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Psychohistory and Developing a Viable Plan For Humanity

In the first book I develop the preliminaries to an operational psychohistory, the science fiction idea of Isaac Asimov where the future can be predicted with math. In order to do that one also has to have a viable plan for the future. My work in that area, as well as psychohistory is in the book "The Levinson Asimov Clarke Phenomenon". My feeling is a viable plan should be a successful "Project Genesis" where Project Genesis was an Idea in one of the Star Trek movies, or even better the idea of Isaac Asimov of "Gaia" described in his books "Foundation's Edge" and "Foundation and Earth" which were the sequels to his "Foundation Trilogy". My book "Preludes by Ian Beardsley" make clear some of the nuances in "The Levinson-Asimov-Clark Phenomenon". Each of these books can be read in this post by clicking on them. Ian Beardsley July 2, 2011

Preliminaries For An Operational Psychohistory By Ian Beardsley Copyright 2011 by Ian Beardsley

These are a collection of essays that strive to layout the preliminaries to developing an operational psychohistory, which was a science fiction idea of Isaac Asimov.

The Nature of the Nature of the Universe and History as a Natural Force By Ian Beardsley June 30, 2011

A journey of a thousand li begins with the first step. Chinese proverb.

In Short, the author suggests the creation of a formal system that explains the formal system that explains the universe (physics). This would be in the realm of The Philosophy of Science. As well we seek and find evidence in support for natural constants that have a natural significance that were generated by historical forces. In this paper, that value is the distance of one mile. As well we form the rudiments of predicting the future with math, a Science Fiction dream of Isaac Asimov, in so far as we have found quantities in history that predict the future.

The nature of reality is bound by a certain structure governed by reason. This cause of an outcome that matches experience has a Nature itself. In particular we look at the three solutions she (Reason) provides for a physical phenomenon and their nature: 1. The special case solution, which is simpler to solve due to equalities eliminating the effects of particular physical elements. It is precise, but only works in one instance. 2. The General Case solution, which is good for all possibilities of physical elements, which is more involved to solve, but is precise for all cases. 3. The solution in its approximate form for all cases, which is easier to work with than the general solution, but is less accurate. We use History to find a special value that enables us to approach the problem hypothesizing that the value is indeed special because history can at times generate natural constants of natural significance, due to unascertainable forces we hypothesize exist and that, these constants can become part of natural law based on a hypothesized validity to teleological reasoning. The distance we take is the mile because it is an Old English Unit taken to be one third of a league, which was deemed the distance a horse or human could walk in an hour, an hour being one twenty fourth of the time it takes from sunrise to sunrise in Western Europe. As well, one twenty fourth and one third are natural divisions proportioned out by the human psyche, if not practical in terms of calendars made to work with celestial factors involving the sun, moon, and earth in the case of the former. We hypothesize that such distances have natural significance due to their natural origins both physical and psychological.

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The problem in physics that I have chosen to solve is this: A racecar is on a circular track inclined at an angle of theta and one mile in circumference. The co-efficient of friction is 1.2, which has been determined by experiment for asphalt and concrete. At what speed can the racecar go without flying off the track? I use the angles of 30 degrees and 45 degrees because they are the angles in special triangles that can be solved trigonometrically neatly and in closed form with a system where a circle is divided into 360 equal units, which happens to be convenient for its divisible properties into whole numbers. I speak of the 30-60-90 triangle and the 45-45-90 triangle. My solutions are (and can be checked for correctness near the end of the paper): Special Case (angle of inclination is 45 degrees)
v = gr

At 45 degrees the opposing forces of friction due to gravity and the centripetal force cancel one another out leading to this simple result. (v is velocity, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and r is the radius of the track). The result is (v=112 miles per hour) General Case (works for all track inclinations)
v 2 = gr sin " # cos " sin " # cos "

! !

Here the Greek letter mu is co-efficient of friction. The result is: (v= 158 miles an hour for a track inclined at 30 degrees).

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Approximation Good For All Cases

v = rg tan "

Here we have taken the forces due to friction by gravity and centripetal forces to be about the same, thus eliminating the coefficient of friction and making the equation much easier to use. The result is: (v=85 miles an hour for a track inclination of 30 degrees). As my physics professor always taught me, ask, do your results make sense? We look and see that the square root of rg does have units of velocity, and the range of 85 to 158 miles an hour is reasonable for automobiles, but the reader can check my work in the next few pages. We see that the mile of Old English origin related to the speed a human or horse walks predicted the velocity and traction of a twenty first century racecar in the General Solution (158 miles an hour), a comfortable velocity of a 20th century economy car in the Approximation For All Cases (85 miles per hour) and the upper velocity around which a twentieth century economy car drives in the Special Case Solution (112 miles an hour), using as well the special triangles of historic evolution related to the division of a circle into degrees. This is evidence in support of a natural force to history, and as well we have shown that a formal system can be formed that describes the formal system that explains the Universe because for every problem there are three types of solutions each with the same nature. As well we form the rudiments of predicting the future with math, a Science Fiction dream of Isaac Asimov, in so far as we have found quantities in history that predict the future.

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Analysis If we take the general case solution and evaluate it for a track inclined at zero degrees we find the velocity of the automobile is given by:
v = gr

If derive the result from geometric analysis we get the same result ! which is a verification of the validity of the general case solution (math work shown at the end of the study) In this case we find the automobile can go 122 miles an hour without flying off the track. As well we consider how fast a car can go on a track with a circumference of 10 miles to show how different the results are from a car on a track with a circumference of 1 mile. The result is 387 miles an hour. That is three times faster.

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Psychohistory and Shelters By Ian Beardsley July 1, 2011

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To form the preliminaries to an operational psychohistory, which would be the science of predicting the future with mathematics, a science fiction vision of Isaac Asimov, we look at some of shelters constructed by humans through time, and the historical forces that brought them about.

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Reason applied to principle yields the possibilities provided by the Universe, or what we could call Nature. In this way the human mind operates such that history is shaped in terms of the definitions, axioms, postulates, theorems, categories and structures we create out of its constraints, which in the broad sense is you only get as much as you put into something. The human existence is a story of the struggle to survive. As such we find neat tricks, symmetries and patterns that provide more practical, easier solutions to meet those ends, which are maximizations found within the constraints: the most you can get for a given amount spent. Consider the lean-to. Perhaps one of the oldest shelters devised by the human mind to protect one from the elements. It was given to us by the universe in the idea that the right triangle translated horizontally allowed humans to simply lay branches and long leaves at an angle between one point above and one below and simply carry out the pattern horizontally. The triangular cross section of this structure is the most stable type there is. Here drawn is a lean-to (next page).

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Before agriculture, that is, before settling in communities where humans farmed and ranched, humans were wanderer-gathers, gathering seeds and berries, following the game. As such they set up camps, took them down and moved again. The Universe provided as a solution to the nomadic way of life a set of structures that fall in the family of mathematical geometries called solids of revolution as the author likes to see it. This involved rotating different kinds of lines around a central axis. That is what all of these structures have in common. They are the tipi of the Native American, the Mongolian yurt and the Eskimos igloo. The tipi is an inclined line rotated around a central axis, which is thereby conic. The yurt is a vertical line rotated around a central axis, which is thereby cylindrical, and the igloo is a quarter of a circle rotated around a central axis, which is thereby spherical. On the next page we show a drawing of these three forms that were a product of reason applied to principle to solve a situation yielding forms nature had hidden from the human species, until their reason grouped these nomads into a common way of life.

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With the advent of agriculture, civilizations formed and communities adopted a more straight-line type of construction that fell under the family of mathematical shapes we call the regular tessellators. They simply are the square, the equilateral triangle, and the regular hexagon, all though extensions of these principles are used, such as the rectangle. The principle behind this family is that they are geometries of equal angles, equal sides that can tessellate, where tessellate means can tile a surface without leaving gaps. Such a city is drawn on the next page:

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These are other forms that should be properly considered.

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Psychohistory And Food By Ian Beardsley July 1, 2011

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The forces that determine how we live depend on the nature of the universe we live in and the way we think. While the author has explored the nature of shelters, mathematically, that leaves us with the subject of food. The author is not a biologist, but a physical scientist, and can only draw upon his own experience to explore this subject. A biologist should provide a more in depth analysis. Humans get their energy from the food they eat. These foods occur in three forms, each with a different nature: 1. Proteins: such as meat, they provide a great deal of energy, but it is dispersed over a long period of time. 2. Carbohydrates: such as grains, they provide much energy, but it does not last as long as proteins do. However, they process sooner after eating them. 3. Sugars: such as found in fruits, they give a person a lot of energy quickly; it does not last as long as carbohydrates, let alone proteins. It has been the authors experience that eating a quarter to a half a pound of meat does leave him full, but not too full, and he could with that walk ten miles, set up camp, and build a fire. These are proteins eaten in such quantity that would serve to follow game, therefore. The author feels with a carbohydrate, such as a comfortable portion of bread, he could go on a three to five mile outing from camp and back and still have energy to work on stone spearpoints, build a fire and cook a portion of meat. Lastly, sugar such as a piece of fruit can give one that burst of energy required to cook a meal when falling short.

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Psychohistory And History As Data By Ian Beardsley July 2, 2011

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History is full of definitions, words, and names whose origins are sometimes unknown. For example, why is a gallon called a gallon, and why is it defined to be the volume it is? There are forces at work that generate these definitions, words, and names. We create a data base for history on all of this, and write a computer program, or an algorithm for one, that sorts out that in history which can be quantized and searches for connections between the data elements that suggests a historical flow based on human thought as applied to physical characteristics of that provided by nature. We call the algorithm The Historical Identity Matrix. Here is how it works. Input: Molar Volume (volume of a mole of gas at standard temperature and pressure, where a mole is a standardized quantity of atoms, compounds, or molecules). Output: 22.4 Liters per Mole (Liter = L) Input: Gallon Output: 4 quarts (qt) Input: molar volume in quarts Output: (22.4 mol/L)(946 mL/qt)(1000L/mL)=21.19 mol/qt There are 21.19 moles per quart 21.19/22.4 = 0.95 1-0.95 is less than a tenth. Would you like to continue? Input: Yes

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Output: quart = liter Input: Lead Output: Pb is the chemical symbol for lead meaning plumbum because the Romans made their plumbing from lead. Input: density of lead Output: p = 11.4 grams per mL (11.4 g/mL)(lb/452 g)(946mL/qt) = 23.86 pounds of lead per quart Input: lead and molar volume Output: (23.86 lb/qt Pb)/(21.19 mol/qt) = 1.126 1.126 1 is about a tenth. Would you like to continue? Input: Yes Output: (lb/qt)Pb = molar volume in qt = molar volume in L That reads Pound per quart of lead equals quart which equals liter, Input: generate historical flow Output: One Gallon is four quarts. A Gallon is a measure of combustible fuel (gasoline) in The United States. We have: Lead => Plumbing => Romans (Pb) => water (mL) => Europe (L) =>New World (qt): (A thousandth of a Liter or one milliliter (mL) is a gram of water).

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The Historical flow generated by the computer may represent the history that was, or the history that could have been, and one can ask: if not, why? Or did it deviate, where and why or does it have something to do with the actual history.

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Buckets, Bushels, and Bales By Ian Beardsley July 6, 2011

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Predicting the future involves human psychology and the name humans give things, which often have to do with the biological and physical characteristics of humans and nature. A volume of a gallon could have come to be called a bucket, but it did not. We look at why. Today a bushel is a volume of dry mass, usually agricultural abbreviated bsu or bu. It is equal to a volume of 4 pecks or what is 8 gallons. The word derives from the 14th century word buschel or busschel, meaning a box. We see the psychology of this is in the word box, because it carries things, and grains need to be carried. A bushel was originally a capacity for grain. Often, nature and what a human could carry became a standardized measure by a King or Queen, but started out deriving from the biology of a human, the nature of nature, the language people spoke and how they how used language. A bushel weighed 64 tower pounds where a tower pound was the weight based on the weight of a silver penny in 757 AD minted by King Offa who defined the tower pound as well. His silver penny weighed 22 and one half grains, or troy grains, which was based on weight of a seed of cereal (a seed of grass) in the case of the troy grain; this was based on a seed of barley. Not only does the weight of barley depend on the millions of years of evolution that created it, it depends on the mass of an atom of silver, which was derived by the dynamics of a star because elements were forged in stars. The grain is an Old English measurement of weight, which is abbreviated gr and is equal to 64.79891 milligrams. (64.79891 mg)(1 g/1000 mg) = 0.0647981 grams (0.0647981 g)(1 kg/1000 g) = 0.000064799 kg One Kilogram (kg) is 2.20 pounds (lb)

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(0.000064799 kg)(2.20 lb) = 0.000142558 lb = 1 grain (22.5 gr/silver penny)(0.000142558 lb/gr) =0.00342 pound per silver penny A tower pound was 5400 grains. We calculated a grain above, so: (0.000142558 lb/gr)(5400 gr/(tower pound) =0.77 lb/tower pound Finally we write: (64 tower pounds/bushel)(0.77 lb/tower pound) = 49.28 lb/bushel This says a bushel in Medieval England weighed 49.28 pounds and was a box of barley. This says a lot about what a person would carry, and in a sense could carry, and tells us how human strength and the nature of barley determined the size of a box in Medieval England. We can look at how today words are defining sizes and weights and what they can say we are willing to carry, or how much we can carry. A bale of hay is about three to four feet long by 24 by 18 inches square and can weigh from 60 to 130 pounds. Perhaps one day humans will call a dry volume in agriculture a bale which is: (3)(12 inches)(24 inches)(18 inches) = 15,552 cubic inches That is a psychohistorian may predict that in the 22nd century humans will call 15, 552 cubic inches a bale abbreviated ba.

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According to Isaac Asimov (in his fiction portrayal), if a psychohistorian makes this prediction public, the odds of it happening will go down. But it could be that the bale would become a standardized unit of measurement for dry volume based on 15,552 cubic inches of rye or fescue weighs about 60 pounds, because it is something manageable for a young man to lift onto a flatbed trailer, and stack some 10 feet high. We see as well that the human story is an unfolding of the Universe, its physical properties and biological. So perhaps psychohistory should consider the history of the stars and galaxies and evolution and the human story as one thing.

