X40em. BE gidm bot trong luong cia coc (aifu nay rét quan trong, nb&t 1a d8i voi trong hop khong ai bia nding khi thi cong) nbi8a noi di ding logi coc vudng cé 18 rdng tron & gitra. Chiéu dai thudng dang cla coc bétong cOt thép tt 4—25m, cb khi dat toi 40—45m. ‘Vi kho khan trong qué trinh van cbuy&n va didu kign han ché vé gid bia, cho nén tr nhitng trong bgp riéng bigt thi coe duge ché to toan bd thanh mét kbdi, cdn phin‘Ién ogc durge ehé to | thanh ting doen rdi n6i Iai voi nhau trong qué trinb hg. Chiu dai mdi doan cockboding 6—8m. Tren hinh 1-6 trinb bay cfu tao cia m$t loai coc bétong c6t thép duge ap dung & ede mirc va & Vigt Nam. Khi déng coc, tng suat cuc bd thiréng phat sinh & dinh coe, cho nén tai day phi ting cong’ f thém bing cdc hréi cét thép. Mii nbon cia coe duge ting ewng thém cét thép doc va-céc thank thép. Cét thép dai & hai du bd tri day hon voi ~) buée 5—10cm so voi doan gira voi bude 15—20cm- Cot thép dai ding c6t thép varib ho§e xodn Sc y CBt thep doc c6 th ding loai CT3 hoke CTS, gsm | kee _, 4 hofe 8 thanh cO ¢ = 16—32mm, cOt thép dai Ig ding ¢ = 6— 8mm. Lop bétong bio vé cia coe co | TE z chidn day it nb&t 1 3em, Béléng ding lam coc pbai cé mac th&p nb&t 14 300 di voi nganh cau durdng va thiy Igi; 150 46i voi nginb xay dung dan dung va cong aghiép. Trong mdi coc (bay méi doan coc) nén bé tri hai cai méc ding a& clu coe trong qué trinh van chuydn, c6 khi phai b6 tri them mt méc nia ding d8 treo coc én git bia khi he. Trén blob 1-7 trinh bay efu tg0 cba mot loi ge bétong eft thép ting sual trade. Belong ding Pett 6,, ha tae Oke coe 2 ché tao coe betOng c6t thép ing suit trade phAi tréa hiah tinh bing om) ‘Liorce 88 mac thép nhat la 400 46i voi mong coc dai coc dai thép. peers Hinh 1-7, Chu tyo cia ege bétOng c6t thép ing subt Irae (ich thude trén hinh tinh bing em, riéng e6t thép tinh bang mm) cao va 300 @di voi méug BB lam tai ligu tham khdo, trong hai bing 1-2 va 1-3 6 cho mot 55 36 ligu v8 c&e loai coe be. tong cét thép thong thong va coe bétong cot thép tng suit truée hay ~ ding & Lien Xo. Cac kich thuée trong hai bang a6 nbu binh 1-8. 5 Gin day, 3 cdc nude, ad ting curdng kb’ ning chia thi cia coc (ch vf phwong dign chiu tai trong dirng va cbiu ti trong ngang), ngwoi (a ap dung:loai coe bétong cot thép cé tai (7). Trén bink 4-9 trinh bay cfu tao cia Jogi coc c tai nay. Tai cba coc 18 mot két cfu bétong cét thép hinh con, - con 15 ring & gitta d8 lip <9 vao.than coc. Tay theo bink dang tiét dign cia * ege,ma 18 nay cO hin - ‘dang thich hyp. Ngoai ra, tai coe oon co the co nhigu rib nbd (xem hinh vé) a8 lam d8 dang th¢m qué trinh déng, coc. Mit ngoai cia tai nghiéng Bang 1-2 Coe betomg e6t thep 6 tH Ge Heh tute ev Ha Gon) [wi iontmo =] Troe] gas S6 higu e9e mone par inan| tevne | ME, md) fee) | © " — @_|@ |_@_|“ao cys —2 ota | asa | oar | 200 y35—20 ota | 187 | 038 |. 200 cya —20 ots | 208 | ost | 200 ev45—20 ose | 23 | os | 200 cys. —20 0.20 ) 253 | 051 | 20 1 022 | 278 | 056 | 200 C¥5,5—20a @ 9,819 | © | 9 |) @ | @ 7a cys 20 | 6000 | 200 | 258 | 1200 } 1800 | 024 | 50 | ost | 200 cv —20 | 7000 | 200 | 250 | 1400 | 2100 | 028 | 345 | 0,71 | 200 ceva —25 + sooo | 250 | sx] coo | — | 019 |-179 | 048 | 200 cvss—25 | 3500 | 250 | 520 | 700 | — | 0.22 | 201 | 0,56 | 200 cvs —25 | 4000 | 250 | sx | 00 | -— | 020 | mt | 08s | 200 cvas—2s | 4500 | 250 | 320 | 900 | - | 029 | 25 | 072 | 200 cys —25 | sooo | 250 | sao | 1000 | — | 032 | 271 | 0.80 | 200 CY5,5—25 5800 | 250 | s20 | 1100 - 035. | 28 | 0,88 200 cys —25 | 6000 | 250 30 | 1200 | — | os | 3121 098 | 200 evr —25 | 7000 | 250 | sao | 1400 | aro | oe | 35,7 ) 41 | 200 cvs 25 | e000 | 250 | 320 | 1600 | 200 | ost | 59,9 200 Gy3s —30 | 3000 | 300 | 340 | 600} — 200 cv3s—20 | 3500 | 300 | 310 | 700.) _ 200 cys —30 | 4000 | s00 | sé0 | © 200 | _ 200 -ex45—s0 | 4500 | 300 | s40 | 900 | 200 cvs —30 | so00 | soo | so | 1000 | _ ats | 200 CY5,5—30 5500 | 800 | 340 | 1100 _ 1,28 200 cys 30 | 6000 | s00 | s40| 1900 | as0 | 200 evr —30 | 7000 | 00 | 840 | 2400 | g109 1462: | * 200 cvs —30 | go00 | 300 | 40] 1600 | 2499 - as | 900 9-3 | go00 | 300 | 340 | 1800 | 2500 20s | 300 € 10-80 } so000 | 300 | 340 | 2100 | 2900 aaa | 300 ¢ 11-30 | so000 | 300 | 310 | 2300 | 5200 250 | 300 ¢ 12-30 | s2000 | 00 | s40 | 2500 | “3500 274 | 300 evs —85 | go00 | 380 | 400 | 1000 | 2400 2,50 | 800 eve ~35 | 9000 | 350 | 400 |. 1900 | 2600 2.90 | 300 cvi0 —35 | 0000 | 350 | 4001 210 | 2900 3,12 -| 300 © 1135 | i000 | 350 | 400 | 2300 | s200 3a | 300 c 12-85 | x2000 | 350 | 400 | 2800 | $500 3,70 | 300 ¢ 13-35 | 19000 | 850. | 400 | 700 | 3800 403 | 300 c 14-35 | saov0 | 350 | 400 | 2900 | 4300 434 | 300 c 15=35 | 15000 | 350 | 400 | sio0 | 4400 44 | 300 ¢ 16—35 - | 16000 | 350 | 400 | 3300 | 4700 4,95 | 300 ¢ 13-40 | 13000 | 400 | 450 | 2700 | 3800 528 | 300 c 14-40 | 14000 | 400 | 450 | 2900 | 4100 52 | 900 c 15-40 | 15000 | 400 | 480 | stoo | 4400 695 | 900 c 18-40 | 16000 | 400 | 450! s300 | 4700 GAS, 300 CY — coe n dinh ch6ng nit € —cge khéng 3n @inh chéng mit; tr] $6 @u 1a chitu dui coc (m) rj a6 san 12 eqn ca coe Cem). 