INTRODUCTION For the power generation with 2 210 MW, 3 210 MW and 1 195 MW of KSTPS, authorities are required

to be operative to active full operation. The auxiliaries are basically operative either on L.T. system i.e. 415V, 3- power supply is made available to the system after providing the station transformer of 3 50 MVA capacity with voltage 220 KV/ 7.2 KV/7.2 KV and different service transformers of capacity 1.0 MVA, 1.5 MVA, 2.0 MVA, which are located near the load center as the transformer having the voltage of 6.6 KV/415 V. The 6.6 KV power is distributed through 6.6 KV interconnected Bus System for all five units with a control through DC of 220 V. The 415 V power supply is done through a L.T. SWGR (Switchgear) which are located nearby the distribution transformer as well as the load centers. The all in-comers, which are breaker controlled, are having the control system on 110/220 V AC. The 6.6 KV power supply which are either MOCB (Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker) of JYOTI MAKE of Air Circuit Breakers. The 6.6 KV power supply to various draining equipments i.e. more is made through breakers which are either MOCB of Jyoti Make air circuit breaker which are either of voltage makers as well as SF6 of NGEF make. The LT supply is also controlled through air break circuit breaker which are either L&T make or English Electric Company of India. The various H.T. motors are switched on/started through on direct ON line (DOL) in order to inverse the availability of equipment at full efficiency without time gap. Further the 6.6 KV system which is normally in delta configuration and termed as an unearthed system so also to keep the running motor in operating condition in case of any one phase of motor winding is earthed due to one reason. Earthing is detected by an protection system with alarm facility to take remedial measures immediately and at the same time to maintain the generation level in the same condition, prior to occurring the earth fault the single phase earth fault is detected in due course till the motor is not earthed to other or another phase.

Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center

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PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM is available in area of each unit which helps in fast communication for prompt remedial measure. Soot Blowers are there in the boiler area on the furnace side or zone which helps in blowing the soot / ash deposition regularly on the furnace wall / economizer tubes to keep heat transfer at the required parameter. In April 1973, Central Electricity Authority prepared a project for power station comprising of the two units of each of capacity 110 MW for RSEB subsequently in September, 1975. This was revised by the Consultant Super Thermal Design Organization, Central Electricity Authority for invention of 2 110 MW units being manufactured by BHEL, Hyderabad in first stage. The planning commission cleared the project report in Sept, 1976 for installation of two units each of 110 MW in first estimated cost of Rs. 143 Crores. KSTPS IS DESIGNED IN FOUR STAGES STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4 2 110 MW 2 210 MW 1 210 MW 1 195 MW 1045 MW

Total Power Consumption

LOCATION
The Kota Super Thermal Power Station is ideally at the left bank of Chambal River at Up Stream of Kota Barrage. The large expanse of water reached by the barrage provides an efficient direct circulation of cooling system for the power station. The 220 KV GSS is within kms. from the power station.

LAND
Land measuring approx. 250 Hectares was required for the project in 1976, For disposal of ash tank very near to power station is acquired which the ash in slurry form is disposed off through ash and slurry disposal plants.

COAL
Coal India Limited owns and operates all the major coal fields in India through its coal producing subsidiary companies viz. Eastern Coal
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Fields Limited, Western Coal fields Limited. Coal India Limited is supplying coal from its coal mines of coal producing subsidiaries BCCL, SECL & ECL to KSTPS through railway wagons. The average distances of SECL, ECL & BCCL are 800, 950 & 1350 Kms. respectively.

WATER
The source of water for power station is reservoir formed by Kota Barrage on the Chambal River. In case of large capacity plants, huge quantity of coal and water is required. The cost of transporting coal and water is particularly very high . Therefore as far as possible, plant is located near the pit rather than at load center for load above 200 MW and 375 MW. The transportation of electrical energy is more economical as compared to the transportation of coal.

Design Features :
The satisfactory design consists of following steps. Estimation of cost. Selection of Site. Capacity of Power Station. Selection of Boiler and Turbine. Selection of Condensing Unit. Selection of Electric Generator. Selection of Cooling System. Design of Control and Instrumentation System. The design of steam power station requires wide experience as the subsequent operation and maintenance are greatly affected by its design. The most efficient design consist of properly sized component designed to operate safely and conveniently along with its auxiliaries and installation.