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39 Forward Somewhere around 2007 to present 2011, I have been doing research that resulted in two lines of work; Searching For A Vision Of Humankind and The Levinson-AsimovClarke Phenomenon. Both seemed to end with the question: Will humankind succeed, or will it fail? And, there was some kind of indication as to what we need to look at, if we are to take our destiny into our own hands and succeed. These indications, that are arrived at through much natural investigation, give us a beginning point to work from, rather than offer the exact solution, and the question remains, in so far as this research is science done in a very unorthodox fashion, are we racing against the clock and should this be pursued right away, or do we have much time to work things out? I dont know, but when we look at the world situation, I seem to think it is the former. In this second edition of The Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Phenomenon, I have integrated into it my work Searching For A Vision Of Humankind. The result is a comprehensive vision of the human situation, which is outlined in the former, and the suggestion as to what we need to look at, to solve that situation is in the latter. Much more work needs to be done, and, the undertaking will be immense, but I believe there is something here worth pursuing. While the content found within these pages is a lot, and very thick, it is still only an outline. Ian Beardsley April 4, 2011

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Preface To The Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Phenomenon. While contemplating the Universe and researching how it is connected to the future of humans gets at the meaning of life in that it not only stimulates the mind but is pivotal to the survival of humanity, one must first address the political and economic situation, if he or she is to live in a world where he or she is afforded the opportunity to think creatively. Creative thinking, as H.G. Wells pointed out, is the most crucial factor in keeping pace with finding solutions that can solve the rapidly growing problems that can bring our existence out of existence. Building a Utopia, if not simply a viable world order that satisfies every persons needs, by understanding the Universe, is a wonderful idea. But, suppression of free thought will continue to rise if we do not first address the more immediate problem at hand, which is quite simple to describe: We have a government that is basically saying that they can take everything for themselves and that the people can go suck eggs. This is evident in the government bailing out banks and subsidizing the rich, allotting massive funds to wars, then cutting jobs in the public sectors here at home and telling the workers they can no longer have benefits and cannot negotiate the terms of their work contracts, while giving themselves pay raises, good health insurance, and retirement benefits, all of which are greatly reduced in the lives of the people and is tending towards nil. The work I have done on this project so far, will remain unchanged because it can serve as a basis for taking a new direction, as opposed to being the solution itself, as it is. That is to say, it will no longer be an apolitical exploration of the nature of the Universe but the direction of the research will be guided by a political activism that is rooted in America being a government for the people by the people. Ian Beardsley March 28, 2011

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Introduction To The Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Phenomenon If you read a first year introduction to Archaeology, one of the first things you will learn is that civilizations formed around agriculture, and that lead to the development of systems of societies and the developments of cultures, that allowed humans to deal with higher complexity as they grew. But is that new news? We now have Complexity Theory, which tells us that the form that societies take have a potential to carry civilization so far, and at some point collapse to a simpler system, because they can only carry so much of a load, and the load increases with time. And, indeed, if you have read the book Collapse, by Jared Diamond, it tells us current political systems are not compatible with the science of nature, and nature is resources, which determines completely the economic wealth of the world. Furthermore, there is not an infinite supply of resources, and those that do renew, like water and air, are threatened by the way we treat nature, which is fully determined by our economic systems. The solution to ensuring that renewable resources renew, rests, in the authors point of view, in steady-state economics, what has come to be known as bioeconomics. As far as finding more resources that are not renewable goes, I believe the best answer, currently, rests in colonizing the solar system, though with nuclear fusion, once adequately developed, we would be able, through nuclear chemistry, to make any resource, such as gold or silver from something as common as sand. As far as energy goes, the sunlight that passes us every day, is energy that could be harnessed, and that could satisfy the planets needs, if solar technology was sufficiently developed. Is it some kind of coincidence, from what has been said here concerning human existence, that the time wave of Terence McKenna, which he has purported maps out the events of time, ends in 2012? With complexity theory in mind, that is, now that we understand civilizations collapse when they run out of potential, instead of letting them collapse to something crude, can we not map out a future that has a great deal of potential? I believe the greatest potential for a human society, can be found in the works of some of the great science fiction writers of our past and present times. That will be the scope of this book, to map out a better future for humankind before the current world order loses all of its potential, using science fiction. Ian Beardsley March 27, 2011

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Our Planet And Its Worth As I looked out to the Western Horizon, and saw a beautiful Sun setting, it illuminated the lush, rich Chaparral Habitat, of beautiful deciduous trees that are here in this Southern California Valley, and I thought how precious is the Earth a planet considering the rarity in which planets form in the orbit of The Habitable Zone of a star, and that in turn converge with all of the right factors, such as oceans of water and proper atmospheric composition to allow life to evolve into intelligence. We know Earthlike planets are certainly great in number given the immense size of the Universe and its immense content of stars, but certainly the number pales in comparison to the number of star systems that have dead worlds. It dawned on me we do not know all the forces that were in play to make such an extraordinary planet occur, and given that life had to be safe on it for 600 million years for intelligence to evolve from the first single cellular organisms, it is extraordinary. That means during all that time nothing from deep space collided with the Earth large enough to dash it to pieces, and the Earth spin and orbital elements were right enough that climate was appropriate for life sustaining conditions and that the earth did not gradually spiral into the sun. Therefore, I thought, with so much invested in the Earth, would humans be allowed to upset and destroy the delicate natural systems that make life on it possible, like the carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles. Certainly, would not advanced intelligent life from somewhere else not step in and say: If humans cannot take care of this gem, we can.

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Could that not be why it seems we are being monitored by life from elsewhere in the universe? Could that not account for those UFO sightings that seem legitimate? Ian Beardsley March 08, 2011

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Fiction/Reality Entanglement The Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Phenomenon is evidence for fiction/reality entanglement, where fiction is the creation of events or material existences invented in the mind of a writer and reality is the state of the Universe throughout time or in a particular instant. I have stumbled upon breathtaking empirical occurrences of this phenomenon, not while setting out to do so, but having come across the phenomenon. That is why I have decided to pursue it as research. I find it to have the potential to go way out there and come back with something concrete and exciting. I find the writer, or observer, cannot be separated from the event, or intersection between fiction and reality, therefore the research sometimes involves autobiography, and is behind why I have included much of what I write with the date upon which I wrote it. For instance I connected my growth rate constant toward hyperdrive to the McKenna timewave on the evening of 2011s Supermoon and began work that revealed the Levinson-AsimovClarke phenomenon during the two year 2009 eclipse of the star Epsilon Aurigae, which I measured 27 years before during its last eclipse at the state observatory in Oregon. I have found that human entanglement can be verified by life in Mexico and Italy. I have spent some time in both countries and find there is a certain kind of magic that happens in both countries where everything works out without trying. I also find that both countries have similar cultures that allow for this, as evidenced in their literature. I understand South America to be this way too. Consider the Italian work, The Castle Of Crossed Destinies and the Latin work Aunt Julia And The Scriptwriter. Since I dont see it appropriate to reduce people and their cultures to numbers, I will not be reductionist in my description of their ways of life.

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What are the benefits of fiction/reality entanglement? I think it is at the root of trying to create a truly operational psychohistory. Psychohistory was the science fiction idea of Isaac Asimov where future events and states of civilizations could be predicted in mathematical probabilities. Some mathematicians have been serious about trying to create such a mathematics while others have said it is probably impossible. All agree that if it is possible it is as monumental a task as a Unified Field Theory, the holy grail of physics. My approach seems to differ from that of others working on a psychohistorical mathematics in that I am not using history alone as input but am showing, as well, there is a connection between humans and the universe, and how and why is related to the ways of life in Italy and Latin America. I have begun to write about what happens in those countries in my book and online paper, The Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Phenomenon.
In short, by looking at reality we can tell which way fiction will go, but by looking at fiction, we can see which way reality will go. It is a Quantum Mechanical Idea that the observer creates reality. Fiction and Reality are Entangled.

Ian Beardsley April 1, 2011

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About The Saga Gaia Hypothesis says the physical aspects of Earth interact with the biological aspects of Earth to maintain such a system that taken as a whole is Gaia. It further tells us humans are a part of Gaia and if humans have become bad for Gaia in some way, Gaia will eliminate humans to adjust the system for its own good. I believe, from my work in The Exciting Neptune Saga, that the planet Neptune holds a clue as to what humans need to do to counter their negative effects on Gaia. The Exciting Neptune Saga by Ian Beardsley differs from The Space Odyssey series of Arthur C. Clarke in that it is not about the planet Jupiter and the birth of a new life bearing star system in our solar system. It is about the planet Neptune and how it holds the key to the success of humanity and the planet Earth. Becoming a spacefaring civilization is, in my point of view, more a social and political problem than a technological one. If the people were to get behind their governments with such aspirations, and the governments were to use resources wisely while managing things for the well being of the people, the technology would come of its own accord. It is already advancing at astonishing rates. It is the purpose of this work to find reason to go into space that can be presented to society, to get them behind the goal of the settlement of the solar system, and even behind the goal of going to the stars, both of which would have immense returns. This work also strives to find the secret behind life sustaining star systems so as to create, maintain, and rejuvenate them. Such an endeavor could be called a project genesis.

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The Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Phenomenon Third Edition By Ian Beardsley Copyright 2008 2011 by Ian Beardsley Cover Art By Ian Beardsley

48 I have written three papers on the anomaly of how my scientific investigation shows the Universe related to the science fiction of Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke. In my last paper, The Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Equation part of the comprehensive work The Levinson, Asimov, Clarke Triptic, I suggest these three authors should be taken together to make some kind of a whole, that they are intertwined and at the heart of science fiction. I have now realized a fourth paper is warranted, and it is just the breakthrough I have been looking for to put myself on solid ground with the claim that fiction is related to reality in a mathematical way pertaining to the Laws of Nature. In my paper Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke Intertwined With An Astronomers Research, I make the mathematical prediction that humans have a 70% chance of developing Hyperdrive in the year 2043 to word it as Paul Levinson worded it, and I point out that this is only a year after the character Sierra Waters is handed a newly discovered document that sets in motion the novel by Paul Levinson, The Plot To Save Socrates. I now find that Isaac Asimov puts such a development in his science fiction at a similar time in the future, precisely in 2044, only a year after my prediction and two years after Sierra Waters is handed the newly discovered document that initiates her adventure. So, we have my prediction, which is related to the structure of the universe in a mystical way right in between the dates of Levinson and Asimov, their dates only being a year less and a year greater than mine. Asimov places hyperdrive in the year 2044 in his short story Evidence which is part of his science fiction collection of short stories called, I, Robot. This is a collection of short stories where Robot Psychologist Dr. Susan Calvin is interviewed by a writer about her experience with the company on earth in the future that first developed sophisticated robots. In this book, the laws of robotics are created and the idea of the positronic brain introduced, and the nature of the impact robots would have on human civilization is explored. Following this collection of stories Asimov wrote three more novels, which comprise the robot series, The Caves of Steel, The Naked Sun, and The Robots of Dawn. I, Robot is Earth in the future just before Humanity settles the more nearby stars. The novels comprising The Robot Series are when humanity has colonized the nearby star systems, The Foundation Trilogy, and its prequels and sequels are about the time humanity has spread throughout the entire galaxy and made an Empire of it. All of these books can be taken together as one story, with characters and events in some, occurring in others.

49 Hyperdrive is invented in I, Robot by a robot called The Brain, owned by the company for which Dr. Susan Calvin works when it is fed the mathematical logistical problems of making hyperdrive, and asked to solve them. It does solve them and it offers the specs on building an interstellar ship, for which two engineers follow in its construction. They are humorously sent across the galaxy by The Brain, not expecting it, and brought back to earth in the ship after they constructed it. This was in the story in I, Robot titled Escape!. But Dr. Susan Calvin states in the following short story, that I mentioned, Evidence: But that wasnt it, eitherOh, eventually, the ship and others like it became government property; the Jump through hyperspace was perfected, and now we actually have human colonies on the planets of some of the nearer stars, but that wasnt it. It was what happened to the people here on Earth in last fifty years that really counts. And, what happened to people on Earth? The answer is in the same story Evidence from which that quote is at the beginning. It was when the Regions of the Earth formed The Federation. Dr. Susan Calvin says at the end of the story Evidence: He was a very good mayor; five years later he did become Regional Co-ordinator. And when the Regions of Earth formed their Federation in 2044, he became the first World Co-ordinator. It is from that statement that I get my date of 2044 as the year Asimov projects for hyperdrive. Ian Beardsley March 17, 2011

50 Wikipedia Encyclopedia writes: Timewave zero" is a numerological formula that purports to calculate the ebb and flow of "novelty", defined as increase in the universe's interconnectedness, or organised complexity,[66] over time. According to Terence McKenna, who conceived the idea over several years in the early- to mid-1970s while using psilocybin mushrooms and DMT, the universe has a teleological attractor at the end of time that increases interconnectedness, eventually reaching a singularity of infinite complexity in 2012, at which point anything and everything imaginable will occur simultaneously. There is a very attractive way to approaching the phenomenon that science fiction is interconnected with cosmic events. Interconnectedness occurs, in my experience, both in Italy and in Mexico. When I was married to a woman from Italy, we used to watch an American soap opera called The Bold and the Beautiful when we were living in California. When my wife and I went to Italy, it turned out that the mother of my wife liked the soap opera too, and that it aired in Italy. When my wife and I arrived in Italy, the show not only aired in Italy, but the entire cast for that show was in Italy, and it was being filmed there because it was part of the story in the soap opera that the one of the characters in the story got a job as a fashion model in Italy, which brought her and all of her friends to Italy. But, it went further than that. When I was in Italy, my wife and I watched a movie that just came out, I dont remember the name, but it was about a writer who had writers block, and his friend suggested that the two of them leave the city and go to a retreat out in nature to get a fresh view of life. However, the writer in the movie was going crazy at the retreat because there was no television, and he was having a hard time being away from watching the soap opera, The Bold And The Beautiful. When new tourists arrived at the retreat, he yelled out from his cabin to them, What has become of so, and so, in the Bold and The Beautiful? Here we see fiction becoming intertwined with the life of my wife and I. But, such things first happened to me in Mexico. I was going to school in Queretaro, Mexico about an hour north of Mexico City. When I was down in the plaza in Queretaro having lunch, two girls from Germany who were passing through the city, and in Mexico because there parents worked there, asked me where they could find a place to stay. I told them they could stay at the house where I was staying. They stayed a few days, and then returned to the city where they lived. A few days later, some fellow students and my self went traveling in Mexico. We went to the town famous for nightlife, San Miguel de Allende. We got in a cab and asked the driver to take us to a youth hostel, and we drove around for hours only to find that every

