Energy changes

15
Energetic reactions
A lot of reactions give out heat (the test tube gets hot). They are called exothermic reactions (ex means go out, as in exit). Burning magnesium ribbon in air is exothermic in fact all combustion reactions are exothermic. 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s) + heat A few reactions absorb heat -the test tube gets colder. They are called endothermic reactions (en means go in, as in enter). Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water is an endothermic process. Decomposing copper carbonate is also endothermic because the reaction needs heat to keep it going. CuCO3(s) + heat CuO(s) + CO2(g) Where does the heat come from when magnesium burns? It must have been locked up inside the magnesium and oxygen. Magnesium and oxygen as separate elements must contain more energy than the compound magnesium oxide. In exothermic reactions, the reactants have more energy than the products. In endothermic reactions, the products have more energy than the reactants. One mole of copper carbonate contains less energy than a mole of copper oxide and a mole of carbon dioxide. We can draw energy level diagrams to show these reactions:
2Mg(s) + O2 (g) Reactants Energy 2MgO(s) Products An exothermic reaction CuO(s) + CO2(g) Products Energy

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Inv 15.1 Heat changes

CuCO3(s) Reactants An endothermic reaction Note: an energy level diagram including activation energy is found on page 144.

Enthalpy changes
Chemists use the term enthalpy to mean the loss or gain of heat energy in a reaction. A change in enthalpy is represented by the sign DH (the Greek letter D is read delta and means change in). Just as we calculate a change in speed by taking the final speed and subtracting the initial speed, so when we calculate changes in enthalpy we start with the energy of the products and subtract the energy of the reactants: DH(reaction) = energy of products energy of reactants In an exothermic reaction the products have less energy than the reactants, so the DH will be negative. Likewise, the DH of an endothermic reaction will be positive.

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Chemistry 12 Workbook DH is negative for exothermic reactions DH is positive for endothermic reactions It is very important to put state symbols in equations involving enthalpy, because it takes energy to change state. Typical equations involving enthalpy are: Steam reforming methane (see page 126): CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) DH = +206 kJ mol1 Burning sulfur in air to make sulfur dioxide (see page 152): S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) DH = 296 kJ mol1 The first equation is endothermic, the second exothermic. Notice that the unit for DH is kJ mol1. The enthalpy changes in reactions are important to industrial chemists. The chemists at Methanex need to know how much energy they have to add (ie how much methane to burn) to make each tonne of synthesis gas. Making sulfur dioxide is the first of three reactions in making sulfuric acid. All three reactions are exothermic, so sulfuric acid plants can use the excess heat to generate electricity. The company needs to know how much energy they will have available.

Exothermic or endothermic

Quiz 6263

est yourself

15A Energetic reactions

1 Decide whether these processes are exothermic or endothermic. a diluting concentrated sulfuric acid b water vapour condensing on a window c photosynthesis d drying clothes on the line e dehydrating blue copper sulfate f combustion

2 In an exothermic reaction the energy of the surroundings increases/decreases and the DH is positive/negative. In an endothermic reaction the energy of the surroundings increases/decreases and the DH is positive/negative.

Measuring enthalpy changes

Enthalpies of reaction are measured using a calorimeter. For reactions where all the reagents remain in the container (ie those not involving gases) a styrofoam cup gives satisfactory results. In industry bomb calorimeters are used to determine enthalpy changes very accurately.