General Layout And Basic Idea :

A control system of station basically works on Rankine Cycle. Steam is produced in boiler is exported in prime mover and is condensed in condenser to be fed into the boiler again. In practice of good number of modifications are affected so as to have heat economy and to increase the Super Thermal efficiency of plant. The Kota Super Thermal Power Station is basically divided into four main circuits : 1. Fuel and Ash Circuit.

Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center 2. Air and Gas Circuit. 3. Feed Water and Steam Circuit. 4. Cooling Water Circuit.

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Fuel and Ash circuit :

Fuel from the storage is fed to the boiler through fuel handling device. The fuel used in KSTPS is coal, which on combustion in the boiler produces the ash. The quantity of ash produced is approximately 35-40% of coal used. This ash is collected at the back of the boiler and removed to ash storage tank through ash disposal equipments.

Air and Gas Circuit :

Air from the atmosphere is supplied to the combustion chamber of boiler through the action of force draft fan. The flue gases are first passed through the boiler tubes and the super heated tubes in the furnace, next through economizer and then to Electro Static Precipitator (ESP) & then finally exhausted to atmosphere through ID Fans.

Feed Water and Steam Circuit :

The condensate leaving the condenser is first heated in Low Pressure (LP) heaters through extracted steam from the low pressure extraction of the turbine. Then it goes to dearator where extra air and non-condensable gases are removed from the hot water to avoid pitting/oxidation. From dearator it goes to boiler feed pumps, which increases the pressure of water. From the BFPs it passes through the High Pressure Heaters. A small part of water and steam is lost while passing through different components therefore water is added in hot well. This water is called the make up water. Thereafter, feed water enters into the boiler drum through economizer. In boiler tubes water circulates due to density difference in lower and higher temperature section of the boiler. The wet steam passes through super heater. From super heater it goes into the HP turbine. The low pressure steam called the Cold Reheat Steam (CRH) goes to the reheater (boiler). From re-heater it goes to the IP turbine and then to LP turbine and then exhausted through the condenser into the hot well.

Cooling Water Circuit :

A large quantity of cooling water is required to condense the steam in condenser and maintaining low pressure in it. The water is drawn from reservoir and after use it is drained into the river.

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ELECTRICITY GENERATION AT KSTPS

Super Thermal Power Station burns the fuel and use the heat to raise the steam, which drives the turbo-generator. The fuel may be Fossil (Coal Oil Natural Gas) whichever fuel is used object is same, to convert to heat in to mechanical energy then to electrical energy by rotating a magnet inside the set of winding. In a coal fired Super Thermal Power Station other raw materials are air and water. The coal is brought to station by trains or other means travels from the coal handling system. i) ii) iii) iv) By conveyer belts to coal bunkers from where it is fed to pulverizing mills. Mills grind it fine as face powder. Then this powdered coal mixed with preheated air is blown into boiler by a fan known as primary air fan(PA Fan). When it burns more like a gas as solid in conventional domestic or industrial grate with additional amount of air called secondary air supplied by Forced Draft Fan. As the coal has been grinded so resultant ash is also as fine as powder. Some of its fine particle binds together to form lumps, which fall into the ash pit at the bottom of furnace. The water quenched ash from the bottom of furnace is carried out boiler to pit for subsequent disposal. Most of ash still in fine particles form is carried out to Electro Static Precipitators where it is trapped by electrodes charged with high voltage electricity. The dust is then conveyed to the disposal area or to bunkers for sale. Now after passing through ESP flew gases discharged up to chimney by Induced Draft Fans.

v) vi)

vii)

Meanwhile kilometers long tubes have absorbed the heat reloaded from the coal, which lie in boiler walls inside the tubes Boiler Feed Water which is transferred into turbine blades and rotate them . To the end of turbine, rotor of generator is coupled, so that when the turbine rotates the rotor turns with it. The rotor is housed inside the stator having coil of copper bars in which electricity is produced through the movement of magnetic field created by rotor. The electricity passes from the stator winding to the transformer, which steps up the voltage so that it can be transmitted effectively over the power line of grid.