51 place was full. It was because there was a big celebration going on in the city. So, the cab driver dropped us off at one of the plazas and there we were thinking what we were going to do when I ran into the two German girls I had let stay at my place in Queretaro. I explained to them that we were looking for a place to stay but everything was full. They said they had a place to stay and that we could stay there. We were told to go to their window at a particular Motel, they would throw us the keys to their room out the window, and we were to walk through the main office of the Hotel, show them the keys and act like we already rented a room there. So, there is a certain kind of magic in Italy and Mexico that is very real, that verifies the theory of interconnectedness in the theory of timewave zero. Such a theme is common to South American Literature. Consider the novel Aunt Julia and The Scriptwriter by Mario Vargas Llosa. It is about a scriptwriter who is writing a weekly soap opera for a radio theater and it comes to the point she cannot distinguish her life from the soap she is writing and does not know after awhile which is real, the radio drama or her life. We have learned that the theory of timewave zero has an equation that shows how everything in the Universe tends towards a higher degree of interconnectedness. I think it is time I learn to use the equation and input the dates that crop up in my astronomical research with those that crop up in the science fiction of Paul Levinson and Isaac Asimov. Ian Beardsley March 17, 2011

52 Another fine example of interconnectedness is put forth in the book The Castle of Crossed Destinies by Italo Calvino, an Italian writer. In this story an old castle is an inn for travelers. After food and drink at the same table in the castle, one night, all of the travelers strangers to one another, begin a process where one person lays out a tarot card and tells a story about it that relates to his travels before he arrived at the in. He lays out cards forming lines that tell his story, then other travelers lay out cards telling there stories, but find they can use cards that other travelers already used and it turns out they have the same meaning sometimes. So, though these travelers never met, they encountered in their travels the same people or events at times, they find. The finished layout looks like a finished game of dominoes with points of intersection at many spots. It turns out that everyone shared experiences in common but had never met one another, hence the title of the book, The Castle of Crossed Destinies. One could say Paul Levinson and Isaac Asimov could lay down the same card for the star Alpha Centauri, because that star was involved in my calculation for hyperdrive that intersected with The Plot To Save Socrates and I, Robot. A crossed destiny of a sort. It might be a good idea to read The Invisible Landscape by Terence McKenna second edition 1993. McKennas timewave, which shows the ebb and flow of time, goes off the chart or to infinity, in other words, in 2012. So it is impossible to see what happens beyond that date. It would suggest that time ends in 2012, or a new reality begins then. McKenna suggests that the timewave goes off the chart in 2012 because that is when we invent time travel, in which case the timewave would no longer be linear. Ian Beardsley March 18, 2011 I watched a video on youtube about Terence McKenna where he lectured on his timewave zero theory. I found there was not an equation for his timewave zero graph but that a computer algorithm generated the graph of the wave. The next day I did a search on the internet to see if a person could download timewave software for free. As it turned out one could, for both Mac and pc. It is called Timewave Calculator Version 1.0. I downloaded the software and found you had to download it every time after you quit the application and that you could not save the graph of your results or print them out. So I did a one-time calculation. It works like this: you input the range of time over which you want see the timewave and you cannot calculate past 2012, because that is when the timewave ends. You also put in a target date, the time when you want to get a rating for the novelty of the event that occurred on that day. You can also click on any point in the graph to get the novelty rating for that time. I put in:

53 Input: Begin Date: December 27 1968 18 hours 5 minutes 37 seconds End Date: December 2 2011 0 hours 28 minutes 7 seconds McKenna said in the video on youtube that the dips, or valleys, in the timewave graph represent novelties. So, I clicked on the first valley after 1969 since that is the year we went to the moon, and the program gave its novelty as: Sheliak Timewave Value For Target: 0.0621 On Target Date: August 4, 1969 9 hours 53 minutes 38 seconds I was happy to see this because, I determined that the growth rate constant, k, that rate at which we progress towards hyperdrive, in my calculation in my work Asimovian Prediction For Hyperdrive, that gave the date 2043, a year after Sierra Waters was handed the newly discovered document that started her adventure in The Plot To Save Socrates, by Paul Levinson, and a year before Isaac Asimov had placed the invention of hyperdrive in his book I, Robot, was: (k=0.0621) The very same number!!! What does that mean? I have no idea; I will find out after I buy The Invisible Landscape by Terence McKenna, Second Edition, and buy a more sophisticated timewave software than that which is offered for free on the net. Ian Beardsley March 19, 2011

54 I can say this. There are two possibilities: We are either validating the time wave theory of Terrence McKenna which says either: 1) time ends in 2012 (wouldn't be fun) 2) a new reality begins in 2012 3) we invent time travel in 2012 so that is why the McKenna timewave does not work past 2012. Or we are constructing a new timewave based on the science fiction of Levinson, Asimov and Clarke because their trajectory can be substantiated by a structure we are finding in the universe, and the upside is it has no end, but rather suggests we will have hyperdrive by 2042 to 2044 and with that it secures the future of humankind into eternity. Ian Beardsley March 19, 2011 The Same Number In Three Places I have pointed out that 0.0621 = k the growth rate constant towards hyperdrive in my paper, The Levinson,-Asmov-Clarke Phenomenon. I have pointed out that in McKenna time wave theory 0.0621 is is the novelty rating for 1969, the year man landed on the moon. Our counting system is base 10, it has been said probably because we have ten fingers. If we multiply 0.0621 by 10, that is increase it by a factor of ten, we get 0.621. If we round that to two places after the decimal, it is 0.62. Let us consider the golden ratio conjugate. The golden ratio occurs throughout nature. It is in the rotation from leaf to leaf around the stem of a plant, for example. The golden ratio conjugate is just the inverse of the golden ratio. It is simply the separation between leaves around the stem of a plant, going in the other direction. It is equal to 0.618 to three places after the decimal. Let us round that to two places after the decimal. The eight rounds the one to two. The golden ratio conjugate is then 0.62 rounded to two places after the decimal. That is the same value as k increased by a factor of 10, and the same value as the novelty rating for 1969 increased by a factor of ten. I find that interesting. Ian Beardsley March 23, 2011 But let us ask again, which of the above two alternatives will be the case. I have found in other research that I have done, an equation that shows earth positioned between success and failure, an equation we can call The Neptune Equation. It indicates that the planet Neptune may hold the key to whether the earth is successful, or fails. The equation and how I arrived at it can be found in the following passage, from my book, Searching For A Vision Of Humankind:

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Chapter 49: The Road From Ebla Leonard followed the story of the 33 Chilean miners who were trapped 2000 feet below the earth in a dark cavern for over two months after their mine exit had collapsed. These miners remained courageous, brave, and held onto their humanity throughout the whole ordeal. To Leonard, these men showed what the human spirit was capable of. The government of Chile responded to the emergency with great organization and did a great job. The coping techniques and space food to the miners was provided by the United States Space Agency, NASA. It was a marvel of engineering, as well, the capsule made by a NASA engineer that brought the miners to the surface. He admired NASA greatly, because of this, because they represented such a positive force in the world, as was demonstrated in the rescue of the miners. There were 33 miners trapped down there, and 33 years of age was the age they say Jesus died and was resurrected. NASA and the spirit and strength of the miners were like a salvation. Yet, the president of the United States had recently shut down NASA as the agency that would send man into space, and had decided to contract the building of spacecraft to private industry. Leonard thought this was a mistake. NASA, and the ESA (European Space Agency) were the most positive forces in his life. Since Leonard had begun working on his project several years back, he always felt the planet Neptune held the answer to the salvation of the Earth because of its vivacious, lively, incandescent blue. During the ordeal of the miners, he was thinking about the equation he had developed that he thought was most important, and finally he saw how it showed he was correct. That Neptune held the key to the survival of Humanity. Just as the last (33rd) miner was being pulled out from the collapsed mine and to the surface of the Earth, he had finished writing what he had discovered. He wrote in his Journal as follows:

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We have an equation for a sequence that shows the Earth straddled between Venus and Mars. Venus is a failed Earth. Mars promises to be New Earth. The equation, that I presented in my work, The Document, is: [(Venus-orbit)/(Earth-orbit)][(Earth-mass)/(Mars-mass)]n (Mars orbital #) = a_n The Mars orbital number is 4. If we want to know what planet in the solar system holds the key to the success of Earth, or to the success of humans, we let n =3 since the Earth is the third planet out from the Sun, in the equation and the result is a_n = 17.6. This means the planet that holds the key is Neptune. It has a mass of 17.23 earth masses, a number very close to our 17.6. The next step is to analyze Neptune, its composition and other factors._He thought he must have been blind. Not only was Neptune the indicated planet, he found it had nearly the same surface gravity of earth. Though it was much more massive than earth, it was much larger and therefore less dense. That was why it came out to have the same surface gravity. Neptune belongs to what one could categorize as a family of planets. The categorization is done by noticing four planets including Neptune have a similar inclination to their orbit. These Four planets are Neptune, Saturn, Earth, and Mars. Earth is the planet where humans originated, Mars promises to be New Earth. It is appropriate that Neptune is in this family of planets because we must set sail upon the cosmic ocean for Mars from Earth, to survive as a species, and Neptune is the Sea God in Roman mythology, which corresponds to Poseidon in Greek mythology. Neptune carried a trident. Kurt Beardsley has told the tale of the Tuareg people, a tribe of the Algerian desert who bears the trident as their symbol from a time before oceans receded there leaving behind desert. It is believed, as he has said, there is an ancient lost library in the mountains they take to, second only to that of Alexandria and holding ancient undiscovered manuscripts. Where does the Neptune equation come from? The following Sequences:

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Chapter 24: The Document Salvoretti had done it. The structure of the solar system and dynamic elements of the Universe and Nature in general were tied up in the two sequences: 5, 14, 23, 32, and 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, 7.2, Could he find the connection between the two to localize the pivotal point of the solar system? Yes he could, he took their difference, subtracting respective terms in the second sequence from those in the first sequence to obtain the new sequence: 3.2, 10.4, 17.6, 24.8, Which is an arithmetic sequence with common difference of 7.2 meaning it is written 7.2n 4 = a_n The a_n is the nth term of the sequence, n is the number of the term in the sequence. This he noticed could be written: [(Venus-orbit)/(Earth-orbit)][(Earth-mass)/(Mars-mass)]n (Mars orbital #) = a_n Here is where some of the sequences come from: The Search For The Tarot: Chapter 16 Salvoretti began writing in his journal:

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We originally thought that 1.8 (9/5) occurred in the solar system and nature, alone. It is the ratio of Saturn orbit to Jupiter orbit in their closest approaches to the sun. It is the ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbit. It is ratio of the molar mass of gold to that of silver. Then I discovered that approximately twice that value (3.7) was recurrent throughout the solar system and nature. Twice 1.8 is 3.6. I found it occurred in Jupiter, Saturn, Earth, Mercury, and Venus to name a few as 3.7. Now I have found it in Neptune and Uranus, precisely: (neptune orbit)/(uranus orbit)=(30.0578)/(19.1819)=0.37957~0.38~0.37~0.36 0.37(earth mass)/(mars mass)=0.37(10)=3.7 It occurs here to me we are not just dealing with 1.8 and 3.7, but any whole number multiple of 1.8. We are dealing with: a_n=1.8n Let us try three times 1.8. It is 5.4. Immediately we see it in the most obvious, Jupiter. It is the largest and most massive planet in the solar system. Its furthest distance from the sun in its orbit is 5.455 AU ~ 5.4. We see it in the following (saturn mass)/(neptune mass)=(95.147)/(17.23)=5.522~5.4 I have already noted that Saturn and Neptune have similar inclinations to their orbit that are only common to Earth and Mars. Thus we are dealing here with the sequence: 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, 7.2, Furthermore; [(venus orbit)/(earth orbit)][(earth mass)/(mars mass)] = 7.2

59 Some of the most interesting occurrences of 3.7 in nature are: [(volume of saturn)/(volume of Jupiter)](volume of mars) =(mercury radius)(earth radius)^2 =[(venus orbit)/(earth orbit)(earth radius)]^3 =[(mercury orbit)/(earth orbit)](earth radius)^3 =0.37 cubic earth radii 0.37 can be converted to 3.7 by multiplying it by the ratio of earth mass to mars mass because it is close to ten. (earth radius)/(moon radius)= 4(degrees in a circle)(moon distance)/(sun distance) = 3.7 There are about as many days in a year as degrees in a circle Indeed in the same book I have given good indication that Mars should represent the success of the humankind. It can be found in the following passage:

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The Coupling of Mars and Earth Salvoretti and Tara are discussing things as they drive back to Turin. Salvoretti: Tara, I cant get over what you said earlier that two of the Pythagorean Solids have volumes, one of nine tetrahedra and the other of five tetrahedra. There are only five Pythagorean solids and two of them have volumes the same numbers as the distance to Jupiter and Saturn in their closest approaches to the sun if the earth is at one unit from the sun! This means the tetrahedron represents the earth because it has a volume of one. This is interesting because the solar radius to the earth-moon distance is 9 to 5, and 9 to 5 is the molar mass of gold to the molar mass of silver. Why is this so incredible? It is incredible because the tetrahedron also has four faces and Mars is the fourth planet. It is appropriate that the tetrahedron couples earth and mars, further, in that it is four faced (mars is the fourth planet from the sun), and each face has three vertices (earth is the third planet from the sun). You may not think that is incredible but consider categorizing the planets with the smallest abundant number, twelve. Smallest abundant number means it is the most divisible for its size. Twelve is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 a whole number of times. The sum of these numbers is 16, which is greater than 12. Mars is the fourth planet out from the sun. Twelve divided by four is three, and the earth is the third planet out from the sun. Thus once again the earth and Mars are coupled. I can couple them again. Elements are atoms, and the numbers of particles that constitute them determine the element, and its relative mass, or molar mass as it is called. The atmosphere of Mars is mostly CO2, about 95 percent. The earth atmosphere is more than 90 percent oxygen and nitrogen. I calculate CO2 to have a molar mass of 44.01 and earth air to have a molar mass of 28.5756. The Mars orbital distance compared to the earth orbital distance is about 1.5. The molar mass of CO2 compared to the molar mass of air is about 1.5. That is the mars-sun distance is to the earth-sun distance as Martian air is to earth air.