Calculating the energy change

React a small piece of magnesium ribbon with hydrochloric acid and the test tube gets hot. Use a bigger piece and the test tube gets hotter. The amount of energy produced depends on the number of moles of the reactants. How hot the test tube gets depends on the amount of energy produced in the reaction, but also on the amount of liquid in the tube. Remember, dilute hydrochloric acid is nearly all water. We cant measure energy changes directly. What we measure is a temperature change usually in a known volume of water. To convert a temperature change into an energy change you need to know the specific heat of the substance. The specific heat of water, s, is 4.18 J g1 C1. That means it takes 4.18 J of energy to heat 1 g of water by 1 C. Dilute solutions such as acids or copper sulfate solution are considered to have the same specific heat as water. By definition, 1.0 mL of water at room temperature has a mass of 1.0 g. So if magnesium ribbon reacts with 2.0 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid and raises its temperature by 12 C, then the energy released was:
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15 Energy changes energy change = mass temperature change specific heat = 2.0 g 12 C 4.18 J g1 C1 = 100 J

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Inv 15.2 Finding the heat of a reaction

Calorimetry calculations: finding DH

To determine the enthalpy of a reaction we need to know the temperature of the reagents before and after the reaction, the volume of water (or solution) heated by the reaction, and the amount of reagent reacting. Normally one reactant will be completely used up in the reaction and the other one will be in excess (so that some remains unreacted). It is the amount of the reactant that completely reacts that we need to know. Steps to calculating enthalpy 1 Calculate the temperature change. 2 Calculate the energy absorbed or released. Convert this to kJ. 3 Divide the energy absorbed or released by the number of moles of reacting substances to find the enthalpy change in kJ per mole. 4 Decide on the sign for the DH and write the thermochemical equation for the reaction.

xample 15.1

Calorimeter calculation

When 50.0 mL of 2.0 mol L1 sodium hydroxide solution neutralised 50.0 mL of 2.0 mol L1 hydrochloric acid solution, the temperature of the solution rose from 21 C to 35 C. Calculate the DH of the reaction assuming 1.0 mL of the combined solution required 4.2 J of energy to raise its temperature by 1 C. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Step 1: Calculate the temperature change.

Determining the enthalpy of a reaction

Temperature change = 35 C 21 C = 14 C.
Step 2: Calculate the energy change.

m(water) = 100.0 g DE = = = =

DT = 14 C s = 4.2 J g1 C1 m(water) DT s 100 g 14 C 4.2 J g1 C1 5880 J 5.9 kJ (2 sig fig)

Step 3: Calculate the enthalpy change in kJ mol1.

V(NaOH) = 50.0 mL c(NaOH) = 2.0 mol L1 n(NaOH) = ? n(NaOH) = c V = 2.0 mol L1 50.0 103 L = 0.1 mol DH(reaction) = DE n 5.9 kJ = 0.1 mol = 59 kJ mol1

Step 4: Write the thermochemical equation, including the appropriate sign for the DH.

The temperature increased (by 14 C) so the DH is negative. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) DH = 59 kJ mol1

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Chemistry 12 Workbook

xample 15.2

Calculating energy

Energy calculations

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) DH = 802 kJ mol1 Calculate the energy given off when 100 g of methane are burnt. M(CH4) = 16.0 g mol1
Step 1 Calculate the amount of methane reacting.

m(CH4) = 100 g

M(CH4) = 16.0 g mol1 n(CH4) = ? m n(CH4) = M 100 g = 16.0 g mol1 = 6.25 mol

Match energy changes (Key Facts 182191) Type energy changes (Key Facts 182191)

Step 2 Calculate the change in energy from that amount of methane.

Quiz 6465

DE = DH n DE = 802 kJ mol1 6.25 mol = 5.01 103 kJ 100 g of methane will release 5.01 103 kJ when burnt.

est yourself

15B Thermochemical calculations

1 Calculate the energy required to heat 220 mL of water from 10 C to 90 C. (Use s = 4.2 J g1 C1)

4 A student added 10.0 g of ZnO powder to 100 mL of dilute sulfuric acid and found the temperature increased by 26.5 C. Assume that the specific heat of the solution is 4.2 J g1 C1. a Calculate the energy released during the reaction.

2 If 0.20 mol of ethene burn to release 264 kJ of energy, how much energy is released when one mole of ethene is burnt? b Calculate the amount, in moles, of ZnO reacting.

3 Given: 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) DH = 572 kJ c Calculate the enthalpy of the reaction in kJ mol1. How much heat is produced by burning 10.0 mol of hydrogen?