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The steam, which has given up its heat energy in, changed back into a condenser so that it is ready for reuse. The cold water is continuously pumped in condenser. The steam passing around the tubes losses heat and changes into water. But these two types of water (boiler feed water and cooling water) must never mix together. The cooling water is drawn from the river but the Boiler Feed Water must be pure than the portable water (DM Water). Now the question arises;Q. Why do we bother to change the steam from turbine to water when it is to be heated up again immediately ? Ans. Laws of Physics give the answer that the boiling point of water is related to pressure. The lower pressure lowers the boiling point temperature. Turbine designer wants boiling point temperature as low as possible because it can only utilize the energy from steam when change back to water, it can get no more work out of it. So there is a condenser which by rapidly changing the steam into water by a vacuum. The vacuum results in a must power at a lower boiling point which in turn mean it can continue getting out of steam will below 100C at which it would change into water. To condense, volume of cooling water is huge and continuous volume of cooling water is essential. In most of the power stations, the same water is to be used over and over again, so the heat which the water extract from the steam in the condenser is removed by pumping water out of cooling tower. The cooling tower is simple concrete shell acting of air. The water is sprayed out at top of tower and as it falls into pond beneath is cooled by the upward draft of air. The cold water in the pond is then re-circulated by pumps to condensers. Invariably however some of the water drawn upwards as vapor by the draft.

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TRANSFORMER

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TRANSFORMER
A transformer may be defined as equipments based on electromagnetic induction, alternating current and voltage without affecting frequency. It is static equipment i.e. it has a movable part. The fundamental story of transformer is that on a magnetic core two winding are placed then the current produced on primary winding on account of alternating voltage, imposed voltage in secondary and if the circuit is closed than the current in the secondary winding. Transformers are generally shell type or core type. They may be single phase or three phase. The main parts of transformer are ;(1) The core (2) The winding (3) On load tap changer (4) Tanks (5) Bushing (6) Auxiliary equipments (7) Insulating oil (8) Cooling system Various types of cooling are employed in transformer according to the need like air cooling, water cooling. Description about the transformer installed in K.S.T.P.S. is as follows.

INSTALLED TRANSFORMER
(A) MAIN GENERATOR TRANSFORMER These are two in number for Stage-1. Each of the two 11 KV, 110 KV generator is connected to the 220 KV system through a step up generator transformer is rated for 25MVA, 11KV / 240KV, Y/D and is provided with an on-off circuit tab switch on high voltage variation up to +-10% in equal steps of 2.5% each. For Stage-2, there are also two generator transformers, each for one 210MW generator. There are also B.H.E.L. made transformer is rated for 250MVA. 15.75/240KV and is provided with a circuit on-off switch. Presently Stage-3 or fifth unit has one generator transformer of 15.75/240KV, 250MVA. Thus there are overall five generating transformers :

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Stage-1 (generator unit 1 & 2) each of 110MW contain the 2 generating transformers. Stage-2 (generator unit 3 & 4) each of 210MW contain the 2 generating transformers. Stage-3 (generator unit 5) of 210MW contains the 1 generating transformer. Generator transformers are of big size and large weight transformer and are site assembled. The heavy current carried by generator transformer & consequently heavy conductor required from generator terminals to the L.V. side of transformer compels the installation of later directly opposite to the alternator and outside the turbine wall in a bay outdoors. Each transformer after installation on heavy pads design for carrying the large weight is built around the RCC walling to combine the damage due to the fire and explosion etc. The suppression of noise in large transformer close to the station remains a problem but some emollition may be achieved by mounting them on pads. A cable way running the length of transformer simply the running of the control instruments, cables etc. which have to be laid from the transformer to the control room. The H.V. cable outgoing to the transmission switch yard via an overhead line. The L.V. from the generator terminals to the transformer carried out of twin post type insulator mounted on three separated tanks on the nonmagnetic sheeting. The through piece the turbine house walls and bolts used for connecting the conductor to the terminals.

STATION TRANSFORMER
The power requirement of unit auxiliaries during unit step-up or shut down and off all stations auxiliary is made by 3 station transformer. The station transformer has two winding. On its secondary side each of three station transformers is rated for 50/25/25 MVA, 20/7/7 KVA, Y/D, and is provided with an on load tap changer on H.V. winding. This a voltage variation up to +-10% in equal 16 intervals of 1.25% each. Three station transformers are main source of supply for the station. But the unit type plant, as well as they installed for taking the load (auxiliary load) until the unit transformer loaded. After the generator is synchronized. These transformers are located adjacent switching station but are never the less controlled from generating station.

Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center

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UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER : BHEL made two numbers have been provided, one for each unit. This transformer normally meets the all power requirements off when unit is synchronized with a grid and has become stable. Its primary winding is connected to 11KV unit switch gear. Each of VATs is rated for 11/7/15MVA and is provided with an on load tap changer on H.V. winding. Which permits the variation of voltage up to +-10% in equal steps. STATION SERVICE STATION : When the unit is in running condition, the power required for the L.T. panels or L.T. switch gear is provided by this transformer. The ratio of transformer is 220KV/7KV. In this type of transformer primary is star connected. UNIT AUXILIARY SERVICE TRANSFORMER : When the unit is running power required for the L.T. panels or L.T. switch gear is also provided by this transformer. The ratio of this transformer is 7KV/433KV. In this type of transformer primary is delta connected and secondary is star connected. In addition to this to make the load of water treatment plant system, clarified raw water etc. are taken by the case of small transformer installed. The H.P. & L.P. rotor are connected to the grid compiling & they have a common bearing. After passing through L.P. turbine, the steam enter the middle part of L.P. turbine through two cross pipes. In L.P. turbine the steam flows in opposite paths having four stages in each path. After leaving the L.P. turbine the exhaust steam conductors in the surface condenses welded directly to the exhaust part of LP turbine. Rotors of IP turbine & LP turbine are connected by a semifinal coupling. The boiler has been provided with two primary air and two force draught fans for supplying the required secondary air for the boiler. An ESP has been provided with the air heater and ID fan for separating the fine particle of fly ash. The boiler to equip with three numbers of ID fans, one out of them reversing as standing by. These are located at the output of ESP.

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GENERATOR

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GENERATOR INTRODUCTION :
Two turbo-generators of 110MW each are phase synchronous generator with hydrogen cooling and gear driven D.C. Exciter. The stator winding is tight construction, supporting and enclosing the stator winding core and hydrogen coolers. The cooling machine hydrogen is contained within the frame and circulated by fans mounted at either ends of rotor. The generator is driven by a direct coupled steam turbine at a speed of 3000 rpm. The generator is designed for continuous operation at its rated output parameter and will withstand with in the prescribed limits. The condition identical operation such as sudden three phase short circuit etc. Temperature detectors and other devices installed or connected within the machine permits the measurement of winding, teeth core and internal section plants provides stiffness to support the core decrease vibration and Impart mechanical strength to withstand the gas pressure encounter even under extreme operating condition. The stator frame is supported on the foundation through footing welded to sides of shell. The end shield coolers, cooler impaction windows etc. are carefully sealed to prevent any leakage if hydrogen from the generator and the entire generator is leak proof owing the exposure nature of the design to withstand any undesired explosion and over pressure that may develop according to internal conversion the stator casing listed hydraulically to a pressure of 7 atm. The Main Parts Of Generator Are :

STATOR CORE :
The stator core is build-up of segment core, annealed lamination of hot and cold rolled high quality silicon steel to give minimum electrical losses. The laminations are insulated with a thermosetting quarters & insulators. The arrangement reduce additional losses due to circulating current which would otherwise be present due to self inducing nonuniform flux distribution in the coil slot. The main insulation for the bar consist of resign mica based thermosetting insulation.

STATOR WINDING :
The stator winding is double layer lap-wound single phase short pitch. The top and bottom are bronzed and insulated at either end to form a turn several such transformer a double layer, lap-wound, single phase short pitch type. The end winding formed within the volute shaped broad end is

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included towards the machine axis by 20,thus forming a basket winding with total included concave angle of 40, this minimizes the stray load losses in the stator and core. The end winding has been thoroughly reinforced with epoxy glasses laminate the spaces to avoid vibration during running condition and also to withstand the forces resulting from the fault condition such as short circuit or improper synchronizing.

GENERATOR TERMINAL BUSHING :

Since output leads three longer and three have been brought out at the bottom of the casing of the exciter side, the external connections are to be made of three short terminals which are intended for natural and to be extra length enables. Suitable dimensioned ring type/current transformer to be inserted. The conductor of the generator terminals bushing is hollow copper with a copper pieced bronzed at the end to avoid leakage of hydrogen. The hollow position enables the bushing also to be hydrogen cooled. The ends of bushing are individually tested for hydrogen leakage and also for high voltage before assembling in stator casing.

BEARING :
Generating bearing have spherically seats and consist of steel bodies, metal is on the inner surface of bearing browse to provide a smooth bearing surface which can be easily removed. The bearing are forced lubricated by oil and a pressure of 2 to 3 atm. From the same pump that supplies to the turbine, bearing and governing provision has been made to measure the rotor bearing temperature by inserting a resistance thermometer in an oil [pocket directly with. The bearing and the shaft steel housing at either end of the machine are insulated from the generated frame to prevent the flow of current.