13Bing 1-8 y : 7 RS! leyng ot Che Mien thuée.co bhartmad | “Mec'eye | Troe | wae 86 hig coo pe | eat | “oak ai tp flaltal os [ting] tép | ao | @ olal@! @ | @ |@] @ | » |a 000 | 200 | 250 | 600 | — | 0,12 300 500 |-200 | 250 | 700 | — | Od 300 400 | 200 | 250 | a0 | — | 0.16 300 4500 | 200 | 250) 900 | — | 0.18 300 000 | 200 | 250] 1000 | — | 0.20 300 3500 | 200] 250 | 1100 | — | 0,22 300 000 | 200} 250 | 1200 | — | 0,24 300 7000 | 200 | 250) 1400 | 2100 | 0,28 300 sooo | 250 | 320} 60 | — | 019 300 3500. | 250) 320 | 700 — | 082 300 4000 | 250 | 320 | a0 | — | 0.26 300 4500 | 250] 320 | 900 | — | 0.29 300 000 | 250} 320 | 100 | —° | 0.82 300 ss00 | 250] 320 | 1100 | — | 0,35 300 000 | 250 | 320 | 1200 |. — | 0,38 300 ooo } 250} 320 | 1400 | 2100 | 0,¢4 300 000 | 250 | 320 | 1600 00 3000 | 200 | 340 | 600 300 3500 } 300 | 340 | 700 300 ‘4000 | $00} 3<0 | 800 300 4600 | 300 | 3:0 |. -900 300 ‘000 | 300 340 | 1000 300 "55-30 | 8500 | 300] 340 | 1100 ; 300 Hey 6-30 | 6000 | 300 | 340 | 1200 300 Cig, 7-90 -| 7000 | 300 | 340] 1400 | 2100 | 0.64 300 cast p—30 | ao00 | 900] 340 | 1600 | 2400 | 0,78 300 Gan? p—so | 9000 | 300 | ac0| i800 | 2600 | 0.82 300 Gutsy 10-30 | 30000 | 300 | 340 | 2100 | 2000 | 0.91 300 Gast it—30 | 11000 | 300] 340 | 2900 | s200. | 1,00 300 CHL i2—30 | 12000 300 | s40| 2500 | 3500 | 100 300 Care is— 30 | 13000 | 300 | 40] 2700 | sa00 | 1,18 400 cut, 1480 | 14000 | 300 | S10} 2000 | 4100 | 127 400 CHyp 15-30 | 18000 | 900) s40 | 100 | 4400 | 196] 7324 | a4 | 400 Gute ‘sas |. sooo | 380 | soo | 1600 | 2400 | 100) ans | 25 | aon Gage 235 | 9000 | 380 | 400 | re00 | 2800 | 112) 35 | 28 | 300 GHeE 3038 | 10000 | 350 | «oo | 2100 | son. | tae} eo | 3.12 | 300 cart 1— ss | a1o00 | 850 | soo | 2300 | 3200 | 4961 469 | 342 | 300a @ | @/@| © @® |@}| ® @ | an 1a000-| 250 | 400 | 2500 | 3500 | 1,49 sn | 00 13000 | 350 | 400 | 2700 | 3800 | 1,81 4,03 | 400 4000 | 350 | 400 | 2900 | 100 | 3,73 434 | 400 15000 | 350 | 400] soo | 4400 | 1,85 4.04 | 400 e000 | 350 | 400 | 3300 | 4700 | 1,98 495 | 400 17000.| 380 | 400 } 3500 | 5000 | 2,10 400 se000 | 380 | 400 | 3700 | 5900 | 2,22 400 19000 | 380 }°400 | 2900 | S600 | 2,95 400 20000 | 380 | 400 | too | so00 | 2,47 400 16000 | 400 | 450) 3300 | 4700 | 258 400 17000 | 400 | 450 | 3500 | 5000 | 2,74 400 18000 | 400 | 450 | 3700 | 5900 | 2,90 7.25 | 400 19000 | 400 | 450 | 3900 | 5000 | 3,06 765° | 400 20000 | 400 | 450 | 4100 | so00’ | 3,22] 239.2 | 8.05 | 400 11000 | 300 | s40 | 2300 | 3200. | 1,00] 37,3 | 2,50 ‘| 900 12000 | 300 | s40 | 2500 | 3500 | 1,00] 39,6 | 2,74. | 300 13000 | 300 | 340 | 2700 | 3500 | 1,18] sea | 2,98 .| 400 14000 | 300 | sto | 2000 | 4100 |-1,27]° 642 | 3,18. | 400 15000 | s00 | s40 | sic0 | 4400°|1,36] 67,7 | 3.40 | 400 10000 | 350'] 400 | 2100 | 2900 | 2,2¢| 4,6 | 312 | 300 11000 | 380 | 400] 2300 | 2200 | 1,36] 575 | 342 | 300 12000 | 350 | 400 | 2800 | 3500 } 140] 61.3 | 3.71 | 400 13000 | 350 | 400 | 2700°| sa00 | x61 | 674 | 4.08 | 400 x400 | 350 |-400 | zo00 | 4100 } 473] 71.2 | 44 | 400 18000 | 350 | 400 | sio0 | 4400 | 1.85] 99,5 | 4,64 | 400 6000 | 380 | 400} 3300 | 4700 ro6,1 | 495 | 400 r700 | 350 | 400 | 3500 | sooo | 2.10 400 tso00 | 350 | 400 | s700 | 5900 | 2,22] 141.0 400 19000 | 350! 490 | 3900 | 600°] 2,95! 209,7 400 20000 | s8e | 400 | 4100 | .so00 |'247| 219.3 400 6000 | 400 | 450 | 3300 | 4700 | 2,53 130,3, 400 7000 | 400 | 450°} 3500 | S000 | 2:74) 143,0 0 xa000 | 400 | 450 | 3700 | 5300 |-2.90) 149,6 ‘400 19000 | 400 | 450 | 3000 | 600 '| 3,06 | 23,1 | 765 | 400 20000 | 400 | 450} 4100 | s900 |3.a2] 230 | 305 | 400 Chi din bang 1-3. Trong ot 1: CH — coe tng sat trade; np — ege c6 e6t thép doc 1X thép ering 49 c20; tr] ¥6 true Th chidu dat ege (m); tj 56 sau lk cpm cia ege (em),voi mit day mot géc khokng 70 —80*, chinb vi:thé ma dét sung quanb coe duge nén khA ch§t kbi déng coc, do 46 sire chfu tii cia loai coc may Ung lem 20 voi coc thong thuong c6 cing tiét di¢n. Tuy nbién, vite ché tgo va thi cong loai coe nay phite tap hon nhidu. Bic bi¢t la chua cé phuong phép tinh todn ang sire chiu ti cia nd. - : inh 1-8, Che Kich thuée eo bin cia coe 2, Logi ego he bang pl phap xodn (eoe x Coc xofn duge ding trong cdc cong trinh clu, ching, thiy Igi va m6t s6 cong trinh logi Khic nhu mong cbt dign cao thé. Coc xoln gdm hai phan’ chinh: phin than ege'vA phn d€ coc. Than coc lam bAng bétong ; c6t thép holic bling thép. BE coc cd hinh gidng mili~ : ‘khoaii (h. 1-10). Budng kinh d& coc’ ink 19. Chu tro cia cé loai dat tei 3m mhung khong duge, eer ieene yugt qué 4,5 Wn duong™ kink: than ~{; 05) 2 ‘st 90 9c. BE coc lim bing thép, bing gang thude trea bind tinh hoe phn ngoai bing thép con phan bling cm) trong bling bétong. Logi co? nay dirge ha xu6ng d&t oh’ mt thiét bj dic bigt tao ra momen xoin, Un ditm cia logi coc xofn 1a vide ba coc xofn duge ém | i thugn, khong cé rung dong. Bidu nay rt quan’ trong kbi xay ima tt. ding nbfing cong trinh moi nfm ngay bén canh nbiing cong pé ais coe xoin _trinh cf, Coc xofn chju tdi trong dge truc rét lon vi ob day me : Tong. d&c bigt khi chju uhd thi coc xolin Ini céng t6 ra wu viet. Tuy vay, mu6n 4p dung coc xoiin thi phi cé thiét bj pire tep. M&t khéc, ege xoin chi ding thich hyp kbi n8n dit gm céc lép dt yu, khong th ding trong trong hop n&n dat In nhidu dé 961 lén hoe n&n aft sét qua cing. 3. Looi ege he bing phwong phap x6i nee. ‘Trwong hyp clin phii ha coc cb tiét dign lon xuBng su trong d&t cbt thi kinh ngbigm thye t€ cho thify ring, néu ding bia sé rat khé ba toi chi’u sau thiét~ ~ KE. Mot trong mbiing bi¢n phip 42 kb&e phyc khé khin a6 la aang coc be co x6i nurée. Coc ha c6 x6i nuée ciing:c6 efu tao giéng nbw coc ha bing bua, chi khéc la & gira hoc xung quanh coc 6 gn thém céc Ong a? din née. - Tren Linh 7-11 trinh bay so 43 b6 tri voi x6i va cu tao cia vdi xoi. . Coc he theo phuong phép nay cé tht tién banh theo méy céch sau day: a hole chi x6i nuée 48 do trong long bin than cgc lam cho né ba gin dén chitu sau thiét- k€ (cdch 1—1,5 cm) ri lai ding bia déng tiép, hoe voa'x6i yoo ding bie dd dong. : 161 4d tal chS (ope nhdt). Coc nbdi Ia loai coc dirge ché tao ngay tai chd ma coc sé lam, viée sau kbi xay dung xong cong trinb. Nguyén the ché tao coc nay la bang cdch nado dé teo ra mot hé rdng thing ding trong d&t sau d6.43 betong vao rdi dim chat lai (h. 4-12), Coe nay duce ap dung lin du tien ném 1899 do mot kj sur Nga tén la AE. Xtraux, vi thé coc nay bién nay dugc mang tén dng. i © Hinh 1-11. Sor @B b6 tri vot x61 vk cfu tyo cla vbi x51 a) voi xot ast & gitta long ege ring; 5) Gat & hal ben cg trang tam @6i vol coe Ac; d) b6 trl val x65 trong coc Sng; ¢) eft tro cha voi x61 khdng c¢ 15 & canh; 9) 06 15 & canh; 4. ep hofe coe Sng; 2. vol xi; 3. bia; 4. bo mip Coc Xtraux c6 site chju thi khong eno, béi vi Khi chf tao a6 ait duge nén chit rat it. Trong tréng hgp @&t bio hda nuéc thi kb6 bio dim cudng a9 cha betong. Sau nay, trén nguyén tic ea coc Xtraux da phat trifn thanb nbidu loai coe nhdi tia bd hon nh coc Franki, coc Bénoto, coc nhdi khoan, v. Trén hinb 1-13 trinh bay trinh ty xy dyng coc Franki. Coe nay duge thi cong bing mot ng din van ning cé a8 mot khdi betong kho cao 0,8— 1,0m, Sau d6 thd bia vio trong Ong va déng nhe dé én chit kh8i bétong sao cho ma sat ciia né véi thanh trong cla Sng vot qué curdng dd cia dat Adi voi Gng bil a&u. Lie nay kboi betong kho c6 tae dung nhu mot cdi mit va goi lA aut bétong. Bing cach déng bia man hon vao nit bétong thi Ong din dugc ha stu vio trong dat toi chigu sdu yéu clu. Do 6 kh6i bétong khé ma nude nglm khong thé vao trong Sug din duge. Khi ha Ong dén chidu sdu yeu cdu rdi thi gin chat iu tran ciia Sng din voi gid bia va dong bia manh thém vao nat béténg a tao ra phan chin mé rong. Sau 46 ify bia ra rdi dt lwGi c6t thép vao va vir a3 be= tong vira nil Sng dan lén va dim bétong bing bia. Thiét bi Franki khong ahi¢ng chi thi cong coc thing ding ma cé th? thi.cdng cA coc xién va udi chung c6 the 0thi cong trong moi trudng hop néu & dfy dim bio didu kin dong duge 6ng din, & Viet Nam, coc Franki da durge ding & mOt 6 cong trink clu va cong trinh bén cdng. . ‘Trén binh 1-4 trinh bay thiét bj « Bénoto >, ter thé lam.vige va ter th€ van cbuyn, Thiét bj nay do bing «Bénoto» cia Phép'ché tao’ va hign nay duge ap dung rfit rong ri tai Phdp, Dirc, Lién’X6 va mot s8 née Au MY khic. Dic ditm ndi bat cha thi&t bi « Bénoto» 18 vige he Ong din bing kich thiy lye theo nguyén the vita xoay di xoay Iai vita fn xudng. Ong duge xoay di xoay Iai nby Kich ait theo phaong nfm ngang. Lye tic dung cia céc kich nay tray&n Ién 6ng qua bd mop xiét chit ify than 6ng & gin mit aét (A. 1-15). Vite &n Sng dn cfing duge thyc' hi¢n b&ng hai kich thiy hyre'khde dit thiog ding:va cing truytn Iye ép Ién Sng qua bo map 46. Do qué trinh vira xoay di xoay Igi via dn xu6ng nhw thé ma 6ng din din din duge by stu xu6ng dit. Ebi rat 6ng Jen thi cfc kich nfm ngang vin lam vige nbw ell cdn cdc kich thing dig thi tgo ra che ye nguge chitu (aly Ién). Hinh 112. 50°03 thi cOng coe Xtraux: Bink 1-13. Trinh tw tht ebmg coe Franki: @) to 1S khoan 5) a3 bétdng ;<} im 1, bia; 2. mit bétdng; 8. 6ng din; bétdng; 1. 