33 kV yard

Components of the 33kV yard 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Generator Transformer(GT) Unit Auxiliary Transformer(UAT) Station Transformer(ST) Potential Transformer Lightening Arrestor(LA) Isolator Current Transformer Circuit Breaker Capacitor Bank

Generator Transformer (GT)

The generator transformer is the first essential component for energy transmission, allowing energy supplied by the generator to be transferred to the network at the required voltage. This is a type of Power Transformer where the LV winding is connected to the generator through the bus duct and HV winding to the transmission system. Generator Transformer is designed to withstand over voltage caused by sudden load throws off from the generator. It is built as a single or three phase unit and located in power stations.

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED

FOR 85/59.5/42.5 MVA, 10.5/33.5 KV, 3 phase, 50 Hz OFAF/ONAF/ONAN cooled power transformer 2 x 67.5 MW

TECHNICAL DATASHEET Item Name of Manufacturer Reference Standards Service Installation Rated No Load Voltage HV Winding LV Winding Type of Cooling (ONAN/ONAF/OFAF/OFWF) Rated Power under site conditions corresponding to various methods of cooling. ONAN ONAF OFAF No. of Phases Rated Frequency Winding Connections HV windings LV windings Vector Group Reference Type of Tap Changer On Load / off circuit On HV/MV/LV winding Total range of tapping +/Size of tapping step Impulse voltage withstand level % % Unit Particulars BHEL Jhansi IS 2026 Outdoor Outdoor

KV KV

33.5 10.5 OFAF/ONAF/ONAN

MVA MVA MVA

42.5 59.5 85.0 3 50

Hz

Star delta Ynd11

Off circuit ON HV for HV variation +/-5% 2.5% step

HV winding LV winding Power frequency withstand voltage for one minute HV winding LV winding No Load Losses at rated frequency 90% rated voltage 100% rated voltage 110% rated voltage (58 KW approx.) Load losses at normal ratio rated current and 75 deg.C Tolerance on losses + No Load Losses Load Losses Total Losses

KVp KVp KV(rms) KV(rms)

170 75 70 28

KW KW KW KW

28.71 34.5 40.71 281.96

23.92 29.71 37.00 276.93

a) b) c)

Nil on Guaranteed losses

Guaranteed Max. Temp. Rise of Oil by thermometer Winding by resistance for a) ONAN b) ONAF c) OFAF

Deg.C Deg.C

50 55 55 55

Efficiency at 75 deg.C and unity power factor for 100% full load 75%full load 50%full load

% % %

99.63 99.70 99.75

99.64 99.71 99.77

Voltage Regulation at Full Load at 75 deg.C Unity power factor 0.8 power factor (lagging)

% %

1.21 8.79

1.23 8.90

Terminals of Tertiary winding brought out to bushing Type of magnetic circuit Type of core joints Type of Windings H.V. L.V. Type of insulation H.V. winding L.V. winding Core to adjacent windings Between Windings Bushings HV Bushings Rated Voltage Rated Current 1.2/50/ U/S impulse withstand 1 minute power frequency LV Bushings Rated Voltage Rated Current 1.2/50/ S impulse withstand 1 minute power frequency Maximum Flux Density At Rated Voltage At 110% rated voltage Maximum current density H.V. L.V. Magnetizing current at rated voltage and

Yes/No Core/Shell

NA Core Mitred

Helical Helical

Kraft + Press Board + Transformer Oil Press Board + Oil Press Board + Tr. Oil

KV A KVp (rms)

36 2000 170

KV A

24 5500

Wb/mxm Wb/mxm

1.58 1.74

A/cmxcm A/cmxcm

350 to 400 350 to 400 0.17 0.21

frequency (% of full load current ) Cooling Fans a) Type b) Quantity c) Rating

(less than 1%)

Outdoor 6 (4 running & 2 stand by) 1.2 KW

Cooling Oil Pump a) Type b) Quantity c) Rating Approximate Weight of Core & Winding Tank Fittings & Coolers Oil Total Weight without oil Untanking Weight