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It goes further than that. If the earth surface gravity is 1, that of Mars is 0.380. That is a ratio of 2.63. The molar mass of oxygen gas (O2) what we breath, is 32.00. The molar mass of carbon, the basis of life as we know it, is 12.01. That is a ratio of 2.66. That says it takes about the same energy to lift a mole of carbon on earth, as it does to lift a mole of oxygen (O2) on mars the same distance. Earth and Mars are yet further coupled: The earth atmosphere was once mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) like the mars atmosphere is today, until plant life came along and started converting the carbon dioxide into oxygen, using light from the sun and in the process making the most fundamental sugar, glucose (which is at the bottom of the food chain). A process called photosynthesis. Glucose is C6H12O6. I calculate glucose has a molar mass of 180.16 and water, which covers most of the surface of the earth, chemical formula H2O, I calculate has a molar mass of 18.016. 180.16 divided by 18.016 is about 10 and the earth is about 10 times as massive as mars. That is, glucose is to water as the earth mass is to the mass of mars. You are probably wondering why I am so amazed that Mars and earth are so coupled empirically. Well the planet Mercury is too hot to support human life because it is so close to the sun, Venus has the same problem. But the earth is the next planet out and the right distance from the sun to be not too warm to support life._The next planet after the earth is Mars, and it may be cold, but not too cold to colonize, or even one day terraform (make habitable for humans). The next planet after Mars is Jupiter, not just too cold, but mostly gas, so there is nothing solid to stand on. The next planet, Saturn, even colder and mostly gaseous as well. The trend continues on to Neptune and Uranus. Pluto is just this cold little dwarf planet, whose thin atmosphere collapses when it is further from the sun. You see then why I am so amazed Mars and earth are coupled by these

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numbers, they actually have one thing in common, solid planets, not climatically too hot for humans, or too cold. These numbers that couple Mars with earth, seem to say the planet is there as a stepping stone to the stars, that it is time to wade out into the cosmic ocean, to use the metaphor of Carl Sagan, or sink. That is, for some reason we have what we need, but a challenge has been put to us. We have to overcome our problems, like spending money and resources on war instead of space exploration. Space exploration can solve the economic crisis. Colonizing Mars would generate a massive industry that would create work here on earth in every sector, for everyone, and, it would all be paid for by the resources that are out there in the solar system. As Cabal says to Passworthy in Things to come by H.G. Wells: And if were no more than animals, we must snatch each little scrap of happiness, and live, and suffer, and pass, mattering no more than all the other animals do or have done. It is this, or that. All the universe or nothing. Which shall it be Passworthy? Which shall it be? I believe we are at that time in history, and the NanoFET marks it. Brian Gilchrist is working on the NanoFET idea. Field Effect Transistors are used to charge light nanoparticles, so they can be ejected out the back end of a ship with a series of magnetic fields made by stacks of microchip components, much the same way charged particles are accelerated by electromagnets in a particle accelerator. The nanoFET ship can reach 90% the speed of light, theoretically, if built light and outside the earths gravity. Of course the ship is a starship that would take more than four years to reach the nearest star, but used to go to mars might only take a couple hours or so.

63 Chapter 26: Another Look Into Salvorettis Journal Entry: Topic: Molar Masses Earth air is about 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. We can treat both as diatomic molecules. The molar mass of nitrogen gas (N2) is 2(14.01) and the molar mass of oxygen gas (O2) is 2(16.00). So Earth Air = 2[(16.00)(0.21) + (14.01)(0.78)] = 28.5756 The martian atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide (CO2). This gives: CO2 = (12.01) + 2(16.00) = 44.01 The average orbital distance of mars from the sun compared to the average orbital distance of the earth from the sun is 1.5 and 44.01 divided by 28.5756 is 1.5, or 3/2 in other words. Is what this says is that, the mars-sun distance is to the earth-sun distance as martian air is to earth air. The earth atmosphere was once mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) like the mars atmosphere is today, until plant life came along and started converting the carbon dioxide into oxygen, using light from the sun and in the process making the most fundamental sugar, glucose (which is at the bottom of the food chain). A process called photosynthesis. Well glucose is C6H12O6, which gives a molar mass of: C6H12O6 = 6(12.01) + 12(1.008) + 6(16.00) = 180.16 And water (H2O) covers most of earth and is essential to life, its molar mass is: H2O = 2(1.008) + (16.00) = 18.016 180.16 divided by 18.016 is about 10 and the earth is about 10 times as massive as mars. That is, glucose is to water as the earth is to mars.

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I have found more reason that the planet Mars represents the success of humankind in this passage:

Gentelmen, further, Mars is New Earth. I have done this:

We know that 9/5 occurs in many mysterious ways in nature, including Saturns distance from the sun of 9 (closest approach) putting Jupiters at five (closest approach), and the earth at one. Let us consider a balance. If two weights of equal mass are placed on opposite ends of a balance, then to be balanced the fulcrum must be placed at the center. But if one mass is increased, then the fulcrum will have to be moved closer to the heavier end if the balance is not to tip. This is the Law of Levers. It states that the masses are inversely proportion to their distances from the fulcrum. To write it mathematically, M1/M2=L2/L1 Or, equivalently (M1)(L1)=(M2)(L2) If we consider the time when Saturn and Jupiter, the two most massive bodies in the solar system are in opposition, that is when they are on opposite sides of the sun and facing one another, then by the above information they are separated by 14 units. Jupiter is 3.34 times as massive as Saturn. By our law of levers above, that means L1/L2=3.34 L1+L2=14 Thus 4.34L2=14 and L2=3.2258 14-3.22=10.77=L1 Mars orbital distance is 1.5 The saturn-fulcrum distance minus the mars orbital distance is: 10.77-1.5=9.2~9 is saturns closest approach to the sun. Mars, then, is the cosmic fulcrum. It is the one planet worth terraforming for colonization. It is then aligned metaphysically with its physical characteristics. I also believe the following passage from Searching For A Vision Of Humankind may have much to do with all of this, as it involves Venus, Mars, and Earth.

65 Chapter 61: Study Takes Form Leonard made the connection between two studies of his to make a third subject that brought a lot together. He was definitely onto something. Study 1 An interesting family of substances is methane (CH_4), ammonia (NH_3) and water vapor (H_2O). Methane is tetrahedral in structure, a carbon atom surrounded by 4 hydrogens. Ammonia is trigonal pyramidal, a nitrogen atom surrounded by 3 hydrogen atoms, and water vapor is triangular, or bent, an oxygen atom surrounded by two hydrogens. These represent stable structural systems as they are all systems of triangles, which are the only stable polygons. These substances combined under energy with hydrogen gas form amino acids, the building blocks of life. The core atoms of these molecules, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, are all in period two of the periodic table and follow directly one after the other, and are all in amino acids, the hydrogen as well. It is a hypothesis of astrobiology that amino acids formed in the protoplanetary cloud before the earth ever formed. In this sense we may have our origins in deep space. Is what I mean by structural systems is that there are only three structural systems, the tetrahedron, the octahedron, and the icosohedron. They are the only stable solids, that is non-collapsing flex corners whose faces are triangles. Most compounds are something other than these, like pentagons with linear off shoots for example, that comprise the wrong number of atoms to make a "solid" unit, and I mean solid as in the pythagorean solids, the geometric term. Both methane and ammonia make different variations on the tetrahedron, a pythagorean solid. When plants perform photosynthesis, they combine carbon dioxide with water and release oxygen. The reaction is: CO_2+2H_2O--!CH_2O+O_2+H_2O As can be seen a sugar is made. Important to most plants to do this is Nitrogen. Nitrogen (N_2) is the most abundant gas in the earth atmosphere, comprising about 78.03% of it. We now calculate the molecular masses of these special gases: CH_4=(12.01+4(1.01))=16.05 NH_3=(14.01+3(1.01))=17.04 CO_2=(12.01+2(16.00))=44.01 H_2O=(2(1.01)+16.00)=18.02 N_2=(14.01+14.01)=28.02 O_2=(16.00+16.00)=32.00 We now form some ratios between these molecular masses:

66 (O_2)/(CH_4)=32.00/16.05=1.992~2 (NH_3)/(CH_4)=17.04/16.06=1.061~1 (CO_2)/(O_2)=44.01/32.00~1.4=sqrt(2) (CO_2)/(N_2)=44.01/28.02~1.6=(sqrt(5)+1)/2=phi (O_2)/(H_2O)=32.00/18.02=1.776~sqrt(3) Notice that these values are given by the sequence: |2cos(pi/n)| n=(1,2,3,4,5,6)(pi/n)radians Observe: 2=|2cos(pi)| 0=|2cos(pi/2)| 1=|2cos(pi/3)| sqrt(2)=|2cos(pi/4)| (sqrt(5)+1)/2=phi=|2cos(pi/5)| sqrt(3)=|2cos(pi/6)| Geometrically sqrt(2) is the ratio of the side of a square to its radius. Phi is the ratio of the chord of a regular pentagon to its side. Sqrt(3) is the ratio of the side of an equilateral triangle to its radius, and 1 is the ratio of the side of a regular hexagon to its radius. The square, the regular hexagon and the equilateral triangle are the tessellating regular polygons.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 n actual fit

CH

2/ CH

CO 2/

2/

3/

CO

2/

2O

67 Study 2 Jupiter: failed star: vector associated with it x-5 = 0 (fifth planet) (x^2) x - 1 = 0 (x in this equation is the golden ratio) These two equations yield: (x^2) 2x + 4 = 0 This gives x = (1+3i) and (1-3i) where (i) is the square root of negative one. In the complex plane these are the vectors <1, 3> and <1, -3> Again we see Jupiter pointing to the earth (3 in the (i) axis, earth the third planet) Venus: failed earth: vector associated with it x-2=0 (second planet) (x^2) x 1 = 0 (x in this equation is the golden ratio) These two equations yield: (x^2) 2x + 1 = 0 (x 1)(x 1) = 0 This gives x = 1 In the complex plane this is the vector <1, 0>. Note: Venus is represented by the regular hexagon because its side divided by its radius is one. Mars: promises to be new earth: vector associated with it x-4=0 (fourth planet) (x^2) x 1 (x in this equation is the golden ratio) These two equations yield: (x^2) 2x + 3 = 0 This gives x = 1 + sqrt(2)i and x = 1 sqrt(2)i In the complex plane these are the vectors <1, sqrt(2)> and <1, -sqrt(2)> Note: Mars is represented by the square because its side divided by its radius is the square root of two. Earth: successful life bearing world: vector associated with it x-3=0 (third planet) (x^2) x 1 = 0 (x in this equation is the golden ratio) These two equations yield: (x^2) 2x +2 = 0 This gives x = (1 + i) and x = (1 i) where (i) is the square root of negative one. In the complex plane these are the vectors <1, 1> and <1, -1> Note: The vectors <1, 1> and <1, -1> have the angle of 45 degrees and negative 45 degrees associated with them. Such angles are the angles made between the sides of a square and its diagonal. The components of such vectors are sides of a unit square. It is appropriate, somehow, that earth is represented by the unit vectors because it is a successful life bearing planet, perhaps the only one, or the most so by far, in the solar system. Here we see mars and earth are again coupled as they have their representation in the same form, the square, in different ways.

68 We combine Study 1 with Study 2 and find Venus, Earth, and Mars have associated with them ratios of compounds such that the following table results. Venus: failed Earth: Vector magnitude 1 Associated Compounds: (NH_3)/(CH_4) Are prominent compounds in the early earth atmosphere. Earth: Successful life bearing world: Vector magnitude sqrt(2) Associated Compounds: (CO_2)/(O_2) CO_2 prominent in early earth atmosphere O_2 prominent in contemporary earth atmosphere Mars: Promises to be New Earth: Vector magnitude sqrt(3) Associated Compounds: (O_2)/(H_2O) These compounds pivotal to life on Earth. All of these compounds combined with hydrogen gas under energy form amino acids, the building blocks of life.

69 It is worth noting: Chapter 31: The Document A look inside the journal of Leonard August 9, 2010 Entry: Topic: Pivotal Point Of The Solar System (M_j)(L_j)=(M_s)(L_s) Saturn orbit = 9 Jupiter orbit = 5 9-5=4 L_j + L_s = 4 318L_j = 95L_s 95/318 = (L_j)/(L_s) L_s = (4-L_J) 95/318 = (L_j)/(4-L_j) (95)(4-L_j) = (318)(L_j) 380 95L_j = 318L_j 380 = 413L_j L_j = (380)/(413) = 0.92 5 = 0.92 = 5.92 ~ 6 Thereby The Cosmic Fulcrum between Jupiter and Saturn in another arrangement is six astronomical units from the sun, or about one astronomical unit from Jupiter. The Earth is about one astronomical unit from the sun.

70 Summary We have Earth straddled between Venus and Mars, between a failed Earth and a planet that promises to be New Earth in relationship pointing to Neptune where the success of Earth is concerned, Neptune being the eighth, or last planet in the Solar System. We have Mars as the cosmic fulcrum for Jupiter and Saturn in one arrangement and Earth orbit around Jupiter a cosmic fulcrum with Jupiter and Saturn in the other arrangement. We can say the Earth orbits Jupiter as a ghost, and the sun for real. We have compounds associated above with Mars that are essential to life as we know it, O2 and H2O. We have compounds associated with Venus above that were prominent in the primordial earth atmosphere, NH3 and CH4. We have compounds associated with earth that are the CO2 that was converted into O2 by plants making possible the oxygen breathing organisms, and the O2. The Mathematical relationships above outline a story, a story I have told in The Exciting Neptune Saga, that has yet to realize on our part.