ROTOR :
The turbo generator is forged upon a single piece of special chromium, nickel, molybdenum alloy steel. Additional dummy slots and sub slots provide adequate passage for the cooling medium for rotor body and winding. The field coils are held in the slots against centrifugal forced by wedges, both magnetic and non-magnetic type being used to ensure a better waveform of flux distribution.

Rotor Winding :

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The coils are manufactured of regular cross section with ventilations holes punched in it. The individual terms of every coil are insulated by epoxy glass laminated L shaped thoughts. Epoxy glasses laminate space in the end winding separate and support the oil and restrict the movement under the stress due to rotational forces.

Rotor Balancing :
Finally balancing of the fully assembled rotor is carried out at the rated speed in a purpose dynamic balancing machine, incorporate especially designed bearings and electronic apparatus to indicate the location specially provided along the rotor body or filled in the groove in the end rings, fans and couplings. SLIP RINGS : The slip rings are made up of forged steel. They are located side by side on the exciter side of the generator shaft. The slip ring towards the exciter side are to be given positive polarity and one towards the retaining side is to be given the negative polarity initially. Positive polarity is defined here as that which results in an upscale reading when the positive lead of a D.C. voltmeter is connected to the ring. They have helical grooves and have screwed holes in the body for cooling purpose by the air excitation current is supplied to the rotor winding through the slip rings which are connected through semiconductors, steel excitation loads suitably insulated and assembled in the bore at the center of rotor forging. The excitation leads is connected to the winding on one end of slip ring, on the other side with the insulated studs passing through the radial holes in the rotor shaft. The terminal stud at both the ends of excitation leads are fitted with gas-pitted seals to prevent hydrogen leakage. The hydrogen seals at slip ring server back up protection for stud connecting the winding since two are in series.

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COOLING SYSTEM

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COOLING SYSTEM
General Cooling :
In KSTPS hydrogen cooling system is used for the generator cooling. Hydrogen is used for cooling medium primarily because of its superior cooling properties and its low density. Thermal conductivity of hydrogen is 153.7 times of air. It has also higher transfer cofficient. Its ability to transfer heat is about 7 times better than air. Density of hydrogen is approximately of the air at a given temperature and pressure. This reduces the windage losses in a high speed machine like turbo-generator. Increasing the hydrogen pressure within the machine improve its capacity to absorb and remove heat. Relative cooling properties of hydrogen and air are given below;1) 2) 3) Elimination of fire risk since hydrogen will not support combustion. Reduce machine maintenance because of a gas tight enclosure. Corona discharge is not harmful to insulation since oxidation is not possible.

To overcome the serious possibilities of hydrogen explosion within the machine and to ensure the safety operation the purity of hydrogen in the generator casing must be maintained as high as possible. The purity of hydrogen should be 98% or above but not below. In caser hydrogen purity drops below 98% an alarm is provided.

HYDROGEN DRYERS :
The filling system is carried out in two steps:1) Scavenging the air by carbon dioxide. 2) Expelling the carbon dioxide with hydrogen. Before filing hydrogen to a pressure of 2 atmosphere machine, it is necessary to store:-

in the

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At least 18 cylinders of 20 Kg of carbon dioxide each i.e. 360 Kg of carbon dioxide. 2) 48 cylinders of hydrogen. The electric power generators require current excited magnets for its field system respond quickly to excitation current system. It is mainly dependent on an exciter given. Exciter given from the transformer and is then rectified.
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1)

FUNCTION OF EXCITATION SYSTEM :

The main function of excitation system is to supply required excitation current at the rated load condition of turbo-generator. It should be able to adjust the field current of the generator either by normal control or automatic control, so that for all operations between no load and rated load the terminal voltage at the system machine is maintained at its value.

TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEM :

There have been many developments in the excitation system design. The modern excitation system developed presently on BHEL made turbogenerators: Conventional Dc excitation system Brushes Excitation System Static Excitation System

STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM :

In KSTPS there is static excitation system in Unit#1 to 5 and brushes excitation system in Unit#6. It consist of the following parts: Rectifier System. Six numbers of Thyristors converters. An Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR). Field suppression equipment. Field finishing equipment.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS :In the static excitation system, the power requires for the excitation of generator are tapped from 11KV bus bar through a step down rectifier transformer. After rectification in thermistor converter, DC power supply is feed to the generator field winding through a field breaker. The AVR
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controls the output from the thermistor converter by adjusting the field flashing system facilities system built up of generator voltage from the static AC or DC supply.