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15 Energy changes

Key learning outcomes for Chapter 15

By now you should be able to: 1 Give examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions and interpret positive and negative values for DH correctly. 2 Use an energy diagram to show exothermic and endothermic reactions. 3 Classify reactions as exothermic or endothermic given the DH, temperature change or energy diagram. 4 Predict the energy absorbed or released in a reaction given the appropriate thermodynamic equation. 5 Make the necessary experimental measurements to determine the enthalpy of a reaction. 6 Calculate the enthalpy change in a reaction using experimental data.

Review questions

for Chapter 15

1 For the conversion of oxygen, O2, to ozone, O3: 3O2(g) 2O3(g) the enthalpy change is +143 kJ. a Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction on the right. b What is the enthalpy of formation, DfH, for one mole of ozone, in kJ mol?
Energy

c Calculate the energy change for the conversion of 6 moles of ozone to oxygen.

d Is the conversion of ozone to oxygen endothermic or exothermic? 2 When 486 g of magnesium are burnt in oxygen to make magnesium oxide, 12 000 kJ of heat energy are given off. a How much energy is released when one mole of b What is the enthalpy change for this reaction? magnesium is burnt? 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

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Chemistry 12 Workbook

3 Nilofer wants to find the enthalpy of reaction when magnesium hydroxide powder reacts with sulfuric acid solution. a Write the method she should use, including the measurements she should make.

b What other information will she need (that she would not normally measure herself)?

4 When one mole of zinc metal reacts completely with hydrochloric acid, 156 kJ of heat is released. The equation for the reaction is: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) a Circle the word that best describes the reaction. endothermic exothermic

b What is the sign for DH in this reaction?

Energy

c Draw a labelled energy level diagram for this reaction in the space provided. The diagram should include; reactants, products and DH.

d Calculate the amount of energy released when 4 moles of zinc react completely.

e Calculate the energy change that would occur if 5.00 g of zinc were completely reacted with excess hydrochloric acid.

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Practicals

Investigation 15.1 Heat changes

Many reactions either take in or give out heat. If the temperature decreases the reaction is endothermic. If the temperature increases the reaction is exothermic. Reaction 1 2 3 Add 1 teaspoon of solid sodium hydroxide to 20 mL water and mix. Add 1 teaspoon of ammonium chloride crystals to 10 mL water and mix. Add 5 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid to 5 mL of dilute sodium hydroxide. Mix 1 teaspoon of solid ammonium thiocyanate with 1 teaspoon of solid barium hydroxide on a watch-glass. Initial temperature Final temperature Temperature change Endothermic or exothermic

Investigation 15.2 Finding the heat of a reaction

The reaction between zinc and copper sulfate is exothermic. The heat of reaction can be calculated from the temperature rise of the copper sulfate solution. A styrofoam cup can be used as a simple calorimeter. 1 Write a balanced equation for the reaction between zinc powder and copper sulfate solution. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Weigh a clean, dry styrofoam cup. Add about 100 mL of copper sulfate solution (about 0.1 mol L1) to the cup and reweigh. Calculate the mass of the solution used. Record the initial temperature of the solution. Add about 1 g (excess) zinc powder and stir rapidly. Record the highest temperature reached by the solution. Calculate the temperature change. If 1 g of the copper sulfate solution occupies a volume of 1 mL, calculate the volume of the copper sulfate solution used. What is the exact concentration of the copper sulfate solution? mass = ____________ mass = ____________ mass = ____________ Ti = ____________ Tf = ____________ DT = ____________ V(CuSO4) = ____________ c(CuSO4) = ____________ n(CuSO4) = ____________ 11 If 4.2 J of energy is required to heat 1.00 g of copper sulfate solution by 1.0 C, calculate the energy released by the reaction.

10 Calculate the amount, in moles, of copper sulfate used.

E = ____________

12 Calculate the amount of heat released per mole of copper sulfate.

DH = ____________

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