60g din; 2. dO phin 4. Kung e6t thép; 5. thin epe khoan 5. bia ho @iy ; 4 may dim; 5. than coc ‘Vira ha Sng din vite ify A8t ra, it dugc Ify ra bing bia khoan kidu gu ngoam (h. 1-16). San khi he Gng din toi chidu sdu thi€t k€ thi tin hinh mo rong chén coe bing thiét bi de biét (h. 1-17) rdi ad bétong tao coe giéng nhu d6i véi coc Franki, Nhd thiét bi Bénoto ngudi ta'cé th khoan duge céc 18 khoan dudng kink 380—1400mm véi chiu sau hon 100m qua céc lép d&t 06 4d chit va 4 2m b&t ky (ngoai a4 ra). Ngoai vige thi céng ce coe thing dimng, thiét bi Bénoto cé thd ding 42 thi cong cde ege xién véi goe nghiéng 0—15° so véi truc thing ding. Coc Bénoto c6 site chju thi rit lon, 6 the det (64 600—800¢ khi duong kinh Ion hon 1m va chidu dai cee kbolng 40 m. ig5. Loai coe he bing may chan dong ‘Theo buéng cong nghigp hoa vige xay dumg cde cong‘trinh 1én, trong nhimng nim gin day méng coc Sng duge phat trifn rit manb mé. Goc Gng 1a mot két cu vd méng bing thép hode bétong cét thép cé dang hinh Sng va duge ha sau vao dit ch yéu bing tac dung rung cia may chin dng. Chinh nby ha bing cach nay ma coc Sng c6 thé chén sau vdo dat tdi chi8u sdu kba lon. Méng coc Sng 18 mot trong nhi¢ng méng hi¢n dai nhit. So v6i cdc loai méng stu khéc thi mong coc Sng c6 nhimng wu ditm sau day: ape ae K Hink 1-15.80 & hg coe ° _Bénotos g y . ' < \ iu elf 2 a Pas < She fer 4 : a » g “i = =z Hivh 1-16. Bin khoan kidu gin ngoa 4. vong doh; 2. than Aink 1-14. Totn chmh cia thiét bj « Bénoto {O'8 ter thé Inew viges 5) & te thé vin choy? bij 3. 15 x0 a6 md 4. Ong din; 2. bia khoan kidu gau ngogm gan; 4, h@ théng rong S.kich thiiy hye; 4. BG mip. a8 git Sng ain Toe a8 ane aoa Qiich thuée ina hinh Uioh bing mm) 5. cinh Kin — 6 thd ap dung cdc phwong phip cong nghi¢p héa trong xty dung vd co gidi hoa to&n bd trong cong tac thi céng; chink vied wu diém co bin pay ma vige ap dung mong coe Sng sé mang Iai mba higu qui kin t€; ee — t6n it vat tigu hon; — si dung tai mitc cao nbét kbA ning lam vide cia val ligu inong: 19— 06 th8 dia mong xudng rt stu ma khong cin df mong gigng chim hoi ép 1A loai méng gay téc hai t6i sire khde cia cong nbén va cén b trong qua trinh thi cong; — hin nbu 6 th8 4p dung véi bat ky tinh hinh dia ch&t thiy vin nh thé odo; — blu nbw c6 thd thi cOng quanh nim va-toan bd cng téc du lam tren. mit nude, do dé chi thign duge ditu kign lao dng, nang cao duge ning suit. Trén th€ gidi, méng coc Sng 44 duge Ap dung ti 50 n&m v2 trade, nhung chi kho&ng 20-25 niim gin day méi duge phit trifn vA ap dung rong ri, de bigt Ia trong xty dyng méng m6 try chu. Cong trinh méng coc Sng lon nhft th€ gidi hign nay Ia cOng trinh méng c¥u Trudng Giang va Nam Kinh & Trung Quoc. © nwéc ta, méng coc Sng Rin du tien duge ap dung ki xdy dung lei clu Ham Rong (Thanh Hoa) nim 1963. Do tink hinh dja ch&t % day rét phire tap, chiéu su myc nuéc qué lén cho nén iruée day voi ky thugt dwong thoi, ngwéi Pip Khong c6 di Kha nding va ditu kign a8 xty tru & gilra long sdng ma bude phai thiét ké clu vom migt nhip. Vi¢e sit dung mong coc 6ng di cho phép gidi quyét nhitng kh6 khin vé dito kign dia chit ac bigt tai day va do 46 clu Ham Rdng méi di Gugé xty dyng theo phwong 4n clu lin tuc hai Hinh 1-17. Thibt bj md rong ‘Dip vOi tru giira tea lén méng coc dng gdm nbizu thin ege Bénoto: coe 6 dtréng kink 1,55m. ee ea ait Vigo dinng u8t din ehiu uc cia coe Sng cd brehdn @@ dao aft; 3. kien dang hinh tru trdm Ja t8t hon cé, vi loai tiét dien a8 gis thist bi; 4.'6ng din nay cO che wu didm nbw: cé ad cing nh nhau theo bit ky pbwong nao, cd kh& ning ngam vao fing di & daéi stu nh may khoan, cd khi nang co gidi hoa vide ch€ tao véi chit lugng cao bling cdc may ly tam, vigc litn K&t voi che thi€t bi ha coe rét thudn tiga. BE van chuy&n dé dang tir chd ché tao ra chd x4y dung, coc Sng duge Jam thanh ting doan. Chitu dai cla mdi doan duge quyét dink béi khA ning thi cong noi ché tao, béi cdc digu kin van chuyén va trong tai cia cdc thiét bi clin truc tai noi xAy dung. Théng thudng, chitu dai mdi dogn 5—12m. Sau khi ha t6i chin su thiét k6, c6 th8 Ip dy howe khong Ip phin ring bén trong coe Sng. Vi vay tidt dign va cét thép fia coc Sug duge xic dinh khong pbai chi theo tinh todn véi tai trong lp rép va thi trong dong do may chin dong gay ra mA con theo tinh todn voi hé tdi trong trong qué trinh sir dung cong trink. Coe Sng 06 dudng kinh d<0,60m thuéng c6 chan coc bit kin vA sau khi dong d&n lop dt cirng thi ISp Aly phn rSng bing bétng. Trong trudng hop at yéu thi khong cn Ip day bén trong a8 trj 36 sire chiu tdi fia coc tinh theo vét iigw cita né khong Ion hon whigu so véi (rj s6 tinh theo cutmg ad ciia dat. 20Coe Sng co dirdng kinh d-<0,80m'cé thé cfu tao chan hé va sau kbi ha a8 nguyén 13 dat ben trong coc Sng. Coc Sng cd dudng kinh d < 1,00m thudng duc lip day boxe Jip mot phin rdng ben trong bling bétdng (h. 1-/8a, b). Coe Sng c6 dirong kinh d>3,0m cé thé 1p mot phiin betong bén trong va lam day them vé coe ng (A. 1-18). Mac betong ding a2 ch€ tao coe Sng khong duge nhd hon 300 bi voi coc bétong cbt thép thudng va khong dugc nhé