No. No. KW

Inline Oil Pump 4(4 running + 2 stand by) 2.5

Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg

62300 26050 21650 88350 62300

List of test which may be carried out at extra cost quoted elsewhere

1)Temperature rise test 2)Lightning impulse test full wave 3)Accoustic noise level rd 4)3 harmonic content in no load current

Unit Auxiliary Transformers (UAT)

The Unit Auxiliary Transformer is the Power Transformer that provides power to the auxiliary equipment of a power generating station during its normal operation. This transformer is connected directly to the generator out-put by a tap-off of the isolated phase bus duct and thus becomes cheapest source of power to the generating station. It is generally a three-winding transformer i.e. one primary and two separate secondary windings. Primary winding of UAT is equal to the main generator voltage rating. The secondary windings can have same or different voltages i.e. generally 11KV and or 6.9KV as per plant layout.

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED

FOR 9 MVA , 10.5/6.8 KV , 3 phase, 50 Hz ONAN cooled power transformer

TECHNICAL DATASHEET Item Name of Manufacturer Reference Standards Service Installation Type of Transformer Three/two windings/auto No. of Transformers Rated No Load Voltage HV Winding LV Winding Type of Cooling (ONAN/ONAF/OFAF/OFWF) Rated Power under site conditions corresponding to various methods of cooling. ONAN ONAF OFAF No. of Phases Rated Frequency Winding Connections HV windings LV windings Vector Group Reference Type of Tap Changer On Load / off circuit On HV/MV/LV winding Total range of tapping +/Size of tapping step % % Unit Particulars BHEL Jhansi IS 2026 Outdoor Outdoor Two winding 2

KV KV

10.5 6.8 ONAN

MVA MVA MVA

9.0 3 50

Hz

Delta Star Dyn1

Off circuit ON HV for HV variation +/-5% 2.5% step

Impulse voltage withstand level HV winding LV winding Power frequency withstand voltage for one minute HV winding LV winding No Load Losses at rated frequency 90% rated voltage 100% rated voltage 110% rated voltage (58 KW approx.) Load losses at normal ratio rated current and 75 deg.C Tolerance on losses + No Load Losses Load Losses Total Losses

KVp KVp KV(rms) KV(rms)

75 60 28 20

KW KW KW KW

05.77 05.97 07.03 07.50 09.77 10.46 38.88 42.8

d) e) )

Nil on Guaranteed losses

Efficiency at 75 deg.C and unity power factor for 100% full load 75%full load 50%full load

Voltage Regulation at Full Load at 75 deg.C

Guaranteed Max. Temp. Rise of Oil by thermometer Winding by resistance for d) ONAN e) ONAF f) OFAF

Deg.C Deg.C

50 55 -

% % %

99.49 99.57 99.63

99.44 99.53 99.60

Unity power factor 0.8 power factor (lagging) Terminals of Tertiary winding brought out to bushing Type of magnetic circuit Type of core joints Type of Windings H.V. L.V. Type of insulation H.V. winding L.V. winding Core to adjacent windings Between Windings Bushings HV Bushings Rated Voltage Rated Current 1.2/50/ U/S impulse withstand 1 minute power frequency LV Bushings Rated Voltage Rated Current 1.2/50/ S impulse withstand 1 minute power frequency Maximum Flux Density At Rated Voltage At 110% rated voltage Maximum current density H.V. L.V.