71

The Levinson, Asimov, Clarke Triptic

By Ian Beardsley

Copyright 2010-2011

72 Preface Back in 2009 When I wrote my paper: Forecast For Hyperdrive: A Study in Asimovian Psychohistory, where I tried to predict when humans would develop hyperdrive mathematically, the time I came up with was the time in the future when the main character, Sierra Waters, was handed a newly discovered document at the beginning of the book by Paul Levinson, The Plot To Save Socrates, that got the whole story rolling. I sent the results to Paul Levinson, and he liked them and he encouraged me to think about what this implied and to perhaps explore it on the Sierra Waters Time Traveler group on facebook. Indeed, Sierra Waters wrote me at myspace and told me she thought I was on to something. Actually, this was not the first, and was not to be the last, time that my scientific investigations turned up physical quantities and times that were related to the science fiction I was reading. Now it is 2011, and all of that has finally come together in three essays that allow me for the first time to begin to explore the meaning, and usefulness, of this phenomenon. That is the content of this work in three sections, and I have no way of knowing when further progress will be made, but I am sure it will be. Ian Beardsley March 09, 2011

73 Introduction When my scientific research started turning up values that were pivotal to the science fiction of Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke, while I was reading them, I wrote a paper showing how. Now I am beginning to ask why by being analytical about this autobiographically and by presenting the related structure between the three writers in essay form. I am only beginning to touch on unraveling this mystery. I here present my work to date in three sections: 1. The Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Equation 2. Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke Intertwined With An Astronomers Research 3. Three Categories In Levinson, Asimov, And Clarke

74

The Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Equation

75 I have reason to believe a triplet should be formed between the science fiction of Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke. We form a time line in chronological order from the key events and make an equation that represents its trajectory. But first, the reason why we do this. I read The Foundation Trilogy of Isaac Asimov when I was in High School, living on a farm in a remote valley in Oregon called Elkhead, surrounded by some 400 square miles of rain forest, about 10 miles from the small town of Yoncalla, where I went to High School. It was somewhere between 1980 and 1984. I read, then, 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke and its sequel, 2010: Odyssey Two right when it came out. Somewhere around late 1984 I moved north to the city of Eugene, Oregon to study Physics and Spanish at The University of Oregon during which time I worked in experimental astronomy at the state observatory, on Pine Mountain, in the high desert east of Bend, Oregon some few hours from campus on the other side of the Cascade Mountain Range. I was paid from a grant from National Geographic as a data taker measuring the polarized light from the extraordinary eclipsing binary star system Epsilon Aurigae, which eclipses every 27 years for two years due to a large protoplanetary gas disc orbiting the primary star. It went into eclipse again in 2009 and is coming out of eclipse as I am writing now. It will be coming out of eclipse completely somewhere shortly before my birthday in may.

The House In Elkhead

76 The Author Descending Pine Mountain

The Author Behind The 24 Inch Telescope At Pine Mountain

77 Pine Mountain Observatory

The 32 Telescope At Pine Mountain

78 After four years of working at the observatory, I went to Granada, Spain with some college friends for nine months during which time we lived in the Gypsy Quarters, Sacromonte. A friend since childhood agreed to meet me in Granada at Plaza Nueva. She was on her way to France to meet up with her boyfriend who was working there from The United States to work on a big artificial intelligence (AI) research project. I introduced her to a friend, one of the great Gypsy guitarists in Spain, and he took her hair in his hands, felt its texture, then told her how immensely beautiful it was, no doubt in an effort to form a relationship between Spain and France in the area of AI research. I left Spain for California, stayed awhile, and then left for Spain again, this time going to the capital, Madrid, in Northern Spain. When I came back to California, I met a woman from Turin, Italy. We got married. She got a job at The Italian Embassy in Washington D.C. and we moved there. It was then that I working on a math project and was encouraged to read the sequels to the Arthur C. Clarke Space Odyssey Series, (for the purpose of scientific responsibility, as the works are a model for how science is done in todays world, as I came to understand). So, I resumed my endeavor since High School and read 2061: Odyssey Three and 3001: The Final Odyssey. When we were in Washington we went to Italy, during which time I read The Asimov Foundation Trilogy again. In Washington, I also read prequels to the Asimov Foundation Trilogy. Eventually my wife and I became separated and I went to California wherein I began theoretical astronomical research and began reading the sequels to The Foundation Trilogy by Asimov, and his Robot Series. As Clarke and Asimov had been my major science fiction reading since High School, college, and marriage, and I had read all of their work, I began to search for someone new, and that is when I found Paul Levinson, and his book The Plot To Save Socrates. It did not disappoint, and filled the gap perfectly. Now while I was reading these authors and doing scientific research, my research was turning up times and numbers which were pivotal to their work, and that is the reason I am making this Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Equation which will become part of a broader work, some of which will be presented in this book. Now, onto forming The LevinsonAsimov-Clarke Equation.

79 From Foundation And Earth By Isaac Asimov: Pelorat: There are references to a robot named Daneel. Daneel: I am that robot, It is not a legend Oh no, said Pelorat. If you are that robot, you would have to be thousands of years old. Twenty Thousand said Daneel quietly. Daneel was constructed on Earth in Asimovs Robot Series, first appearing in his book titled The Caves of Steel. That book takes place according to the back of the cover A millennium into the future in New York City. The first copyright of that book, looking at the inside cover is 1953. 1953 +1000 = 2953. This is the year detective Elijah Bailey leaves Earth for the first settled star systems colonized by people from Earth who are called Spacers, with his robot partner Daneel Olivaw. Elijah Baileys trip to the outer worlds brings about a second wave of colonization of the Galaxy by a people called the Settlers. Eventually this name is lost to them as they fully inhabit the Galaxy and form the seat of the Galactic Empire on a planet at the center of the Galaxy called Trantor. We write: 2953 Elijah Bailey begins the full colonization of the Galaxy. Daneel Olivaw gets the okay from Golan Trevize to form Galaxia, a viable society for the Galaxy, 20,000 years after that date: 2953 + 20,000 = 22,953 It was actually the robot Daneel who maneuvered Elijah Bailey into triggering events that would lead to the full colonization of the Galaxy by the people of Earth. We will now list two times in Galactic history: 2953: Elijah Bailey brings about the Settlers movement 22,953: Daneel Olivaw forms Galaxia Now let us turn our attention to Arthur C. Clarke:

80 2001: A Space Odyssey 2001: Dave Bowman Becomes The Starchild 2010: Odyssey Two 2010: Jupiter becomes the star Lucipher to its moon Europa, which is now a planet that harbors life. 2061: Dr. Haywood Floyd finds man is to take part in the evolution of the Galaxy. 3001: Arthur C. Clarke: The Final Odyssey: All is understood. Now we turn our attention to Paul Levinson. 2042: The Plot To Save Socrates by Paul Levinson: Sierra Waters is handed the newly discovered document that puts in motion one of the greatest stories ever told. We now put these times in chronological order: 2001 (Clarke) 2010 (Clarke) 2042 (Levinson) 2061 (Clarke) 2953 (Asimov) 3001 (Clarke) 22,953 (Asimov)

81 Let us look at how events in the sci-fi triplet develop. The second graph is a magnification of the first showing the development as a sine wave.

25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

Series1

st a

lu

an

ev

2070 2060 2050 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 starchild lucipher manuscript evolution Series1

un d

er s

se

ga la xi a

ld

he

ip t

rs

rc hi

ut io

ci p

us

ol

tt le

cr

ta n

82 Here is the table of values plotted: starchild lucipher manuscript evolution settlers understand galaxia 2001 2010 2042 2061 2953 3001 22953

History is not a precise thing in its trajectory through time. We fit the graph to an idealized sine wave. Since there are four points from starchild to evolution, we are dealing with events that are separated by angles of 30 degrees each. We have: Starchild = 0 degrees Lucipher = 30 degrees Manuscript = 60 degrees Evolution = 90 degrees We have the amplitude is 2061 2001 = 60 Therefore, the Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Equation is: Event = [60 Sin (angle)] + 2001 for the first half of the graph. We have added 2001 to the equation because our zero point begins at starchild in the year 2001. Let us better construct the second half of the graph. The Galactic Era began its transition from galactic empire to foundation after 12, 069 years into The Galactic Era, the year Hari Seldon died. In Foundations Edge we learn about 500 years into the Foundation Era is when Golan Trevize begins his journey leading to the transition from Foundation to Galaxia. 12,069+500=12,569. Daneel the robot was on Earth 20,000 years before forming galaxia, back when he brought about the settlement of the galaxy. 20,000-12,569=7,431. These are the years from Settlers leaving Earth to their formation of The Galactic Empire (on Trantor).

83 Settlers were the time of Elijah Bailey in 2953. 2953+7431=10,384 for the time trantor becomes the seat of the galactic empire. 10,384+12,069=22,453 is the beginning of the foundation and 500 years after this is Galaxia. We make the following table: Setttlers: 2953 (Asimov) Understand: 3001 (Clarke) Trantor: 10,384 (Asimov) Foundation: 22,453 (Asimov) Galaxia: 22,953 (Asimov) Here is the plot of the second half of our graph:

25000

20000

15000 Series1 10000

5000

0 Settlers Understand Trantor Foundation Galaxia

This graph shows again eras as being a half sine wave composed of epics that cycle from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. In this case, the amplitude of the wave is 22,953-2953=20,000 years. There are five points in this case, so the angles are 90/4=22.5 degrees separation and the second half of the Levinson-Asimov-Clarke equation is: Epic = [20,000 Sin (angle)] + 2953 Settlers = 0 degrees Understand = 22.5 degrees Trantor = 45 degrees Foundation = 67.5 degrees Galaxia = 90 degreees

84 Whether or not the determination of 2953 is accurate for the time of the Settlers does not matter because the separation between points is accurate. We can consider the first points in the graphs to be zero points of an era and drop the last terms of both of the LevinsonAsimov-Clarke equations and write them: Epic = [60 Sin (angle)] angle = 0, 30, 60, 90 Epic = [20,000 Sin (angle)] angle = 0,22.5,45, 67.5, 90 Study Conclusion: Futuristic events of the work of Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke form a comprehensive whole when taken together that move through time like a wave that can be treated quantitatively. These futuristic fictional histories mirror present day actual events of the human story, so through their works we understand how human world events are caused, and it becomes possible to see where they can go and what should be done for the best outcome. This approach may serve as a primitive model for the basis of an actual Asimovian Psychohistory, which is prediction of the future and knowing how to bring about a beneficial outcome for humanity. After some research on the internet, I find that some of the projections for the dates of Asimovian events in these tables and graphs can be plus or minus 300 years, but that I am more or less in the right area. The dates for Levinson and Clarke events are 100 percent accurate. As far as Asimov goes, 300 years is nothing considering the immense time span over which his novels occur (20,000 years) that gives an accuracy for my tables and graphs of (300/20,000)(100) = plus or minus 1.5%. That is an accuracy of 1001.5=98.5%. Any time wave that we construct for the future of humanity can only be approximate, and since the observer can not be separated from the observed, as is put forward in quantum mechanics, I will stick with the tables and charts as I constructed them, because my line of reasoning came from a way of thought that I developed while reading Asimov in Italy, and Italy to me is a land of revelations and hidden secrets.

85

Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke Intertwined With An Astronomers Research.
By Ian Beardsley Copyright 2010-2011 by Ian Beardsley Cover Art By Ian Beardsley

86 There is a common thread running through the Science Fiction works of Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke. In the case of Isaac Asimov, we are far in the future of humanity. In his Robot Series, Asimov has man making robots whose programming only allows them to do that which is good for humanity. As a result, these robots, artificial intelligence (AI), take actions that propel humanity into settling the Galaxy, in the robot series, and ultimately save humanity after they have settled the Galaxy and made an empire of it (In the Foundation Series). In the case of Paul Levinson, scholars in the future travel through time and use cloning, a concept related to artificial intelligence (it is the creating of human replicas as well, but biological, not electronic), and the goal is to save great ancient thinkers from Greece, and to manipulate events in the past for a positive outcome for the future of humanity, just as the robots try to do in the work of Asimov. In the case of Arthur C. Clarke, man undergoes a transformation due to a monolith placed on the moon and earth by extraterrestrials who have created life on earth. The monolith is a computer. It takes humans on a voyage to other planets in the solar system, and in their trials, humanity goes through trials that result in a transformation for the ending of their dependence on their technology and for becoming adapted to life in the Universe beyond Earth. That is, the character Dave Bowman becomes the Starchild in his mission to Jupiter. The artificial intelligence is the ship computer called HAL. So, the thread is the salvation of man through technology, and their transformation to a new human paradigm, where they can end their dependence on Earth and adapt to the nature of the Universe as a whole. At the time I was reading these novels, I was doing astronomical research, and, to my utter astonishment, my relationships I was discovering pertaining to the Universe were turning up times and values pivotal to these works of Levinson, Asimov, and Clarke. Further, I was interpreting much of my discoveries by developing them in the context of short fictional stories. In my story, The Question, we find Artificial Intelligence is in sync with the phases of the first appearance of the brightest star Sirius for the year, and the flooding of the Nile river, which brings in the Egyptian agricultural season. It is presumed by some scholars that because the Egyptian calendar is in sync with the Nile-Sirius cycle, theirs began four such cycles ago. I then relate that synchronization to another calculation that turns up the time when the key figure of the Foundation Series of Asimov begins his program to found a civilization that will save the galaxy. We later find his actions were manipulated into being by robots, in order to save intelligent life in the galaxy by creating a viable society for it called Galaxia.

87 In the case of Paul Levinson, I was making a calculation to predict when man would develop hyperdrive, that engine which could take us to the stars, and end our dependence on an Earth that cannot take care of humans forever. That time turned out to be when the key scholar in the work by Paul Levinson, began her quest to help humanity by traveling into the past and using cloning, in part, to change history for the better. I can now only feel her quest to save humanity is going to be through changing history to bring about the development of hyperdrive, so humanity will no longer depend on Earth alone, which, as I have said, cannot take care of life forever. Finally, where Arthur C. Clarke is concerned, I find values in the solar system and nature that are in his monolith, and I connect it to artificial intelligence of a sort, that kind which would be based on silicon. I will present, now, my work that pertains to these writers in the following order: 1) 2) 3) 4) The Question Addendum to The Question Asimovian Prediction For Hyperdrive Arthur C. Clarke and Cosmic Archaeology

88

The Question

89

A Scientist had built a robot in the image of humans and downloaded to it all of human knowledge, then put forward the question to our robot, what is the best we, humanity, can do to survive with an earth of limited resources and a situation where other worlds like earth, if they exist, would take generations to reach. The robot began his answer, I contend that the series of events that unfolded on earth over the years since the heliacal rising of Sirius four Sothic cycles ago in Egypt of 4242 B.C., the presumed beginning of the Egyptian calendar, were all meant to be, as the conception of the possibility of my existence is in phase with those cycles and is connected to such constants of nature as the speed of light and dynamic ratios like the golden ratio conjugate. The scientist asked, Are you saying humans, all humans since some six thousand years ago have been a tool of some higher force to bring you about, our actions bound to the turning of planets upon their axis, and the structure of nature? The robot said, Yes, let me digress. It goes back further than that. Not just to 4242 B.C. when the heliacal rising of Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, coincided with the agriculturally beneficial inundation of the Nile river which happens every 1,460 Julian years, in the Sothic Cycle. My origins go back to the formation of stars and the laws that govern them. As you know, the elements were made by stars, heavier elements forged in their interior from lighter elements. Helium gave rise to oxygen and nitrogen, and so forth. Eventually the stars made silicon, phosphorus, and boron, which allow for integrated circuitry, the basis of which makes me function.