ADVANTAGES OF STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM :

Very fast response Extremely reliable in view of static components. Low maintenance cost. Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center Roll No.

High efficiency. Fast field suppression through field and discharge resistance as well as through Thermistor Bridge feeding the generator field. OPERATION : After bringing the speed to operating speed say 3000 rpm the voltage is slowly built up with the excitation system. This action is taken for synchronizing the generator with grid. Synchronizing: For synchronizing the generator to the grid system five conditions of equality have to be satisfied are;1) Voltage, 2) Frequency, 3) Phase Displacement, 4) Phase Sequence, 5) Wave Form. Wave form and phase sequence of the generator are determined at the design and commissioning stages but voltage, frequency and phase displacement have to be set up by the operator during each connection of synchronizing the generator. Machine Connected On Infinite Bus : While connecting and separating a machine in parallel with the grid we will have two conditions:1) Any increase in the power input to generator increase its phase of electrical load. 2) Any increase in the excitation of generator increases its phase of reactive load.

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TECHNICAL DATA (A)

GENERATORS : Type: Rating Apparent Output Active Output Power Factor Rated Voltage Rated Current Rated Speed Critical Speed Frequency Phase Connection No. of Terminals Main Dia. Of Slip Ring

: : : : : : : : : : : :

Continuous 137,500KVA 110,000KW 0.8 (lagging) 11,000 VI 5% 7220 amp 3000 rpm 2150 rpm 50 Hz Double star 6 420 mm
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 (B)

Max O/p with H2 Cooler : Max. O/p with Air Cooling : Max. O/p of Rated Voltage and Zero P.F. (Lagging) : Max O/p of Sudden Shoots CPT Current Including DC Component : Internal Voltage Regulation : Shoot CPT Ratio : HYDROGEN COOLER No. of cooling elements Cooling Medium Dissipated Losses Quantity of H2 Quantity of Water Cooling Water Temperature Cooling Cold H2 Temperature : : : : : : :

9692.50 KVA 68,750 KVA 50,000 KVA 9.2 A 39% 0.5 6 Water H2 at 2 atm. 1500 KW 30 m3/sec 250 m3/sec 34C 40C Roll No.

Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center Flow Resistance (H2 inside) Inherent Voltage Regulation Maximum Capacity Short CI4 Ratio : : : :

12 mm of peak 39% 50,000 KVA Hc-WII-BS/C46

(C) GENERATOR BRUSHES Number Size Grade

: : :

42 25 32 HMGR

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FANS
A fan can be defined as a volumetric machine, which like pumps moves quantities of air or gas from one place to another. In doing this it overcomes resistance to flow by supplying the fluid with the energy necessary for contained motion. The following fans are used in the boiler house :(1)

Forced Draft Fan (F.D. Fan):

To take air from the atmosphere at ambient temperature. To supply all the combustion air can either be sized to overcome all the boiler loss or just put the air into the furnace. Speed varies between 600 to 1500 rpm.

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(2)

Induced Draft Fan (I.D. Fan):

Used only in balanced draft units to suck the gases out of the furnace and through them into the stack. Handles fly ash laden gases at temperature of 125 to 200C. Speed seldom exceeds 1000 rpm. (3)

Primary Air Fans (P.A. Fans) or Exhauster Fan:

Used for pulverizing system. Primary air has got two function viz. drying the coal and transportation into the furnace. Usually sized for 1500 rpm due to high pressure. (4)

Seal Air Fan:

Used to seal bearings, coal feeders and coal pipes in case of pressure type mills. May take air from atmosphere and supply air to mill at a pressure higher than the mill pressure or maximum take up suction from coal P.A. level and boost up that pressure. (5)

Scanner Air Fan:

Used to provide necessary cooling air to the flame scanners. Two air fans are usually provided, one will run and other will remain stand by. When F.D. fans trip the scanner air fan will draw air from atmosphere through emergency damper. Typical speed 3000 rpm.

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Classification OF Boiler Fans: (a) Axial type (b) Radial type or Centrifugal type (A) AXIAL TYPE : Advantages: The physical size is less than radial type. The cost is less.

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 Disadvantages:

The impeller blades can be of variable pitch. Efficiency and rapid control. The noise level is high because of high speed. The impeller blades may be subjected to erosion, particularly towards the tips because of high speed.