% % Yes/No Core/Shell

0.71 0.72 5.00 4.76 NA Core Mitred

Disc Helical

Kraft Parer + Press Board + Transformer Oil Press Board + Tr. Oil Press Board + Tr. Oil

KV A KVp KV(rms)

17.5 1000 95 45

KV A KVp KV(rms)

7 2000 60 20

Wb/mxm Wb/mxm

1.55 1.71

A/cmxcm A/cmxcm

350 to 400 350 to 400

Magnetizing current at rated voltage and frequency (% of full load current ) Cooling Fans d) Type e) Quantity f) Rating Cooling Oil Pump d) Type e) Quantity f) Rating Approximate Weight of Core & Winding Tank Fittings & Coolers Oil Total Weight without oil Untanking Weight

0.3 0.41 (less than 1%) NA NA -

No. No. KW

Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg

14000 8630 5470 22630 14000

List of test which may be carried out at extra cost quoted elsewhere

1) Impulse test 2)Temperature rise test 3)Acoustic noise level 4)3rd harmonic content in no load current

Station Transformer (ST)

Station transformer forms one of the essential components of the power station. It is used for provides power to some of the equipments of the power plant in normal functioning mode. Unlike UAT, it draws power form the grid. ST forms important part when station is not operational. In that case, all power supplied to the equipments of station by ST.

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED

FOR 15/10.5 MVA, 32/7 KV, 3 phase, 50 Hz ONAF/ONAN cooled power transformer With on load tap changer

TECHNICAL DATASHEET S.No. 01 02 03 04 Item Name of Manufacturer Reference Standards Service Installation Rated No Load Voltage HV Winding MV Winding LV Winding Type of Cooling (ONAN/ONAF/OFAF/OFWF) Rated Power under site conditions corresponding to various methods of cooling. ONAN ONAF OFAF No. of Phases Rated Frequency Winding Connections HV windings MV windings LV windings Unit Particulars BHEL Jhansi IS 2026 Outdoor Outdoor

KV KV KV

32 7 7 ONAF/ONAN

MVA MVA MVA

10.5 15.0 3 50

Hz

Star Star Delta closed with only one terminal brought outside YYnod11

Vector Group Reference Type of Tap Changer On Load / off circuit On HV/MV/LV winding Total range of tapping +/%

On load ON HV for HV variation +/-10.0

Size of tapping step Impulse voltage withstand level HV winding MV winding LV winding Power frequency withstand voltage for one minute HV winding MV winding LV winding No Load Losses at rated frequency 90% rated voltage 100% rated voltage 110% rated voltage (58 KW approx.) Load losses at normal ratio rated current and 75 deg.C Tolerance on losses + No Load Losses Load Losses Total Losses

1.25% step

KVp KVp KVp KV(rms) KV(rms) KV(rms)

170 60 60 70 20 20

KW KW KW KW

8.21 8.92 9.90 11.00 12.57 13.83 70.82 76.00

g) h) i)

Nil on Guaranteed losses

Guaranteed Max. Temp. Rise of Oil by thermometer Winding by resistance for g) ONAN h) ONAF i) OFAF

Deg.C Deg.C

50 55 55 -

Efficiency at 75 deg.C and unity power factor for 100% full load 75%full load 50%full load

% % %

99.46 99.56 99.63

99.41 99.52 99.60

Voltage Regulation at Full Load at 75 deg.C Unity power factor 0.8 power factor (lagging) Terminals of Tertiary winding brought out to bushing Type of magnetic circuit Type of core joints Type of Windings H.V. M.V. L.V. Type of insulation H.V. winding M.V. winding L.V. winding Core to adjacent windings Between Windings Bushings HV Bushings Rated Voltage Rated Current 1.2/50/ U/S impulse withstand 1 minute power frequency MV Bushings Rated Voltage Rated Current 1.2/50/ S impulse withstand 1 minute power frequency

% % Yes/No Core/Shell

0.85 5.84

0.90 5.88

Only one terminal brought out Core Mitred

Disc Helical Spiral

Kraft + Press Board + Transformer Oil Press Board + Oil SRBP cylinder + Tr. Oil Press Board + Tr. Oil

KV A KVp KV(rms)

36 630 170 840

KV A KVp KV(rms)

7 2000 60 20

LV Bushings

Rated Voltage Rated Current 1.2/50/ S impulse withstand 1 minute power frequency Maximum Flux Density At Rated Voltage At 110% rated voltage Maximum current density H.V. L.V. M.V.