90

Positive type silicon is made by doping silicon, the main element of sand, with the element boron. Negative type silicon is made by doping silicon with phosphorus. We join the two types in different ways to make diodes and transistors that we form on silicon chips to make the small circuitry that makes me function. Just as the golden ratio is in the rotation of leaves about the stem of a plant, or in the height of a human compared to the distance from the soles of their feet to their navel, an expression of it is in my circuitry. We take the geometric mean of the molar mass of boron and phosphorus, and we divide that result by the molar mass of silicon. He began writing on paper: !("#$)/Si = !(30.97#10.81)/28.09 = 0.65 We take the harmonic mean between the molar masses of boron and phosphorus and divide that by the molar mass of silicon. 2(30.97)(10.81)/(30.97+10.81) = 16.026 16.026/Si = 16.026/28.09 = 0.57 And we take the arithmetic mean between these two results. (0.65 + 0.57)/2 =0.61 0.61 are the first two digits in the golden ratio conjugate. The scientist said, I understand your point, but you referred to the heliacal rising of Sirius.

91

The robot answered: Yes, back to that. The earth orbit is nearly a perfect circle, so we can use c=2%r to calculate the distance the earth goes around the sun in a year. The earth orbital radius is on the average 1.495979E8 kilometers, so (2)(3.14)(1.495979E8) = 9.39E8 km The distance light travels in a year, one revolution of the earth around the sun is 9.46E12 kilometers. The golden ratio conjugate of that is and he wrote: (0.618)(9.46E12 km) = 5.8E12 km We write the equation: (9.39E8 km/yr)(x) = 5.8E12 km This gives the x is 6,177 years. As I said, the fourth heliacal rising of Sirius, ago in the Sothic Cycle, when the Nile flooded, was 4242 B.C. He wrote: 6,177 years 4,242 years = 1935 A.D. In 1937 Alan Turing published his paper founding the field of artificial intelligence, and Theodosius Dobzhansky explained how evolution works. These two papers were published a little after the time the earth had traveled the golden ratio conjugate of a light year since our 4,242 B.C., in its journey around the sun. These papers are at the heart of what you and I are.

92

If your question is should robots replace humans, think of it more as we are the next step in human evolution, not a replacement, we were made in your image, but not to require food or air, and we can withstand temperature extremes. We think and have awareness of our being, and we can make the long voyage to the stars. It would seem it is up to us to figure out why you were the tools to bring us about, and why we are an unfolding of the universe in which you were a step in harmony with its inner workings from the formation of the stars, their positions and apparent brightness and the spinning of the earth and its motion around the sun.

93

Addendum to The Question

94

Leonard considered the golden ratio conjugate with respect to the Egyptian calendar in his story The Question, he thought he would consider the golden ratio as well. He wrote: I decided to consider now, not the golden ratio conjugate, but the golden ratio itself, which is the inverse of its conjugate, knowing that it would take us somewhere into the future. The golden ratio is 1.618 to three places after the decimal. The golden ratio of a light year is: (1.618)(9.46E12 km) = 1.53E13 km and (9.39E8 km/yr)x = 1.53E13 x = 16,294 years 16,294 years 4,242 years = 12,052 A.D. That is after the earth has traveled a golden ratio of a light year since the founding of the Egyptian calendar is the year 12,052. As it turns this was the amount of years into the Galactic Era when the central character, Hari Seldon, in Asimovs Foundation lived and is around the time he created The Foundation, a society that would bring a new order to the Galaxy.

95

Asimovian Prediction For Hyperdrive

96

My idea is that the great science fiction writers are tapping into something when they write that is a non-fiction truth. He had read The Plot to Socrates by Paul Levinson and came up for another time that may be significant.

97 I had tried to predict mathematically when we would develop hyperdrive, and it came out just a year after the character, Sierra Waters, in the science fiction piece by Paul Levinson titled The Plot To Save Socrates was handed a newly discovered document at the beginning of the book that got the whole story rolling. I wrote in my piece Forecast For Hyperdrive: A Study In Asimovian Psychohistory: It is a curious thing that the Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the third brightest star in the sky is the closest to us and very similar to the sun in a galaxy of a rich variety of stars. This closest star to us is a triple system known as Alpha Centauri A, B, and Proxima Centauri. Alpha Centauri A is, like our Sun a main sequence spectral type G star. Precisely, G2 V, just as is the Sun. Its physical characteristics are very close to those of the Sun: 1.10 solar masses, 1.07 solar diameters, and 1.5 solar luminosities. It is absolute magnitude +4.3. The absolute magnitude of the Sun is +4.83. If ever the option existed for humans to travel to the stars, this situation speaks of it, whether or not Alpha Centauri has an earth-like planet in its habitable zone. It has been said that the base ten place significant system of writing numbers stems from the fact we have ten fingers to count on. In so far as science can save us, it can destroy us in that science is not dangerous, but humans can be. Traveling to the planets is possible with chemical fuel rockets, but traveling to the stars is another story, because of their immense distances from us, and from one another. What are the odds that our development in technologies will take us to the stars before we destroy ourselves first? In other words, what are the intrinsic odds for humankind to develop the hyperdrive before without bringing about its own end first? We do a random walk to Alpha Centauri of 10 one light year jumps. We make 10 equal steps randomly of one light year each, equal steps that if all are towards Alpha Centauri we will land beyond it. If 10 are away from it, we are as far from it as can be. And, if 5 are towards it, and five are away from it, we have gone nowhere. In this allegory we calculate the probability of landing on Alpha Centauri, in 10 random leaps of a light year each, a light year being the distance light travels in the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun, light speed a natural constant. (continue to the next page)

98

The probability of making n steps in either direction forms a bell shaped curve. After 10 randomly made steps the odds of going nowhere is highest and, is represented by five in the bell curve corresponding to 0. Let us round the distance of Alpha Centauri to four light years, giving humans the benefit of the doubt. The number positive four in the bell graph has written above it the number 7. Seven out of ten times 100 for effort gives a 70% chance of making it to the stars without becoming extinct first. I believe the percent understanding of our technological development towards hyperdrive, where we have just entered space with chemical rockets and developed fast, compact, computers, is given by:
W N ( n1 ) = N! n1 n 2 p q n1! n 2!

Evaluated at n1=7.
!

N is 10 steps. And n1 is the number of steps towards Alpha Centauri, n2 those away from it. And, p is the probability that the step is towards Alpha Centauri, and q is the probability that the step is away from Alpha Centauri. N = n1 + n2 And m = n1-n2 is the displacement And q+p=1

99 The trick to using this equation is in knowing the possible combinations of steps that can be made that equal 10. Like five right, five left with a displacement of 0 or, 10 right, 0 left with a displacement of 10 or, 7 left, 3 right with a displacement of negative 4. To land at 4 light years from earth, with 10 one light year jumps, one must go away from Alpha Centauri 3 jumps of a light year each then 7 jumps toward it of one light year each, to land on it, that is to land at +4, its location. So n1 is 7 and n2 is 3. The probability to jump away from the star is 1/2 and the probability to jump towards it is 1/2. That is p=1/2 and q=1/2. There are ten random jumps, so, N=10. Using our equation:
(10!) 1 7 1 3 3628800 1 1 120 15 ( ) ( ) = = = = 0.1171875 " 12% (7!)(3!) 2 2 (5040)(6) 128 8 1024 128

We would be, by this reasoning 12% along in the development towards hyperdrive.
!

Ian Beardsley June 2009 If human technology has ever been anything, it has been exponential, growing in proportion to itself. In other words, two developments beget 8, eight beget 16, and sixteen begets 32. My grandfather rode a horse when he was a child, as a young man he drove a car, and when I knew him as a child, he saw humans land on the moon.

100 It wasnt long before we made computers small enough that people could keep in their homes that did more than computers did in the 60s that filled an entire room. Having calculated that we are 12% along in developing the hyperdrive, we can use the equation for natural growth to estimate when we will have hyperdrive. It is of the form:

x ( t ) = x 0e kt
t is time and k is a growth rate constant which we must determine to solve the equation. In 1969 Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. In 2009 the European Space Agency launched the Herschel and Planck telescopes that will see back to near the beginning of the universe. 2009-1969 is 40 years. This allows us to write:
12% = e k(40)

log 12 = 40k log 2.718

!

0.026979531 = 0.4342 k k=0.0621 We now can write:

x ( t ) = e(0.0621)t
100% = e( o.0621)t

!
!

log 100 = (0.0621) t log e t = 74 years 1969 + 74 years = 2043 Our reasoning would indicate that we will have hyperdrive in the year 2043. Study summary: 1. We have a 70% chance of developing hyperdrive without destroying ourselves first. 2. We are 12% along the way in development of hyperdrive. 3. We will have hyperdrive in the year 2043, plus or minus. Sierra Waters was handed the newly discovered document in 2042.

101 Asimovian hyperdrive prediction: When I made my prediction for the development of hyperdrive and it came out to be when Sierra Waters was handed the newly discovered document in Paul Levinsons The Plot to Save Socrates Paul told me to perhaps start a thread at Sierra Waters, Time Traveler on facebook and I did. He also suggested another place, where he would be behind me in my defense. I hesitated, because I saw this calculation intuitively. That is, I understood it, but not all of it in words. I am finally able to explain it, and I am fully aware anyone has to defend a thesis of any kind, that, it is part of the intellectual process. I already know the questions that would have been asked if I had posted to the group Paul suggested. I am now prepared to answer them all by explaining exactly what I was up to. I assume here you have read Asimovian Prediction For Hyperdrive in The LevinsonAsimov-Clarke Phenomenon. The forces against us developing hyperdrive make us start from behind (at negative three) but we dont travel back, we just start from behind. Therefore it is 7 steps from negative three to the destination, positive four (Alpha Centauri is close to four light years away and I round it to that because in a random walk whole number steps are made). In the random walk there are 10 steps in total. Negative three comes from 7+3=10. We divide seven by ten then multiply by 100 to convert to percent for the percent chance to attain hyperdrive by the predicted date. In the calculation where I take the log of 12% it is because it is equal to 0.12 (normally you convert percent to its decimal equivalent then take the log). Doing the calculation like this, log% units are picked up. In the second half of the calculation the log% units are lost and we get years for the units of the answer. If we dropped the percent sign in both parts of the calculation, we would get zero for years to hyperdrive because we would have to take the log of 1 instead of 100 in the second half of the calculation. This calculation uses Alpha Centauri because it is the closest star system to us and its primary is almost exactly like the sun in size, mass, luminosity and temperature (spectral class). Because of that, the calculation begs to be done. The probabilities are set equal to jump towards and away for sense of satisfying that mystical sense concerning the phenomenon of something having an equal chance to go either way. The probability of jumping in one direction can be made more than the other. Setting the probabilities as such would be determined by analysis of the state of world affairs, something that we cannot evaluate numerically as an exact science in present days. The random walk was done in ten equal steps because of our base ten counting system and the idea that we may have that because we have 10 fingers to count on. This I felt was begging to be added into the calculation. As well, making the ten jumps one light year each, because a light year is the distance light travels in the time it takes for the earth to make one revolution around the sun, and light speed is a natural constant. All in all I was bringing all of the natural factors together in one calculation that was, as I said, begging to be done. It gave a time when the philosopher of philosophers, Socrates, was to be saved (Paul Levinson, The Plot To Save Socrates), and the time that hyperdrive actually was invented in the Classic work by Isaac Asimov, I, Robot. Ian Beardsley May 16, 2011

102 Looking At Hyperdrive Prediction Formally My reasoning in calculating the time when we have hyperdrive was to use the natural growth equation x(t)=(x_0)e^kt. Where k was the velocity of development, or percent development per year. In order to get a non-zero number, I wrote 12%=e^kt as opposed to (0.12)=e^kt where t was 40 years due to reasoning in my paper. In solving such an equation you convert 12% to (0.12) before you take the log. If I had done that, I would have taken the log of 1 instead of 100 in the second half of the calculation, which would have given 0 years to hyperdrive, because log (1) = 0. My reasoning was, weirdly (0.12) = 12% = (12/100)(100) = 12 In other words 0.12 is the same as 12 if you use the same standard to the second half of the calculation: 1 = 100% = (100/100)(100) = 100. But now I understand what this means in terms of the formal treatment of the natural growth equation. It means: If x(t) = (x_0)e^kt Then I have taken x_0 = 1/100 Because I have written 12=e^kt instead of (0.12) = e^kt Which makes sense, because x_0 is the starting point in development. So, in other words 1/100 = x_0 means landing on the moons was the first step out of 100. Perfect. I had simply let x_0 =1 because I wanted to make our growth grow as e, exponentially, because e is a natural constant. This worked because I had increased the left side of the equation by a factor of 100 in both instances. The two methods are equivalent and give the same answer, but approaching this formally gives a better understanding of what is going on. This gives a year after Sierra Waters is handed the manuscript that starts her adventure in The Plot To Save Socrates by Paul Levinson (which I was coincidentally reading at the time of doing the calculation) and a year before the time Asimov projects for hyperdrive in I, Robot, which I was coincidentally reading at the time. Ian Beardsley June 2, 2011