(B) RADIAL TYPE: Advantages: Disadvantages: Higher cost, both initially and operating. Physical size is more in comparison to axial type. Efficiency is higher than the axial type. Easy repairable at site. Less noise.

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SWITCH GEAR

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SWITCH GEAR
Introduction: Switch gear is one, which makes or breaks an electric circuit. Problem encountered in erection losing and commissioning of switch gear and various precautions to be taken in operating and maintenance of switch gears. The switch gear at KSTPS is indoor type. They may be classified in the following group: Stationary Cubical Type: In this switch gear the component occupy fixed position. Draw Out Type or Truck Type: In this type of circuit the switch gear is installed on a switch that can be pulled to provide insulation. Compound Filled or SF6 Filled Type: In this type of switch gear the endorser is filled with SF6 type of gas. Flux Proof or Explosion Proof Type. Flux switch units and ring mains. Circular Type: In this switch gear brick walls or R.C.C. slabs separates the units. Corridor switch gear: A switch board on which device are mounted on two opposite side separated by accessible by corridor. Mimic Diagram Board: A switch board on which the mimic diagram of the main is reproduce. Metal Glad Type: In this type of switch gear the components are arranged in separated comported with vertical endorser intended to the earthed. The switch gear components are arranged in separate compartments with metal endorser intended to be earthed. The switch gear which are used in KSTPS are draw out or truck type indoor switch gear. Draw Out Type Switch Gear: In this type of switch gear the circuit breaker and some other components are mounted with durable carriage. For insulation after opening the circuit breaker it is lowered mechanically by manual gear. Thereafter the carriage is pulled out. The main component of the draw out indoor switch gear are given below: Bus Bars. Isolating Switches.
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Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center

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Switching Insulators: They are capable of: Interrupting transformer magnetizing current. Interrupting line charging current. Load transformer switching. The main is in connection with feed or bank transformer feeders. This makes it possible to switch out one transformer while the other one is still on the load. Circuit Breakers: A circuit is a device that can make or break circulation load and even a fault. It is heavy duty equipment mainly utilize for the protection of various circuit and separation at load. The circuit breaker in the switch gear are installed on a movable truck. It is tripped by a relay or by a manual signal. The circuit breaker, which is used in switch gears now a days minimum oil circuit breaker, air circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breaker and other type are also used in switch gears. The required form of circuit breaker is that it should be capable to: Carry continuously minimum current of the system at the time of insulation. Make and break circuit under the normal conditions. Earth Switches: Earth switches are connected between line conductor earth, normally it is open when line is disconnected, the earthing is closed to as to discharge the voltage trapped on line for high voltage. The capacitance between line and earth is discharge to high voltage so for maintenance work. These voltages are discharged to earth by closing the earthing switch. The switches are mounted on line forms of insulators. Bus Bars: Bus Bars are defined as conductors to which several incoming and outgoing lines are connecting. These are essential components of switchgear. These are made up of Aluminium or Copper. The types and design of bus bars depends up on rated current (normal) and short circuit capacity. The bus bars are connected in bus bar chamber. They are fitted on primary insulation. The insulation is provided by cast openly resign fitting. In KSTPS, there are two type of indoor switches.

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Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center 6.6 KV or High Tension 415 KV or Low Tension

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Technical Data: 6.6 KV Switchgears :Manufacture Type: Jyoti Ltd. (Baroda) Circuit Breaker:Type No. of Phases Normal Rated Voltage Rated Frequency At 50C Cambient Speed Changing Motor Switch Insulators Make Type No. of Phases Rated Voltage Minimum Oil Three 6.6 KV 50 Hz 200 amp/1250 amp. 6.3 KW,220 KV Jyoti Ltd. (Baroda) Withdraw able Three 6.61 KV

220 KV System: Two 220 KV bus bars have been provided in the switchgear and interconnected through a bus coupler. Each of the two 110 MW generators is connected to this system through a step-up transformer of 125 MVA, 240KV/11KV star-delta type. Four line feeders are taken from 220 KV switch yard, two to Sakatpura G.S.S. and two to Hirapura, JAIPUR G.S.S.. Each of the four line feeders have been provided with a bi-oscillator, which is connected across line breaker isolator. This feature provides total shut down of a line breaker without interrupting of flow in the line. This is achieved by closing the bus coupler between the 220 KV bus and putting the line feeders, whose breakers requires maintenance of any bus by through insulation and all other line feeders whose breakers is by passed is than transformed to bus coupler breakers. A brief description or electrical equipments of 220 KV system is as follows. Circuit Breaker Insulators Current Transformer Potential Transformer Lighting Arrestor Earthing Isolator
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Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center Capacitor Voltage Transformer