hon 400 d6i voi coc bétong cét thep ing sudt trvéc. Mac bétong Ip @iy phn rdng ben trong coc Sng khong duge mhd hon 170. BBi vei coc bétong edt thep thudng, ngwéi la dang Joai c6t thep can néng 06 go CTS db lam cdt Hink 1-18. Usp bétOng trong coc Sng: thép doc va loai c6t thép tron CT3 a) Ifp Ady phn rBng cia coe; #) Hip mot lam e6t thép dai. B6i voi coc Sng PHAN; ©) Hp mgt phn va lam day them v5 béténg cét thép ing suft trude, . ngwéi ta phdi ding loai thép cn néng co gir 2572C va 35rC. . Khi coc éng cb d <1,6m thi khong nén ding cét thép doc 06 $ < 12mm va c6t thép dai cé ¢ <6mm. Khi coc ng c6 d> 1,6m thi cét thép doc khong nén ding ¢ < 18mm ya cét thép dai khong nén ding ¢ < 8mm. Déi voi coe Sng cb d <1,0m thi mbit thiét phai bé tri cét thép doc trén mot lép. Khi d > 1,6m thi c6t thép doc cd thé bé tri than hai 1ép. Trong irwong hgp coc Sng khong Ikp @ay bétong ben trong hoilc trong hop cn phi ting cong sire chiu tai cia coc Sng, khi ha trong dit sét chit c6 mbidu dé hon In thi nén bé tri edt thép doc thanb hai lép. Khoing céch gitta bai mép ngoai cia c6t thép doc Jig nhau (trong mot lop) khong duge nbé hon Sem va khong duge Ion hon 20em, ddng thoi cing khong duge vurgt qué.1,5 Min chidu day thank coe 6ug. Si voi coe Sng cd dung kink d <0,4m thi chitu day lop bétong bio ‘yv@ (c& phia trong va phia ngodi) khong dugc nbd hon 3,0cm.. Béi vei coc Sng céd > 0.6m thi ehigu day lép bétong bio vé phia ngoai khong de nhd han 4em va phia trong khong dwge nhé hon 3,0em. Qua nhigu nim kinh nghiém, & cde nude céng ngbi¢p xay durag phit tritn manh nh Lien X6, ‘Trang Quéc, v.v... di c6 mbitng Jogi coc Sng djnh hinh co dong kinh 0,4 — 6,0m. Trén hink 1-29 trhuh bay cfu tao mot doan coe Sng loai dink hinh o6 duéng kinh d= 1,6m cia Lin X6, ché tao bing bétong cot thép thong. ‘rong che bing 1-4, 1-5 va 1-6 cho cdc dic trung ky thudt efia mot sé loai coc Sng dink hinh thudng ding nbft & Lien Xo, Trung Quéc va Mj. a“urs og Ht wz app ur Sun Supieq 269 Wn Bape Bug 06: D Tey Q “ww O91 UEOX dau) 199 29ng (E $98 uyad eo Baoay, (4 crt Opa upp 9 at | eo | too | me | ag | HL = | os we | sor} so] a | ee oe | sos | coe} oe | ve | SE] = | as | soo} so] a | oz = | Tae , ; iat | _= ; we | cm | | oo | we [lay or | eo] ce] a | ot gr | cee om | we we | OL wile ew'o | zeo | ore | er or , oe | ; repel} a fom} we [|e], eto | uo} ae} oo | oo ; zat | = ‘ iz fem | oy ee | oe |G wo | oo | ae! e | ¥ eras 93 | dou 199 au : aoa. | Faraz | ary | swaping Pee) ea | camp eos | 9214 | Hora’ | aor ayox cw) | que) | wy we ye I damn atop | guy | rota — —. 19 wp cep yay yi ag0 ayy eyo ory RIND | neigg | Sagng » sugng | (on 1 #u0sy in 19 Ig y9m os doqy audn7 dom 199 Beda 26p dom 399 | we Bupg ex torr # 201 NH €4 *9q IGE Nap Soap Up Sup obo ens sHaRs £4 Saas ofp 27D 2wrod RL we OGD Wot Ay MED TY g ‘uw ONT UyoX day) 390 Dong “oman apne #03 8ugied 969 |98 top — 99 ngDL woe sun MEE 1 2AM Bao Sap 989,105 9p ~ 98 iga uyud oy Saou +} $5 Oup9 URE WD 2 dou | ge wom ogo dpm Suda (on) eH gat froth dog) ag9 Bony | gee | we Ky! 9 sz 00K a or au | ‘9645 ozs 0g eo oF ozag oss | (oan a (oon me ayns 8a, 2 fw | @P] ot | sr | oo | See | ow | ome | om | ase | see son) or—6 e oor or 001 — tL] ez — 61 96se oose 008 c08e om ozse o08t oe eres eer | Meeks te ee ene Meette teeter | ox | ess | ont urelmna] o | ene jamslena| oe sop | ove ose} sox | oe | ose. |e u-s|e-or| os | so |a-ele—or| use sse | ove —ose| roe | oe | ow | oo (uu ean | psy | (usury | cura) | cunay co | ge | omy | 0? | ste | Sane | asia ise | Suorea quay | cary uéop | im | o9nq ae wy | apt oen | sung yor | fa0n, we | vam voosy | ot |8uen0| goby | on cou | "oO ep | aor A Ais 1a j "0 | yaong sueng | suang nam | Mone pond eneg o Suny dy sup op fap 049 p00) ove us vans 6y Beast o4p o¥D 1 Burg 24De Idp ghép cdc doan coc 6ng lai voi nhau clin phai cfu tao cic mBi ndi dic biét, MBi n6i co thé lien két voi nhau bang buléng hodc han, ttre 1a bing cde mt bich. Cfiu tao cia m6i n6i bing bulong trinb bay trén inh 1-20a 1a chic chin hon cd va rét thudn tign cho vige ghép che doan coc Ong Iai vai nhau hoc ghép coe Sng voi may chén dong. Trong kidu mi n6i. nay, vanh thép duce han chit véi cfc o6t thép doc cia coc Sng khi ché too. Tem — Hind 1-19, Chu tgo mOt dogm oge Sng log} @inh biah o6 @udug kinh d=1,8m cba Lida X6 (kich thiéc trén hinh tinh bing aun) Trén hinh 1-200 trinh bay c&u tgo cia kitu m8i n6i bing bulong. ‘Kidu nay don giin hon, tuy nhién khong chfc chin bing kidu tren, M6i n6i kitu hin efing c6 nhigu logi. Trén hinh 7-21 trinh bay hai loai mi n6i han tryc tigp cdc Bu St thép doe d2 mbo sin ra ngoai & hai du doan coc Sng. Cac logi m6i néi han kidu nay ft t6n thép ya don gin trong khi ché tao nbimg chi thich hyp kbi c6 thé lip ghép céc doan coc Sng tai noi xdy dyng truée khi ha coc (d < 2,0m). Hoh 1-20. Chu ty0 cia méi n6t bing buldng Ngoai ra, d2 1p cde doan coc Sng trong qué trink ba, edn c6 thd ding kidu m6i n6i ban trinh bay trén hinb 1-22. 