What are Paints?

Paint is any liquid, liquifiable or Mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted into an opaque solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color or provide texture to objects.

Composition of paints:
Iron oxide + Pigments + Resins + Surfactants + Solvents

Where, Iron oxide- (ferric oxide-Fe2O3) Pigments(important character)- They are opaque and insoluble granular solids which gives opacity and color to paints. Opacity- Property to hide. Resins-They are transparent liquid polymers. Surfactants- They are surface active agents that helps to reduce surface tension. Solvents- They are volatile liquids used to adjust viscosity of the paints.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS:

STEP 1: DISPERSION- Steel drum Resins+ Pigments High surface tension Addition of surfactant( reduce surface tension in the steel drum) Addition of rotating steel balls+ Pigments Crushing of pigments( due to rotation-GRINDING) High speed rotation Increase in viscosity Homogenous mixture Diluting with solvent Reduction in viscosity(thinning) STEP 2 : TINTING- To get the desired colour.

STEP 3: TESTING
DRYING TEST- Testing of the drying period. Different paints have different drying periods. The main thing important in this test is SOLVENT evaporation.
DRYING PERIOD Paints on Wall 30mins Paints on Furniture 5-6 hours Paints on Industrial structures 24hours TESTING OF SPREADING CAPACITY- It is the capacity of initial layer of paint. TESTING OF COVERING CAPACITY- It is the hiding capacity of paint.

TYPES OF PAINTS:
Oil paints- These are the traditional type having a linseed oil medium. Synthetic paints- The medium for these is chemical compound one type, being an oil modified alkyd resin. Water paints- Also known as distempers, they are used mainly on INTERNAL walls and CEILINGS and most of them give a flat finish. Emulsion paints- Are mainly used on wall surfaces. Cellulose paints- They are synthetically reproduced from cellulose compounds and most of them have to be applied as a spray for they dry quickly by evaporation of solvent. Varnishes- They are of two types, Oil varnishes and Spirit varnishes which are used to give a transparent film to a surface. Special paints- There are ten types of special paints, Aluminum paints- Anti-condensation paints, Bituminous paints, Chlorinated rubber paints, Fire resistant paints, Fungicidal paints, Heat resisting paints , imitation stone paints, texture paints, etc

METHODS OF APPLICATION :
Spraying Graffiti, automobiles, etc. Brushing walls ( external and internal ),furniture, etc. Dipping Small and complicated objects. Powder coating Refrigerators, window frames, automobile parts, metal furniture

USES and ADVANTAGES:

Protection from external factors like climate,temperature,dust etc. Visual and decorative purpose. Aesthetical purpose. Identification- To put control on roads, guidelines, etc.

DISADVANTAGES:
Health issues Application of paints is a lengthy process. Stains of paints cannot be removed easily. If the paint container is left open for a longer period of time, the volatile solvent evaporates and the paint hardens.

FINISHES
PROCESSS OF FINISHING The process starts with surface preparation, either by sandingby hand scraping

Imperfections or nail holes on the surface may be filled using wood putty or wood filler. Often, the wood's colour is changed by staining bleaching ammonia fuming.
To avoid blotching, a barrier or "wood conditioner" is applied before the stain. Gel stains are also used to avoid blotching. Once the wood surface is prepared and stained, a number of coats of finishs are applied. Commonly used wood finishes are wax, shellac, drying oils (such as linseed oil or tung oil), lacquer, varnish, or paint. Finally the surface is polished or buffed using steel wool, pumice, rotten stone and other polishing or rubbing compounds depending on the shine desired. Often, a final coat of wax can be applied over the finish to add a slight amount of protection.

STONE FINISHES :1. NATURE 2. HONED 3. POLISHED 4. FLAMED 5. SAND BLASTED 6. SAWN 7. BUSH HAMMERD

NATURAL STONE FINISHES:The natural surface texture is achieved by ripping along its line of cleavage to reveal the natural grain & texture, gives an undulating surface with great character. The surface comes with natural clefts giving a very natural look.

HONED STONE FINISHES:It is produced by grinding a surface with high grit material to a uniform specification, without producing a reflective surface. Honed stone colours are not as vibrant as polished stones. A smooth finish with a slight sheen is produced using a polishing head. This surface is very smooth, but often very porous. Honed finishes, unlike polished finishes not reflective. The honed finish is a satin smooth surface with little light reflection. This finish is often used on walking surfaces and other areas where heavy traffic would wear off a polished fin. Honed finishes are used in interior wall covering. It can also used on the exterior in warm environments, table tops, light duty residential flooring, novelty items, etc.

POLISHED STONE FINISHES:Polished surface texture is a reflection of polished crystals that bring out the brilliant colours and grains of natural The shine on stone surface comes from polishing bricks and powders used during fabrication and not from any Polishing can be done only on crystallized stones and doesn't affect the porosity of the stone. Polished finish is popular as it enhances the colour and markings of the material. A stone with a polished finish is very smooth and Reflective. This type of finish is used in reception areas, where marble, granite and some harder limestone are laid. The popular uses of polished stone are in interior and exterior wall cladding, interior and exterior paving, fireplace facing hearth, lavatory tops, residential & commercial countertops, table tops, novelty items, many non-architectural uses as tooth paste, paint whiting, agricultural lime, etc.

Flamed:It is a rough surface that is developed due to the bursting of crystals when the stone is heated. This surface gives irregular textured finish. The flamed finish is a rough texture used frequently on floor tiles and vertical applications. and particulate or vein patterns vary from block to block. The major uses includes - chemistry and fire resistant surfaces, fireplace facings & inner hearths, etc. where heat is an issue.

Sand Blasted:Producing a finish similar to cleft, sand blasting involves projecting a highpressure airline coarse-grained grit, top surface of the stone. It is characterized by a textured surface with a matte gloss. Sawn:Sawn surface is coarsely polished leaving a semi-smooth, regular finish. It is done by using a gang saw. Saw cut has acquired its name owing to the saw cuts that are made on the surface of stone. When the stones are broken the cut layer, they are shaped to uniform size. Saw Cut finish offers complimentary accent to other types of stone It is generally used for walls, gate entries, patios, landscape design applications, etc.

Wood Finishes:Wood finishing refers to the process of embellishing and protecting the surface of a wooden material. Wood like oak, ash, walnut, mahogany, brich, cherry, maple, redwood, cypress, sycamore, pine, whitewood, rosewood etc are used today commonly for the trim and floors of the buildings. Also in interiors it is used to make furnitures and decorative items.

Types of wood:Hard wood and soft woods, open pored and close grained woods

METAL FINISHING PROCESSES

Quality of surface is an important factor to decide the performance of a manufactured product. Surface quality affect product performance like assembly fit, aesthetic appeal that a potential customer might have for the product. A surface is defined as the exterior boundary of an object with its surroundings, which may be any other object, a fluid or space or combination of these. The surface encloses the objects bulk mechanical and physical properties.

EXAMPLES OF METAL FINISHES:-