KV A KVp KV(rms)

17.5 1000 95 45

Wb/mxm Wb/mxm

1.52 1.67

A/cmxcm A/cmxcm A/cmxcm

350 to 400 350 to 400 350 to 400

Magnetizing current at rated voltage and frequency (% of full load current ) Cooling Fans g) Type h) Quantity i) Rating

0.35 0.42 (less than 1%)

Outdoor 6 (4 running & 2 stand by) 0.085 KW

Cooling Oil Pump g) Type h) Quantity i) Rating Approximate Weight of Core & Winding Tank Fittings & Coolers Oil Total Weight without oil Untanking Weight

No. No. KW

Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg

20000 12720 8280 32720 20000

DESCRIPTION OF TRANFORMER(GT,UAT,ST)
General
The transformer is oil immersed with a rating of 9 MVA under ONAN conditions respectively. The transformer is provided with tank mounted radiators and associated control equipment. It is also equipped with off circuit load tap switch on HV winding.

Transformer
Core
The magnetic circuit is a three limbed core type construction, each limb being mitered with top and bottom yokes. The laminations are made of high grade non-ageing cold rolled grain oriented silicon alloy steel. The insulation of lamination is of carlite coating. The yokes bolts, End frame, clamp plates and core are insulated from each other to withstand a test pressure of 2 KV rms 50 Hz for one minute.

Windings
The windings are arranged in concentric formation with LV winding next to the core, then HV and HV tapping winding.

Conservator
As the temperature of the transformer oil increases or decreases there is a corresponding rise and fall in the oil volume. To account for this an expansion vessel (conservator) is connected to the transformer tank. It has the capacity between the maximum and the minimum oil level equal to 7.5% of the total oil in the transformer (tank + cooling system)

The conservator is filled to level appropriate to the filling temperature and in the remaining portion is Air Cell which I connected to atmosphere through a breather. If the volume of the oil in the transformer increases the conservator breathes out air and if the volume of oil in the

transformer reduces it breathes in air. Thus, the transformer is always at the atmospheric pressure plus the conservator head. As the breathing is through a dehydrating breather in Air Cell, no moisture enters the conservator to contaminate the oil. A valve is provided between breather and conservator which are also used for air filling in Air Cell before filling the oil in the conservator at a pressure, 0.0035kg/cmxcm. The pipe connecting the lowest point in the conservator to feed pipe projects above the lowest point in the conservator to feed pipe projects above the lowest point in the conservator such that the potion below acts as a sump where the impurities in the conservator collects. A valve is connected at the lowest point of the conservator for draining and sampling of oil.

Air Cell
It is a flexible separator fitted inside a conservator. Oil is out of the Air Cell. The separator is in direct contact with the atmosphere. This type of mounting makes it possible to compensate for the oil volume displacements due to temperature variations and ensures a) An efficient barrier between oil and air. b) A protection against water vapour. c) The suppression of any gas bubbles formation in the oil.

Air Cell is made from a coated fabric with external coating resistant to transformer oil and inner coating resistant to ozone and weathering.

Buchholz Relay
The transformer is fitted with double float buchholz relay. It is fitted in the feed pipe from conservator to tank and is provided with two sets of mercury contacts. The device comprises of a of a cast iron housing two hinged float. Each float is fitted with a mercury switch, leads of which are connected to terminal box external connections.

Dehydrating Breather
The conservator air cell is connected to outside atmosphere through a dehydrating (silicate gel filled) breather to make sure that the air in the conservator is dry.

Pressure Relief Valve

In the case of severe fault in the transformer, the internal pressure may build up to a very high level, which may result in an explosion of the tank. To avoid such a contingency a pressure relief valve is fitted at the transformer top cover. It is a spring loaded and has contacts for tripping the transformer.