25Khuyét didn chi yu ca ede loai moi ndi bling ban. lA.khé lign két voi may chin dong, vi c6 1h8 Tim nit bétong gin méi ban do nhigt:a9 qué cao kbi han vd lam vige kém kbi chin chin dong. + BB coe Gag he trong-dat durge dé ding thi,dinh dwéi cia nd duge gin lin voi mot bo phan co 'edu tgo rieng bigt goi la-chan coe Sng. Met Fer nr rE, rr oy CZ ZL Hinh £21, Chiu tgo cia m6i u6i bing han Khi coc Gng cb d = 0.4 — 0.6m thi chn coe Sng thiréng cé cfu teo nhon dn (Ji-1-23a). B8i voi logi coc Sny nay, khi cin md réng chin bing phuong phap pha nd thi chtn coc’ dugc ciu tao bing vinb: thép cin day 10 — 12mm, cao 1,2— 1,5m va phan trén cia chin durge ting ‘cwdng them mot hoge hai dai thép day 14— 16mm-(h. 1-230). H aa Hink 1-22, Mot loi Hie cha m6i ndi bing bane Kbi coe Sng cb d= 10m tht ding Joai chan ho day nhir trinb bay trén hink 4-24, GhAn coc Ong co cu tao hu hinh 4-2ha ding cho trong hop coe Eng twa vao dat yéu vi khi coc Sng cd thanh méng tra len mt lop da yé Déi vOi nhitng loai coc ha trong vic lop dat chxt bolle chat vira’ nhung liu di san thi nén ding c&u tao chan cgc dig nw biub 1-240. Béi voi coe Sng agdm 26stu trong mn dA, a8 gid ch © phiin duéi cite coc khdi bj pha hosi trong qua trinb khoan 44 thi mén ding loai chan thép c6 chitu cuo 1,0 — 3,0m (h. 1-2hc), Khi en phai ting ewong chidu day cia thanh coc Sng sau khi ha thi hop ly hon ch la ding Joai chan cé cfu tao nhu hinb 1-24d. Hink 1-23. Cha tyo cia chin coe 6ug: a) nhon au; B) co ting cudng thém dal thép 0 Trong ubitng n&m gin day, cde loai.coe ng ngdy cang dige phat trida va hoan thi¢n thém. Mot trong nhing loai coc ng méi 1a loai sau khi ha s® lip dy dat (bing may dim rung). Vige Ap dung loai coc Ong nay trong tru edu sé giim rat nhiéu kh6i rong betong, gidm sire lao dong va do a6 sé giim gia thanh cia cong trink xay dung. MOt loai coe Sng chi tin nia léloai coc ‘ng cd cde mang chiu lye (h. 1— 25a)."Loai cyc Sng hinh c&c (A, 1— 256) ciing thuge loai nay. Nhidu nghién ciru cho thy rfing. coc dng ob mang chiu lye (c& loai hinh’ e6c) ha trong dat ct s8 06 size chiu t&i ton hon (1,5—2 ln) so Voi cae loai coc Sig khéc 6 cing :dwony kinh. T Hinh 1-24, Chu t96 ofa loal ege e6 ehtn he thy Sé df nber vay la vi kbi dang céc losi coc Sng khae thi dit trong long coc dng duge ldy di cho dén tan day coc, do do cudng do cia dat & day bj gidm, do d&t bj roi ra. BEi voi coe ‘Sng co mang chju hye thi dit kbdng Idy het ma phin gin day duge nén chit lai. 6. Logi ege mo rong chan . Mot trong abiing bien phap nang cao sire chju ti cia coc (tinh theo cong 46 dat nn) la bign phap m& rong chan egc, Vite me rong chan coc cé tht thye hign bing nhitu phwong phép: phirong phap pha nd, phuong phap khoan két hop voi vita dat sét howe cic phuong ph4p co hoc khic. UWS Hinh 1-25. Coc 6ng cAi tién: ISS Sr 6m as ‘Trén hinh. 1-26 trloh bay trink ty thi cOng coc m& rong chan hang ciich Khoan 06 ding vita dit sét (06 th8 goi 18 coc nhdi khoan). Viee thi cOng coc theo 27phuong phap nay khong cin phai 6ng din va cé thé khoan 8 tgo thanb cac coc e6 duéng kinh 0,6 —2,0m; sin 60m. Do tac’ dung cia vita dat sét ma thank 6 khoan khOng bj sut 1. Nyoai ra, vika dt sét con cé tae diing 1a giip cho ¢ vide dua_vun nbam thach bi Khoain lei khdi mat dat duge a8 dang. Kbi aa khoan één chiu su thiét ké thi cho thiét bj co hoe xu6ng a8 ind rong ebén (xem hinh vé)'sau dé cho khung cét thep vao 16 Khoan rai ad bétong dugi nwée. ‘Tren hinki 1.27 trink bay 80 3 tao thinb coc m& rong chan theo nguyén tfc co hoe ota M.X. Grutman (Lien Xo) (7) Coc xofin:ya coc Franki efing la. ning loai coc 06 cfu tae chan m& rong. Trong che loai coc ms rong chan thi loa coc m& rong chan bing phé nd duge ding tuong @6i phd bign, nhft la trong xy dung clu, Vigo mo rong chan bang phuong php pha nd durge 4p Hinh 1.26. So thi cong coc nbdi khoan: dung a6i voi coc Ong cling Donn din chide stu iEtHE; BD ghtRMone est ne ‘46i voi coe nbdi. Inu coe; 1. mOi Khoan; 2. o chin ccm; 2 e0t Kvoen 4. e6tHhoma fi Treo binh 1-28 tinh hmong; 5. may bom; 6. phlu a& a beténg bay vite md rong chan coe iG nude; 7. glk bia khoan theo phuong ‘phép pha ud. Coe Sng (hoke coc din) traée Khi phd nB phai 43 betong voi sur tinh tosn sao cho sau khi phé nd, Irong bétong s®chi&m ch phn mé rong chan va cén nim 6 trong coc & chitu cao 161 thida 14 2m (h. 1-28d), Néu khong thyrc hi¢n due yeu clu 46 thi phan m& rong chan coc sé kém gfn chit véi than coc ben trén. 4) Kimh nghi¢m cho thfy ring, vite ding cdc loai thuée nd cé tinh ning nb ‘kbic nhau 8u tao ra bigu qua mé rong gin nb nhau (23). Tot hon ch la ding cfc loai thuSc t6lit, piroxilin va céc loai amonit ehju nuéc. BE tao ra bau rng didi chan coc c6 duéng kink d< 1,2m thi dang luong thuée nd tép trung & gia. Voi chch lam nbw vay, phin chan coc mé rong 88 ¢6 dang hinh cu. Birdng kinh phin md rong cla chan coc cé th8 xde dinh gin ing theo cng thirc sau day: aaytrong 46 V—th8 tich cha phlin bétong chiém trong phlin pha nd, tim duge tir higu a5 cia mirc bétong trong coc truée va sau khi pha nd. Khdi long thude nd ddi voi dat c6 tinh nang xay ding t6t cd th? Idy theo kinh nghi¢m, nh bang 1-7. 