Civilizational development Development/ Civilization

Utility

Resources

Accessibility

Technology

What is Resources According to the functional school, it is anything that can provide utility and having the ability to reproduce alternative service

Kinds of Resources

Abstract

Concrete

Natural and Human Resources

Characterizat ion of Resources

Limited quantity

Versatility

Having potential of producing new things

Anything having utility

Providing services

How Civilization and Development affects Resources Accessibility utility, technology and resources provide development and Civilization Over use of resource could result to exhaustion Resource might continue to exist but having less utility or less useful. Some resources could remain but used in different way (industrial or domestic) Resource is homogenous and geographically biased. Resource is often versatile time and space biased (water) Scarcity and value of Resources and Quest for alternative Political and economic forces behind resources Globalization and localization of resources Types of resources Renewable resource means resource that can be renewed and replaced after used, they cannot be exhausted and finished, but naturally it can be replaced. This kind of resources is known as biotic resources because they are made from non living object or materials Non-renewable resource means resource that cannot be renewed and replaced, if they have been exhausted or used. This kind of resources is known as abiotic resources because they are made from living object or materials. One major distinction between non-renewable and renewable is that the process of

processing non-renewable resources is complicated and complex requiring more use of technology as compared to renewable resources. For non- renewable resources is needs: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) technology for its processing it is highly demanded and requires experts and professional labour its cost of production and processing is highly expensive the market price is relatively expensive and fluctuating up and down it is versatile and can always provide substitute (as in car, gas, diesel or petrol can be used) (f) it the process of its exploration and production, environmental related issue such as pollution and degradation often arises (g) the social cost is comparatively high. Versatility of the Fossil Fuel (Black Gold) Relatively easily accessible, cost effective in production and use, easy to convert through technology. Time and Resources Water, coal, electricity and the petroleum Oil Gas Coal Nuclear energy substitute but problematic Biomass (burning plants and animals) Wind farm, hydropower geothermal energy

Development and environment (Manufactured risk and uncontrollable threat) Environmentalist and pollution Oil pollution, global warming, and damage to the ozone layer, environmental degradation (air, water and land) Animals and plants vulnerable to the consequential effects of playing with the environment. Environmentalism, in the broadest sense, refers to political and ethical movements that seek to improve and protect the quality of the natural environment by modifying or prohibiting human activities deemed likely or certain to harm it. Combating the Problem of environment Environmental regimes are becoming unavoidable and essential. Therefore the process of having a common (principles, norms, rules, and decision making procedures) became exigent. On this background, by the 1970s, environmental regimes started surfacing, in the form of conventions geared at protecting the environment and to encourage wise use of natural resources.