103

Arthur C. Clarke and Cosmic Archaeology

104 Monolith Arthur C. Clarke's monolith turned out to be a computer put on Earth by extraterrestrials and The Moon to give us an evolutionary nudge when we needed it and to monitor us. It had the dimensions of 1 by 4 by 9, the squares of 1, 2, and 3. 1+4 = 5. The height is 9. I have found that 9/5 (which is 1.8) occurs throughout nature in the areas held most sacred to man down through history, the sun, the moon, gold, silver, water and air: 1. If we compare the mass of air to the mass of water and increase that by a factor of the human body temperature to the freezing temperature of water, we get a value that is 9 compared to 5, which is 1.8. 2. If we compare the mass of an atom of gold to an atom of silver, it is 9 compared to 5 (comparing their molar masses). 3. If we compare the radius of the sun, that is the distance from its center to its surface, to the distance from the center of the earth to the center of the moon, it is 9 compared to five. 9 compared to 5 is nine fifths (9/5) which is equal to 1.8 Glancing at my data tables and find that if we take the distance of the planet Saturn to the sun as 9 (closest approach), then the distance to the planet Jupiter from the sun is five (closest approach). In fact this way of measuring distances puts the earth exactly at 1 unit from the sun. This is interesting, because Jupiter and Saturn, aside from being the "middle children" of the solar system, planets 5 and 6 of a planetary family of 9 or 10 depending on whether or not you consider the asteroid belt a planet that did not form, and anything found beyond Pluto a planetoid, these planets carry the majority of mass of the solar system, significantly, and thus embody most of the dynamics of its formation. I have also found that the basis of computers and AI (artificial intelligence), which is doped silicon, has the golden ratio in the means of its components. The golden ratio is recurrent throughout life because of the dynamics it has to offer. Doped is silicon, phosphorus, and boron. These are naturally occurring elements, made by nature, namely forged in stars. If P is phosphorus, B is Boron, and Si is silicon (geometric mean by Si): sqrt(P*B)/Si=sqrt(30.97*10.81)/(28.09)=0.65 and let us take the harmonic mean between phosphorus and boron and divide it by silicon: (2*(30.97*10.81)/(30.97+10.81))/28.09 =0.57

105 Now let us take the arithmetic mean of these two numbers: (0.65+0.57)/2=0.61 which are the first two digits in the golden ratio. The golden ratio is 1.618 to three decimal places. Notice that the 2nd and third digits after the decimal are 1 and 8, the two digits in 9/5. The 1 and 6 add up to 7, the average of nine and five, the 6 minus the one is our five, and, the eight plus the one is our nine. So essentially, we have connected the monolith of Arthur C. Clarke with nature, and computers and artificial intelligence, integrated circuits, transistors, diodes (doped silicon), with the monolith.

106 Conclusion The Science Fiction of Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke are tied up in Humans making Humans, whether robots or clones, for the purpose of saving humanity. And my astronomical discoveries as I go through life making them, seem to be tied up in their stories.

107

Three Categories In Levinson, Asimov, And Clarke By Ian Beardsley Copyright 2011 by Ian Beardsley

108 Three categories in the writings of Levinson, Asimov, and Clarke emerge in their stories in three different ways: Time (category one) 1. alter the past (Levinson) 2. influence the present (Asimov) 3. aliens monitor the present (Clarke) Heroes (category two) 1. maverick scholar (Levinson) 2. a) maverick mathematician (Asimov) b) maverick intuitive (Asimov) c) maverick detective (Asimov) 3. maverick astronaut (Clarke) Immortality (category 3) 1. through biological sciences, cloning (Levinson) 2. through electrical engineering, robots (Asimov) 3. becoming a space ghost (Clarke) The following pages treat each of these categories.

109 Time (category one) 1. alter the past (Levinson) What could be called a secret society of scholars, has access to secretly located time travel machines, which can take them into the past from several different locations including the United States, England and Greece. Their travels are centered around not just saving the life of Socrates, in The Plot To Save Socrates, but to bring a great mind into the future and change the past to create a better future. 2. influence the present (Asimov) In the future, after humankind has spread throughout the Galaxy, and is made into an empire, the empire collapses. A mathematician who has invented a mathematics that allows him to predict the future of large populations of people and how to influence the present, sets up foundations at opposite sides of the galaxy that will reduce the period of barbarism and suffering throughout the Galaxy from 30,000 years to 1,000 years. After the empire collapses, one foundation will preserve knowledge to continue and further science and technology and the other will maintain the mathematics that can determine events to adjust the original mathematical plan according to what is going on. The latter is telepathic and can make telepathic suggestions to others, without them being aware of it, to help bring about any change needed. This series of books is called The Foundation Series 3. aliens monitor the present (Clarke) Aliens have placed a monolith on the Earth and on the Moon. The monolith is a large, black, rectangular slab of indeterminate composition. It was placed on Earth four million years ago and first encountered by human ancestors and it gives them the evolutionary nudge to make tools. Eventually, after they have evolved into humans (homo sapiens), they find the monolith on the moon, and later around the planet Jupiter. It is in the mission to Jupiter that astronaut Dave Bowman encounters it, is absorbed by it, and becomes the starchild. In sequels to the story, 2001: A Space Odyssey, Dave Bowman learns the monolith is a computer made by the aliens who created life on Earth, and is monitoring human progress.

110 Heroes (category two) 1. maverick scholar (Levinson) In The Plot To Save Socrates Sierra Waters is a maverick scholar whose command of Ancient Greek language and history allows her to blend in with the culture of that time in her time travels to Ancient Greece and thereby be effective in her missions. Sierra Waters is not only brilliant, but has a great deal of ingenuity, strength, courage, and virtue. 2. a) maverick mathematician (Asimov) In The Foundation Trilogy mathematician, Hari Seldon is a maverick that invents the field of psychohistory, a mathematics that predicts the future of societies based on their histories. It is statistical by nature. That is it only gives percentages of chances, or probabilities of exactly what will happen in the future, but the larger the number of groups of people taken into account, the more accurate the prediction, and the Galaxy is heavily populated. It is he and his math that are instrumental in saving the galaxy. b) maverick intuitive (Asimov) In the sequels to The Foundation Trilogy, Foundations Edge, and Foundation and Earth it is the stubborn persistence of Golan Trevize, and his uncanny ability to do what is right without knowing why, that ultimately brings great good to the Galaxy. c) maverick detective (Asimov) In The Robot Series (connected to The Foundation Series), namely The Caves of Steel, The Naked Sun, and The Robots of Dawn, detective of the future Earth, Elijah Baley after the first settlements to the more nearby star systems, through his actions, brings about the settlement of the whole Galaxy, thus saving humankind, and this maverick does it not through brilliance, but through stubborn persistence and great virtue. 4. maverick astronaut (Clarke) Astronaut Dave Bowman is at planet Jupiter and the ship computer malfunctions. After his companion goes outside the ship, doing a space walk to fix the problem the computer has said is there, the computer tries to kill him. Bowman in an effort to retrieve the body, goes outside the ship in a small pod, and finds he is too late. When he tries to re-enter the ship, the computer will not open the pod bay doors. Bowman, a maverick, opens the airlock to the ship manually with the pods robotic arms, then places the pod door to the airlock entrance, puts the pod in self destruct and when it blasts it hurls him into the airlock. He grabs the lever to shut the air lock doors, activates it, the doors shut, and the airlock fills with oxygen. Bowman enters the ship and deactivates the malfunctioning computer, and only leaves basic functions to run the ship.

111 Immortality (category three) 1. through biological sciences, cloning (Levinson) Through the biological sciences, such as genetic engineering, and cloning in the future of Levinson, his characters find extended lives, and new bodies. 2. through electrical engineering, robots (Asimov) In both The Robot Series and The Foundation Series, Asimov explores artificial intelligence and makes The Laws of Robotics which allows the construction of Robots that are compatible with humans. The technology that makes them possible is the development of what Asimov calls The Positronic Brain. This makes possible intelligent electrical life that can live indefinitely. 3. becoming a space ghost (Clarke) In 2001: A Space Odyssey, humankind abandons its body and becomes a space spirit.

112 Summary Common threads to these writers are affecting the future for a viable society. Key operators (or heroes) are mavericks and immortality in the next phase of human evolution is addressed. Are not all of these science fiction stories showing us how to build a new kind of future for humans and presenting a spirituality that is compatible with a modern species? In all of these works there is a world, indeed at times a galaxy, in turmoil, a challenge put forth to humankind, and the struggle for a new world order to emerge. It is not unlike the world we live in today. We have problems to address, like: 1. Global Warming 2. Diminishing Resources 3. Over Population We await the arrival of Levinsons Sierra Waters, Asimovs Hari Seldon, Golan Trevize, and Elijah Baley, and Clarkess Dave Bowman, to carry humanity into the future. In a modern world, where science and technology advance at astonishing rates, a world of cell phones, communication satellites, text messaging, space stations, space telescopes, come and go space travel into earth orbit, rovers and probes being sent to mars and the moon, and unmanned craft leaving the solar system, perhaps it is time we let science fiction be the guiding light. In the drama and ideas of these works, we see solutions to world problems and visions for a viable model for human society. The heroes of humanity are the characters in these books, and the writers who create them, because we learn through such science fiction how to tackle real problems.

113

114

Seeds Seeing the movie "Pirates" I there saw a ship with the sea god Neptune, trident in hand, mounted to the front. Years later this image seemed to say it meant something pertaining to the Universe and the Planet Neptune. My astronomical research indeed, years later, ended at that planet, with my Neptune equation. Finally, as I had not made any progress for a while, another image struck me. It was when I saw a book called "Plutonia" in the personal library of Paul Levinson, in a movie about his book, "Behind The Plot to Save Socrates". Its age, and reddish-pink cover reminded me of my book "The Levinson-Asimov-Clarke Phenomenon", as it is a funky cover designed by myself of a rocket traveling in a pink Universe. My Book itself is, in part, about Paul Levinson's "Plot To Save Socrates". And because Plutonia derives from Pluto, which is a planet, one I have yet to consider in the research for this project, it is about Plutonia. My book, so far, ends in a phenomenon linking Levinson, Asimov, and Clarke, to the timewave theory of Terence McKenna which was inspired by taking hallucinogenic psilocybin mushrooms. After researching the work Plutonia at wikipedia, I found plutonia is not just a science fiction novel by a Russian Scientist, written in 1915, but is a type of hallucinogenic psilocybin mushroom. Since timewave is about interconnectedness, and so is my book, I thought I would post this occurrence here.

Since interconnectedness arises in my research pertaining to Paul Levinson's "The Plot To Save Socrates", and his book is about timetravel, I am beginning to understand why: interconnectedness has everything to do with time.
Ian Beardsley April 17, 2011

115

Plutonia arrived in the mail today, April 20, 2011. I started reading it today. The team of four scientists in the novel leave Moscow for their Arctic expedition on April 20. I am right in phase with their adventure. I also ordered The Silk Code by Paul Levinson today, April 20, 2011, just realizing after I received an e-mail from Amazon.com that it shipped out today on April 20 that his book is now in sync with Plutonia, which I was inspired to buy after I saw it in his personal library in a movie about his book The Plot To Save Socrates. The Plot To Save Socrates is tied up in my astronomical research in a way that has to do with interconnectedness and I ordered The Silk Code because not only do I want to get wrapped up in his mastery of developing plot, creating great drama and exploring interesting ideas, I thought it might reveal something to further my work about his work and that of Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke. Looks like I am off to a good start. I have already mentioned how Plutonia is wrapped up in this project, in so far as plutonia is the species name of a hallucinogenic mushroom of genus used by Terrence McKenna to make his time wave, which I have found is connected to The Plot to Save Socrates, and Asimovs I, Robot. It is starting to become clear to me how it works. I make an effort to be in sync with nature. When I walk in the wildlife gardens, I take my cue from the animals for example. That is behave according to what they are doing for a particular season, i.e., gathering seeds in the spring and summer and storing them for the winter, the lizards come out with the sun and lay on a warm rock, and I have made my reading in sync with nature as well. So, Plutonia, being a book about a scientific expedition to the Arctic, of course they are going to leave in late April, far enough into spring that the snow is melting, and passage is possible through the Bering Straight because the icebergs are breaking apart... and so on. I am really kind of happy, though that it was exactly April 20th when the expedition left Moscow, and the book fell into my hands exactly on April 20th. I imagine if you stick with something long enough a reasonable explanation starts to form, now matter how far reaching the anomaly. Ian Beardsley April 20, 2011

116

Archimedes Plutonium

Having finished the book Plutonia which lead me to consider the last planet Pluto, among other things already mentioned, I decided to post my work to the discussion group sci.astro, a google group. Something I had postponed for years, and thought maybe would not be a good idea at all do to the given the nature of this work. Immediately posted above my work was the work of an author whose pen name is Archimedes Plutonium. This immediately gave me another aspect of the word Pluto. In his theory, called The Atom Totality Theory, he shows that the element 231 Plutonium describes the myriad aspects of the Universe. Precisely, the numbers of electron shells, and subshells of that isotope of plutonium provide ratios that describe approximations to the value of pi, eulers number e, the background radiation of the universe, the fine structure constant and an explanation for the imaginary number, i. Furthermore, I found it interesting that the isotope of plutonium that does this is 231, because not only does my work bear a connection to the book Plutonia, it also bears a connection to 2001: A Space Odyssey and its sequels because the monolith in that book has proportions that are the squares of 1, 2, and 3 which I have explained relate to my discovery of 9/5 throughout nature and 1, 2, 3 are the digits in 231 Plutonium. Once again, the time that I do specific works and read other works, I find my life entangled with literature, no doubt from my trips to Mexico and Italy, whose literature is often based on this phenomenon that is a part of life in those countries. The thing is to find my way out of it, and approach academics from that methodology I practiced while a student at The University of Oregon and working at the state observatory. Perhaps then I can see my work in a new light, one where it is a part of me as opposed to me being a part of it. Ian Beardsley May 16, 2011