1 AS pc Hink 1-27, So a tyo thinh ege mé rong chin Hink 128, Trinh ty vie theo nguyen tle co hoe cia M.X. Gratman: md rong chin coc theo 4) coe dong dn chia stu yéu elu; 'b) coc nhfe Ida @Bcinh —phtong phtp phd nd ccka mi ra; c) ege duge in xu6ng a2 tyo thanh chan mé roR Bang 1-7 Dudng bioh trung hiakphin md 16nd sofa} a2] 1s] ne] 15] ne | a7 fas | 19 Tronpiwongthuéens | 3 | «| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | a | 1 - (6) z Khi coc Sng cb d>1,2m thi khong nén ding lxgng thudc nd tap trung ma nén bé tri thude nd theo hinh xuy€n (h. 1-29). B6 tri nh vay s€ gikm di rit nhigu Iugng thuSe nd va han ch€ duge ving pha hoai chan coc. Budng kink phan mé rong trong trwéng hop nay duge xde dinh theo cng thirc gin ding sau day: aa trong 6 D, — durdng kink cia vanh thuée nd hink xuyén. De xac dinh lirgng thude nd trong trong hyp nay co thé dang dd thi cia A.A. Luga (Lién X6) trinb bity trén binh 1-30. Dimg dd thi nay con co the xdc dink duge dudng kinh Dy. §1-3, Pham vi ap dung ede logi két edu ege va ede phwong phap he coe Trong §1-2, khi trinh” bay cfu tgo cécloai coc d& noi dén wu diém cia _ = mBi logi, do dé phin nao 6 thé thy doe pham vi tng dung cita ching. BE 29gitp ban doc thy ré hon va ting quat hon, dui day sé tinh bay bang t8ng hgp ve phem vi &p dung cdc loai két c&u coc va che phuong phap bs coc theo cdc (ai ligu kin ngbi¢m cia ede nuée (bing 1-8): brett: Riek a Ww ho 68 10 Aibh 1.29, BE tri Hink 1-90. B3 th} xke dinb Izong thube nd theo “ ehude: nd.vb duong kinh Dy inh suyén $1.4, Cam tgo cha dai coe Di coe thug duge ché tao bing béténg hoc bétong cét thép. Dai coc 6 th thi cong dd tei ch hofe dp ghép. Trong céc cOng trinh elu “dirong vA thiy Igi thi phn Ién dai coc duge thi cong a6 tai ché. Dai coc 1&p ghep durgc ding nhitu trong cc cng trlob xy ding dan dung va cong nghiép. © - Mac bétong khong durgc nhd hon 200 a6i véi dai coc /&p ghép va khong duge nhé hon 150 d6i v6i dai coc 43 tai chd. Hinh dang va kich thuée mit bing cha dink dai coc phu thude vao hinh dang va kich thuéc cia day cong trinh, Hink dang va kich thirée mit bing cia day di phu thudc vao dign tich &n thiét d8 bé tri dil s6 Iugng coc trong mong theo nhitng quy dinh vé khoing cach t6i thidu, cing nbw quy dinh khoing cach tir mép hang coc ngoai cing téi mép ngoai cia dai coc. . Oi voi méng coc dai thip, 4 chon sdu cia day dai phy thudc vao ditu kign dat, chi y6u 1A sire chiu Udi cha lop dat tigp gidp voi dai, vA phu thuge vio fc tinh cu to cia cOng trink nh nba cé ting ham, kho ebita, v. Chidu day cia dai coc do tinh toan quyét dink, nhung phii-cé b thitt 161 thi8u a2 dim bko 4 ngam sau cia coc trong dai. Theo quy pham mong coc [38], 40 chon stu cia coc trong dai khong dirge nhd hon 2d va khong” dugc nbd hon 1,2m. Khi d'> 60em (trong 46 d—Gudng kinh hay canh coc). Truong bgp bao dim cét thép doc cia coc in sau vao dai mot doan bing hoie - Yen hon 20d déi voi oft thep 06 go vd 40d 46i voi cot thép nbin thi 4 ngam stu ctia coc trong dai chi cin 15em. Bai coc ‘cd th8 eu tgo thanh mét tim lien tuc hoke cfu tao thank nbity ” bée nhur d6i voi méng nong. 20,Bing 1-8 Phem vi ap dung ete Logi két cau coe [|e |] on ; hap he | didn hoge hita Losi coe | hose cht |aueng kink} di Pham vi 4p dung {a0 ge (em) (m) N@n gdm céc losi Aft chin nén dit Pee et etn tag a) nén’ @&t @iip trong @6 co nbitu Hg bing | 20 >< 20 3—25 | minh goch, béténg, 44 hode chy gé, v.v... | aén b) khicé kha ming lam hu héng cong wx 5 frinh Min cfn do the dyng rang khi wee ¢) fai nhing noi khdng 3n job ve con te sie thar Hét dign ————— wend Hg bing | 20 x 20 méy chin | an Cong Hg bing 6x x01 nude | 30 X 30 Cit bio hda nude, & cht, & sét va sét vhio, déo nhio vb déo mm. Cit vad cit, & sét nhflo vA do nhio. Khong néa dung trong a&t sét cling ah oO dong aén ee ding gin cic céng trink cé mong ait them bling 40 >< 40 trén néni thién ohién. ‘Dt chiu nén logi bit kj. Ding tt Gye age _ 261 v6i cdc cong telah chju til trong sige ign | PPR] 25 36 |< 12 | fm ngang (tudon cho, bén sing, bés chi mht ue cing, v.v..J. Khi cbf o6 lye thing &iing tht dang khang €6 Igt bing ege wuéna Coc tet en vadna| tg ving | 25% 25] gg | bt stt co ap att abong wet gut e615 rine | bia | 3 selad 8 | ado abso. Bit eft vi 4 cit, engt via, tron, Coe rdng MBi doen . 