Oil Transformer Indicator

Oil Transformer Indicator is a distance thermometer operating on the principle of liquid expansion (mercury in steel capillary). It provides a local indication of the top oil temperature at the Marshalling kiosk. The bulb is enclosed in a pocket and the pocket is fixed on the transformer at the hot test oil region. The pocket has to be filled with the transformer oil. The oil temperature indicator is provided with a maximum pointer and two mercury switches; one for alarm and other for trip. Switches are suitable for 250 volt AC or DC. The mercury switches are adjustable to make contact between 50deg.C and 120deg.C. The temperature for alarm and trip contact setting shall be as under: i) Alarm = 85 deg.C ii) Trip = 90 deg.C (At an ambient temperature of 45 deg.C)

Winding Temperature Indicator

This indicator operating on the principle of liquid expansion provides local indication at the marshalling box of hot spot temperature of winding. The winding hot spot to top oil temperature differential is simulated by means o heater coil fitted around the operating below. A current proportional to the load current is fed to the heater coil from a current transformer, fitted on the 2U phase of LV winding. The bulb of the WTI fitted at the top cover senses top oil temperature. Thus winding temperature indicators temperature reading are proportional to load current plus top oil temperature. The indicator is fitted with maximum pointer and four mercury switches. One is used for alarm and 2nd is used for trip and other two switches are as spare. All the switches are adjustable on their individual scales over the entire working range of the instrument and are suitable for 250 volts AC or DC.

The temperature for the alarm and the trip contact setting shall be as followed: i) Alarm = 90 deg.C ii) Trip = 100 deg.C (Ambient temperature considered for the above settings 45 deg.C)

Earthing Arrangement
i) ii) iii) Core to end frame earthing Tank to Tank cover earthing Earthing of the Tank

Marshalling Kiosk
The M.Kiosk is a weather proof steel housing which is suitable for ground mounting. The kiosk is provided with a metal clad heater along with thermostat switch for the prevention of condensation.

Gas and Oil Relay (Buchholz Relay)

A protective device on transformers Company: ATVUS It keeps round the clock vigilance on transformers and indicates the faults with help of two floats, upper and lower i) ii) Giving alarm signal for minor Isolating the transformer from the main supply in the event of heavy faults inside the transformer or fail of level below the mounting height of the relay.

It is connected in the pipe connection between the transformer and the expansion vessel so that normally it is usually connected to an external alarm circuit.

Dehydrating Breather
A dehydrating breather is used to dry the air that enters a transformer as the volume of the transformer oil decreases because of a fall in the temperature. Air entering the breather is first drawn through an oil seal and passes upwards through the silica gel crystals to the connecting pipe at the top. During the upward passage of air, any moisture present is absorbed by the dry silica gel. The oil seal ensures that the gel absorbs moisture only when the transformer is breathing.

Maintenance
Inspect the breather every 3 months more frequently if found by experience to be necessary. When the crystal is first installed, the crystals have a blue tint, and after a period of operation the colour of the tinted crystals gradually changes to pink; this is the indication that the silica gel is becoming saturated and losing its absorbent properties. When there is preponderance of pink crystals the gel should be changed or reactivated. Silica gel may be reactivated by heating in a shallow pan at a temperature of 150deg.C to 200deg.C for two or three hours when the crystals should have regained their original blue tint.

Voltage Transformer
Voltage transformers (VT) or potential transformers (PT) are another type of instrument transformer, used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be operated at a lower potential. Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for 69 V or 120 V at rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of protective relays.

Specification of transformer
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Standards High system voltage Frequency Oil Insulation level RVF/times Total weight K.V. Hz Ltrs/kg KV KVp Sec Kg IS 3156 36 50 16 70 1.2/1.5 90 170

Lightening Arrester (LA)

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been used for power system protection since the mid 1970s. The typical lightning arrester also known as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge or switching surge travels down the power system to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth.

Specification of Lightening Arrestors

Zinc Oxide Lightening Arrestor

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Rating Frequency C.O.V P.R. Class N.DC Model KV Hz KV KA 30 50 25 A,40KV 10 MWL

Disconnector/Isolator
In electrical engineering, a disconnector or isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. Isolator switches have provisions for a padlock so that inadvertent operation is not possible. In high voltage or complex systems, these padlocks may be part of a trapped-key interlock system to ensure proper sequence of operation. In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both end of the circuit need to be isolated. The major difference between an isolator and a circuit breaker is that an isolator is an offload device intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other control device. Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the disconnector while it supplies a circuit.