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Circuit Breaker: Each of generator, transformer, station transformer, line feeders and bus coupler provided with circuit breakers either minimum oil circuit breakers (YCB) of BHEL make or vacuum circuit breakers, which are rated for 245 KW, 2500 Amp and 13400 MVA circuit breakers are used to break the circuit either in load conditions or in no load conditions. Isolator: All the isolators are provided in 220 KV switch yard are motor operated, triple pole double breakers type and rated for 245 KW & 1250 A. The four isolators are provided with each switch. They are used for supporting time conductor bus bars. Current Transformers: All the 200 V current transformers are provided for measuring and protection are BHEL make single phase oil fitted nitrogen sealed single phase. The current transformers have been provided at the rated one per phase. Potential Transformer: Each of the 220 KV is provided with the three potential transformer core for each phase of BHEL made. These are single phase oil filled, outdoor nitrogen cooled electromagnetic type potential transformer having two secondary winding and selected for 220/13 KKV, 110/13 KV One secondary winding has an output of 500 VA and accuracy class of 0.5 and is used for melting. Other secondary winding has an output of 220 VA and accuracy class of 3.0 and is used for protection. Lightning Arrester: For protection against each of the line feeders, generators, transformers and station transformers has been provided with three lightning arrestors in number (one after each phase). All the lightning arrestors are two phase outdoor type and are rated 193 KV. Earthing Isolators: If we have to do some work on the line, first we earth the line through earthing isolator for discharging the line capacitor and than work out. Capacitor Voltage Transformer: Each of the four line feeders is provided with the three capacitor voltage transformer. They all are single phase, W.S. Insulators of India Ltd. Make and have two winding in secondary slick. The capacitor voltage transformer are rated for 220KV/110KV/100KV.
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Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center

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TECHNICAL DATA
220 KV Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker Manufacturer Total Nos. of MOCB Provided Under Stage-1 Type Rated Frequency Normal Current Rating Type of Operating Spring. Mechanism 220 KV Insulator Manufacture Ltd. Total Number Rated Current No. of Phases Rated Voltage 220 KV Current Transformer Manufacture Type filled Rated Voltage No. of Phases Class of Insulation 220 KV Voltage Transformer Manufacture (Jhansi) Type Rated Voltage Nominal Rated Voltage Maximum Rated Frequency No. of Phases Class of Insulation : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : BHEL 9 HCR 245/2503 BI. 50 Hz. 2240 Amp. Motor Charging Closed. A & S power SWGR 36 1250 Amp. 3 245 V BHEL Outdoor Oil 220 KV 1 A : : : : : : : BHEL Outdoor 220 KV 245 KV 50 Hz. 1 A
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Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center Rated Primary Voltage Rated Secondary Voltage for Winding 1 Rated Secondary Voltage for Winding 2 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

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220//3 V 110//3 V 110//3 V

Switch Isolators Manufacture Type Rated Voltage Nominal Capacitor Voltage Transformer Manufacture Type Rated Voltage Nominal Rated Voltage Maximum No. OF Phases Class of Insulation Voltage Rated 240KV//3/100/31100/3V Supply Voltage (A.C.)

L&T Ltd. 3 415/240 V. Insulator of India Ltd. CUB 245/1050 220 KV 245 KV 1 A

240 KV

Main Bus Bar Material Aluminium : Electrolytic Type of Insulator : Air Maximum Clearance Between Phases : 19.3 Maximum Clearance Between Phases & Earth : 15.9 mm Circuit Breaker Manufacture Type Breaker Rated Voltage No. of Phases Power Capacitor Manufacture Type ML4 Rated Voltage for Main Contact No. of Phases : : : : : : : : L & T Ltd. Air Circuit 415 V 3 L & T Ltd. ML1, ML2, ML8, ML12. 500 V 3

ML3,

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Name:- MANISH CHATURVEDI College:- Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center

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220 V Lightning Arrestor Manufacture Ltd No. of Phases Rated Voltage Nominal Discharge Current High Current Impulse Long Duration Rating

: : : : : :

W.S. Insulator of India 3 198 KV 10 KVA 100 KVA 500 Amp.

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