7 ane Qua ebe lop Ait sét o6 &) sft khong eae | He ioe og | 12m nO) or saa do nbo wh tua én naa my moi | boa Yat aén | pert au ee ab ud chet. Gee 7506) ae tow | [A fo12 | a ehe lop olt bfo ds mabe Rote ie <0 Tat din | C2 WSR ARE sét vn chm vae cde Iép fron mat | 260% Ha | tone a6i chit. coe hi 40m #1 Coc rng | He bing i Lig aign | baa hofe |< gy | MBI domm |. Dit aft bio da mutes nie vn déo tron mii | bing mly 12m n6i |" ahdo 06 chitu diy lon. ege bit kin | chin dong 16a 20m Ha bing miy chin i Coe ng | aong tori | <3 | Tan theo c&c cach sau day. — Theo A.A. Luga[28] va chi din ky thuat tam thoi v8 mong nhA va cong trinh & Lénin- grad che chi din ky thut vé thi céng va xay dyng clu c6ng (TYCM — 58), cic chi din” ky thugt v8 thi cong céc cong trinh duéng song, dwong bitn (BCH — 34/X — 60) va theo (CHa TTI —B. 5-67) thi tai trong giéi han’ xtc dink tng véi cp tai trong traéc cp ti trong cre Hinh 2-8, Bida @ quan bf han mot ep. Tai trong ce han Ia tai trong img =IPd ‘voi cp thi trong mA thng d9 lin cia coe lon hon 40mm va dO lin do effp tai trong a6 gay ra lén hon Sin A lin do chp thi trong ngay truéc né gay ra hofc sudt ch mot ngay dém vin chwa dn djnb ve lin. — Theo K.Terzaghi va B.B, Peck [46] thi t&i trong giéi hen ly trén dong cong a6 lin — thi trong tng véi tri s dd lun bling 109% durong kinh hay canh coc. — Theo N.M. Gerxévanoy thi tai trong cho-phép, tac dung Ién coc khong nén vugt qué gidi han din hdi v8 dd lin cia coo, ma tr 38 gidi han dan bdi ‘v8 dO lin cha coc thudng khong virgt qué 10mm. — VN. Golubkov va V.F. Hinux (28) sho thily ring, khi tc 4 Itin-virgt qua 0,Smm/t thi rt nguy hiém.vi thé c6 the lay tri s6 a6 lam tr] s6 giGi ban cho phép d6i voi coc don, BO lin cho phép éng véi ditm trén dwréng cong: 49 kin — thi trong la 26 lin ma bat dau tir dé tbc dd Nin vugt qua 0,5mm/t. BO lin tinh toan cia cgc don (trong triréng hop nay) cé th8 x4¢ dink bing cfich chia 46 lin giéi han cho phép cho hé s6 lin khong d&u k= 1,2. Tir d6 xée dinh dirge tri a6 tAi trong tinh toan cia coc trén duing cong dd lin thi trong. al— Theo D.A. Leonards (Anh) (42), tai trong tinh todn cia ege Idy trét dwéng cong & lin — thitrong tng véi dd hin S = 1/2” (tit 18 12,7mm). Ngoai bai xu hurdng trén, mot s6 nha nghién ciru cdn a& ra méi vai phuong phép d%c bi¢t khac a xéc dinh tai: trong giéi han cba coc sau khi thi nghi¢m b&ng ti trong tinh nhu — Sh. Szychy (Hungari) 4 nghj xdc dinh ti trong giéi han theo dwéng cong dO lin —tAi trong lap ra trén co s& thi nghi¢m ting tai 4G thi nbidu lin tg voi khi 49 in dan hdi va a9 lin cdn du cha coc bing nhau. Tom lei, hign nay o6 rét nhidu cdch sir dung kél qua thi ngbigm coc bing thi trong tinh a2 xdc dinh thi trong giéi hen, cia nd. Vi quy pham cia ta [62] méi 1& quy pham tam théi, chi yéu 1a dich tir quy pham [37] cia Lién Xd, cho nén trén day trinh bay mot s6 phuong phip a8 ngudi thiét ké c6 th tham Khdo va tim chon phuung phap nao cho thich hgp véi ditu ki¢n cu tht & ting noi cia Viet Nam. Chang han, Kbi thiét, k& che cong trinh s® xy trén nhing ~ ving dat yéu néu khng ché 46 lan cba coe bling céc tri s8 qué bé nhw& nhitng noi dit t6t khéc thi sé khong kinh 18. Vi thé, trong nhitng trong hgp nay, néu _ 06 ede bign phap ting ewdng 6 cirng cia két cfu thi,ta co th ap dung phuong phap cia ¢Céc’chi din kj thuat v€ méng nha ya cong trinh & Léningrad > ai xde djnh t&i trong gidi han cia coe sau khi thi nghiém nén tinh. ») Phwomg phtp sit Bang tl trong ding (phicong phip déng ego tht)- Khi coc di ha téi mot chitu s4u nao dé, néu ta ding mot ioai bia co trong lugng nhét dinh déng mot nhit vao coc thi cgc sé bj lin xu6ng. Tri sd 4g lin dé cfia coc goi la dd chéi va ky higu la e. R6 rang ring, site chiu tai gidi han cia coc cing Ion thi a9 lin Ay ({ike 1a dd ch6i) cling bé va nguge | néu sire chiu tdi gidi han cia coc céng nhé thi &> ch6i cang lon. Nhu.vay Ia gitka sire chiu thi gidi ban cha coc va tri s6 49 chi cia né c6 mét lién hé nbit inh ndo a6. N&u bitt duge lien bg fy thi sau khi dong coe én chidu stu thy y, ding bia déng thir a8 do 4 ch6i ¢, a s€ tim duge site chiu tai giéi han cita coc. BO 1a thye cht cha phuong phap thi nghi¢m coc bling tai trong dong hay con goi 1a phuong phap déng coc thik. ‘Vay lam thé nao d® xdc dink duge lien hg gitta sire chiu ti giéi han Py, va d6 chéi e cia coc? V8 vin 8 nay di cé rét niu the gid dB ra cée lien he Khac nhau. Dui day s8 trinh bay cdch thiét Igp-lien bg a6 cia N.M. Gerxéva- nov — mot lién bg ndi ti€ng bign durge ding rong réi & Lien Xo va mot s6 nude Khac — va céch thiét lp lien h¢ 46 cla mOt 8 tac gid kde & Phuong Tay (Anh, MJ, Ha Lan, v.v...). a. Cong thite N.M. Gerzévdnov B2 rat ra lign be gitka Py, va ean bling cong khi déng ge vad thé dan bdi. Dit kifn can bling cong khi déng ege durge bidu didn bang céng thirc sau day: N.M. Gerxévanoy da dua yao digu kign ‘vao ly thuyét va cham ty do gitta hai vat QH= Pye + aQH + Qh. (210) trong 46 Q — trong trong phn bia roi; H — chi@u cao roi bia, ly iheo bang 2-3; 42