Specification of Isolator
Switch Gear Manufacturing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 5. 7. Type Serial number Cont. voltage DC Maximum design voltage Frequency Impulse withstand Max. current for time duration Voltage DBR 0437S3 220 36 50 3460/19.5 31KA for 3 sec 33

V KV Hz KV KA KV

Motor mechanism is used for closing and opening of the circuit.

Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. SF6 circuit breaker is used in the station. In this type of breaker the arc in chamber is extinguished by sulfur hexafluoride gas. (All above Circuit breaker are medium-voltage circuit breakers rated between 1 and 72 kV. These are also operated by current sensing protective relays operated through current transformers) Circuit Breakers may be connected into the circuit by bolted connections to bus bars or wires, especially in outdoor switchyards.

Specification of Circuit Breaker

y

Type: Gas Circuit Breaker, SF6

Type Rated Lightening Impulse withstand voltage Rated short circuit breaking current Rated operated pressure First pole to clear factor Rated duration of short circuit current Gas Weight Rated voltage Frequency Rated normal current Rated closing voltage Rated opening voltage Total weight of the gas KVp KA Kg/cmxcm.g Sec Kg KV Hz A V(DC) V(DC) Kg 70-SFM-32 A 350 31.5 15 (at 20 deg.C) 1.5 3 6 72.5 50 2000 220 220 1650

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Current Transformer
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents.

Use:
y When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. It also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit.

Safety precautions
Care must be taken that the secondary of a current transformer is not disconnected from its load while current is flowing in the primary, as the transformer secondary will attempt to continue driving current across the effectively infinite impedance. This will produce a high voltage across the open secondary (into the range of several kilovolts in some cases), which may cause arcing. The high voltage produced will compromise operator and equipment safety and permanently affect the accuracy of the transformer.

Specification of Transformer

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Standard Insulation Level K.V. S.T. Current Frequency Rated primary current System voltage Electrical specification number Serial number

K.V.p K.A./sec Hz A KV

IS 2705 75/170 31.5/3 50 2000 33 6306162 2216368

Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced(or ACSR)

Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (or ACSR) cable is a specific type of high-capacity, high-strength stranded cable typically used in overhead power lines. The outer strands are aluminum, chosen for its excellent conductivity, low weight and low cost. The center strand is of steel for the strength required to support the weight without stretching the aluminum due to its ductility. This gives the cable an overall high tensile strength. ACSR cables are available in several specific sizes, with multiple center steel wires and correspondingly larger quantities of aluminum conductors. For example, an ACSR cable with 72 aluminum conductors that requires a core of 7 steel conductors will be called 72/7 ACSR cable.[1] The higher resistance of the steel core is of no consequence to the transmission of electricity since it is located far below the skin depth where essentially no AC current flows.

Capacitor Bank
A capacitor bank is a grouping of several identical capacitors interconnected in parallel or in series with one another. These groups of capacitors are typically used to correct or counteract undesirable characteristics, such as power factor lag or phase shifts inherent in alternating current (AC) electrical power supplies. Capacitor banks may also be used in direct current (DC) power supplies to increase stored energy and improve the ripple current capacity of the power supply. The use of a capacitor bank in the power supply system effectively cancels out or counteracts these phase shift issues, making the power supply far more efficient and cost effective. The installation of a capacitor bank is also one of the cheapest methods of correcting power lag problems and maintaining a power factor capacitor bank is simple and cost effective. One thing that should always be kept in mind when working with any capacitor or capacitor bank is the fact that the stored energy, if incorrectly discharged, can cause serious burns or electric shocks. The incorrect handling or disposal of capacitors may also lead to explosions, so care should always be exercised when dealing with capacitors of any sort.