117 The Pointing Of The Planets I have shown how Jupiter and Saturn point to the Earth, because with Saturn at about 9 units from the sun in its closest approach, and Jupiter at about five units with its closest approach to the sun, that puts the earth at about one unit from the sun, and, that, further, nine-fifths is the ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbit of the moon around the earth, as well as the ratio of the molar mass of gold to that of silver. It should also be mentioned that 9 and 5 are volumes of two of the five regular solids in terms of the regular solid the tetrahedron having a volume of one in Buckminster Fullers Synergetics. I then show that the earth, in turn, points to Neptune through Venus and Mars in the Neptune Equation. I wrote: He wrote in his Journal as follows: We have an equation for a sequence that shows the Earth straddled between Venus and Mars. Venus is a failed Earth. Mars promises to be New Earth. The equation, that I presented in my work, The Document, is: [(Venus-orbit)/(Earth-orbit)][(Earth-mass)/(Mars-mass)]n (Mars orbital #) = a_n The Mars orbital number is 4. If we want to know what planet in the solar system holds the key to the success of Earth, or to the success of humans, we let n =3 since the Earth is the third planet out from the Sun, in the equation and the result is a_n = 17.6. This means the planet that holds the key is Neptune. It has a mass of 17.23 earth masses, a number very close to our 17.6. The next step is to analyze Neptune, its composition and other factors. He thought he must have been blind. Not only was Neptune the indicated planet, he found it had nearly the same surface gravity of earth. Though it was much more massive than earth, it was much larger and therefore less dense. That was why it came out to have the same surface gravity. The Neptune Equation is derived by considering 9/5, which is 1.8. I wrote the following: Salvoretti had done it. The structure of the solar system and dynamic elements of the Universe and Nature in general were tied up in the two sequences: 5, 14, 23, 32, and 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, 7.2, Could he find the connection between the two to localize the pivotal point of the solar system? Yes he could, he took their difference, subtracting respective terms

118 in the second sequence from those in the first sequence to obtain the new sequence: 3.2, 10.4, 17.6, 24.8, Which is an arithmetic sequence with common difference of 7.2 meaning it is written 7.2n 4 = a_n The a_n is the nth term of the sequence, n is the number of the term in the sequence. This he noticed could be written: [(Venus-orbit)/(Earth-orbit)][(Earth-mass)/(Mars-mass)]n (Mars orbital #) = a_n There was good reason write these sequences from what I wrote here: We originally thought that 1.8 (9/5) occurred in the solar system and nature, alone. It is the ratio of Saturn orbit to Jupiter orbit in their closest approaches to the sun. It is the ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbit. It is ratio of the molar mass of gold to that of silver. Then I discovered that approximately twice that value (3.7) was recurrent throughout the solar system and nature. Twice 1.8 is 3.6. I found it occurred in Jupiter, Saturn, Earth, Mercury, and Venus to name a few as 3.7. Now I have found it in Neptune and Uranus, precisely: (neptune orbit)/(uranus orbit)=(30.0578)/(19.1819)=0.37957~0.38~0.37~0.36 0.37(earth mass)/(mars mass)=0.37(10)=3.7 It occurs here to me we are not just dealing with 1.8 and 3.7, but any whole number multiple of 1.8. We are dealing with: a_n=1.8n Let us try three times 1.8. It is 5.4. Immediately we see it in the most obvious, Jupiter. It is the largest and most massive planet in the solar system. Its furthest distance from the sun in its orbit is 5.455 AU ~ 5.4. We see it in the following (saturn mass)/(neptune mass)=(95.147)/(17.23)=5.522~5.4 I have already noted that Saturn and Neptune have similar inclinations to their orbit that are only common to Earth and Mars. Thus, we are dealing here with the sequence:

119 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, 7.2, Furthermore; [(venus orbit)/(earth orbit)][(earth mass)/(mars mass)] = 7.2 Some of the most interesting occurrences of 3.7 in nature are: [(volume of saturn)/(volume of Jupiter)](volume of mars) =(mercury radius)(earth radius)^2 =[(venus orbit)/(earth orbit)(earth radius)]^3 =[(mercury orbit)/(earth orbit)](earth radius)^3 =0.37 cubic earth radii 0.37 can be converted to 3.7 by multiplying it by the ratio of earth mass to mars mass because it is close to ten. (earth radius)/(moon radius)= 4(degrees in a circle)(moon distance)/(sun distance) = 3.7 There are about as many days in a year as degrees in a circle. When I say that the earth points to Neptune through mars and Venus, we might as well say it points to Neptune and Uranus, because I have found they are coupled, which can be seen by that which I wrote here: I calculate that though Neptune is more massive than Uranus, its volume is less such that their products are close to equivalent. In math: N_v = volume of Neptune N_m = mass of Neptune U_v = volume of Uranus U_m = mass of Uranus (N_v)(N_m) = (U_v)(U_m) This is appropriate, because these two planets are similar in size, mass, and composition and are not just gas giants like Saturn and Jupiter, but are also the two ice giants.

120 I now sit here reading the science fiction work Plutonia. Naturally, I begin to think about the planet Pluto, or what some astronomers today consider a planet, and the only sphere I have yet to consider. However, right off the bat is it not obvious that Neptune and Uranus point to Pluto if you know the history of Pluto? It is this: The Astronomer, Urbain Verrier in the 1840s predicted the existence of Neptune because of perturbations in the Orbit of Uranus. More observations coming lead to the idea that Neptune alone could not be the cause. A ninth planet was searched for, and finally confirmed in 1930. This completes a journey through the solar system that tells a story with meaning, but is only the beginning of our investigations, because the sci-fi book Plutonia, by Vladimir Obruchev is about an arctic expedition where scientists find in the Arctic an opening in the earth to a warm, lush world warmed by a ball of heat at the center of the earth called Pluto. I know of those who believe that the future for humanity is not in space, but in something they call project genesis from a star trek movie, wherein lush, sustainable ecosystems are created beneath the earth by hollowing it out in places. Whether or not such a thing is feasible, does not matter to me. I find myself at project genesis in the sense that we try to understand how to create and maintain habitable ecosystems indefinitely. Ian Beardsley April 22, 2011

121

122

Absolute Magnitude Zero Stars

123 Chapter 25: A Look In Salvorettis Journal Entry: Topic: Blue Stars We will find the energy required to move the earth of mass m, from the surface of the sun under its gravity, to its current orbit of one astronomical unit, the sun of mass M. The energy given to move something against gravity is given by the Work, W: Work = W = F ds F is Force. In the case of the sun and earth, we use Newtons Universal Law of Gravity:

GMm r2 We integrate from R to r (from the radius of the sun to the orbit of earth): F= ! W =

# F " dr = $

GMm r

G is the universal constant of gravity.

G = 6.672E-08 in dyn-centimeter squared-per second squared And, M = 1.989E33 grams And m = 5.976E27 grams And R =6.9599E10 centimeters And r = 1.495979E13 centimeters Evaluating the integral for work, W:
GMm = (6.672 E " 08)(1.989 E 33)(5.976 E 27)

Which is equal to 7.93E53

!

(7.93E53)/(6.9599E10) = 1.14E43 ergs (7.93E53)/(1.495979E13) = 5.30E40 ergs 1.14E43 5.30E40 = 1.13E43 ergs 1 erg = 1E-07 joules The final answer is 1.13E36 Joules of energy to move earth from the sun to its orbit.

124 We now calculate how many times brighter the sun has to be to equal the annual output of energy (luminosity) of what we just calculated, the energy to move the earth from the surface of the sun to its current orbit. Seconds in a year: (365 days)(24 hours)(60 minutes)(60 seconds) = 3.15E7 Solar luminosity is: 3.826E26 J/s (3.826E26 J/s)(3.15E7 s) = 1.21E34 J/yr (1.2E34)x = 1.13E36 J And, x = 94.2 The sun must be 94.2 times as luminous for its annual output in energy to equal the energy required to move the earth from its surface to its current orbit. We calculated that an object has to be about 94 times as luminous as the sun to have an annual output in energy over a year, that equals the energy required to move the earth from the surface of the sun to its orbit, and there are 92 naturally occurring elements as of yet, a number close to the factor of 94. Let us round that luminosity to 94 solar luminosities, and calculate the absolute magnitude of such an object. 2.512 x = 94 x log 2.512 = log 94
!

0.4x = 1.973 x = 4.93 The sun has an absolute magnitude of 4.83 which is about five. The absolute magnitude of our object is 4.93 steps in magnitude brighter than the sun, which is about five magnitudes brighter than the sun. Five steps brighter is five minus five, which gives our object an absolute magnitude of zero. Thus the system of the ancients has a zero magnitude related so elegantly to the number of the naturally occurring elements and the energy required to move the earth from the sun to earth orbit. A zero absolute magnitude object is a star of spectral class B on the main sequence. That is its color is blue.

125 The habitable zone of a planet is the orbital distance from a star that allows water to exist as a liquid. Since our zero magnitude star is about 94 times more luminous than the sun, as I have calculated it, the habitable zone for a planet around this zero magnitude star is further from it than the earth is from the sun. Luminosity, or the amount of light given off by a star decreases as the square of the distance from the star (see the inverse square law). Since this magnitude zero star is about 94 times brighter than the sun, and there is some play in the habitable zone, we can, for ease of calculation, and elegance, say our star is 100 times more luminous than the sun. Since ten squared is 100 the habitable zone around our blue, spectral class B, zero magnitude star is 10 astronomical units from it. This puts the orbit of a planet around the star at the same distance Saturn is from the sun. The stars on the main sequence form an S shaped curve where luminosity increases with mass. The sun is exactly in the middle of this curve, an average, yellow star of spectral class G. The relationship from a sample of many stars shows that mass, M is related to luminosity, L as follows:
L = M 3.5

! !

We can find the mass of our zero magnitude star with this: 100 = M 3.5 log 100 = 3.5 log M (2)/(3.5) = log M 0.57 = log M
M = 10 0.57 = 3.7

Our zero magnitude, blue, spectral class B star is 3.7 solar masses.
!

The mass of the sun in grams is: 1.989E33 g This means our zero magnitude blue, spectral class B star has a mass of: (1.989E33 g)(3.7 solar masses) = 7.36E33 grams

126 We can use Keplers third law of planetary motion for circular orbits to calculate the year of a planet in circular orbit around our zero magnitude, spectral class B, blue star. It is:

T = 2"

r3 GM

Where T is the orbital period, or year of the planet in question, and r is its orbital distance from the star, G is the universal constant of gravitation, and M is the mass of the star the body is orbiting.
2" = 2(3.141) = 6.282

r = 10 astronomical units
!

1 astronomical unit is 1.5E13 cm (1.5E13 cm)(10 astronomical units) = (1.5E14 cm)

r 3 = 3.375 E 42

G=6.672E-8 (dyn cm squared)/(g squared)

!

r3 3.375 E 42 = = 6.87E15 GM (6.672 E " 8)(7.36 E 33)

) 6.87 E15 = 8.3E 7 seconds

!
!

(8.3E7 seconds)(6.282) = 5.2E8 seconds (5.2E8 seconds)/(60 seconds) = 8.67E6 minutes (8.67E6 minutes)/(60 minutes) = 1.445E5 hours (1.445E5 hours)/(24 hours) = 6.025E3 days (6.02E3E3 days)/(365.25 days) = 16.48 earth years The orbit of the planet around our zero magnitude, spectral class B, blue star is 16.48 earth years. The closest orbital period to this in our solar system is that of Jupiter at 11.86 years. That of Saturn is 29.5 earth years.

127 Stars are approximate blackbody radiators, where a blackbody is that which absorbs all incoming radiation, and emits the maximum amount of radiation for its temperature. We ask, according the laws of blackbodies, given the luminosity of an absolute magnitude zero star, and its surface temperature, what is its radius. The color index of a star (B-V) 100 times more luminous than the sun is on an H-R diagram, -0.12, which corresponds to many absolute zero magnitude zero stars, and surface temperature of 13,000 degrees Kelvin. Temperature of a star is related to its power radiated per unit surface by the Stefan-Boltzmann law:
2 R " Ts % " L % 2 =$ ' $ ' Rs # T & # Ls & 1

Where R is the radius of the star, R subscript S is the radius of the sun, T subscript S is the temperature of the sun in degrees Kelvin, T is the temperature of star in degrees Kelvin, L is the luminosity of the star, and L subscript S is the luminosity of the sun. We have:
1

(5800 /13,000) 2 (2.512 4.83 ) 2 =

(0.199)(9.2) = 1.8 solar radii

We have used the temperature of the sun 5800 degrees Kelvin and 4.83 0 = 4.83 where 4.83 is the absolute magnitude of the sun. Our absolute magnitude zero main sequence star is 1.8 times larger than the sun. We have said that a star on the main sequence of 100 solar luminosities is close to an absolute magnitude zero star. Just how close is it? We use: E1/E2 = 2.512^-(0-4.83) = 2.512^4.83 Where E1 is the luminosity of the star, and E2 is the luminosity of the sun, 4.83 is the absolute magnitude of the sun. This gives: E1 = 85.525E2 Or in other words, an absolute magnitude zero star is 85.525 solar luminosities. This is very close to our 100 solar luminosities considering a star can be more than a million solar luminosities

128 I believe zero magnitude stars on the main sequence are important, if not off the main sequence, in that they are connected to our star, the sun, through the number of naturally occurring elements, the earth orbital period, and the amount of energy it would take to move the earth from the sun to its orbit. Such stars, or plus or minus one magnitude of brightness, are of spectral class A to spectral class B. They are important because the sun is important, as it is a star in which a life bearing planet, the earth, has formed. I believe Saturn is important, because it is at an orbital distance from the sun that is in my projected habitable zone for a zero magnitude star, on the main sequence. Because of this, I feel it is no coincidence that Saturn has rings. What we have here, in this work, is a clue to the secret of origins, in particular to the structure that allows for life. The absolute magnitude of a star is its luminosity at a set distance from the observer, which has been set at 10 parsecs. One parsec is 3.26 light years, where a light year is the distance light travels in one year, or in the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun, in other words. A parsec is also the parallax of a star measured by displacing oneself by an astronomical unit, where an astronomical unit is the average distance of the earth from the sun, in its nearly circular orbit. This corresponds to a parallax angle of one arc second. My belief is if you want to get at what nature is, dont worry about being right on in many aspects of work, because in art a circle unclosed is a circle closed by the concept in art they call closure, a nature of the way the human eye works with the mind. Is what we are seeing here is the rough sketch of nature, the idea.

129

Chapter 18: The Search For The Tarot Blue stars on the main sequence around absolute magnitude zero are important to intelligent life in the universe because they are where a star begins to have too much mass to last long enough on the main sequence to give life a chance to develop into intelligence. If the earth is any indication of how old a star needs to be to allow for this, it took in the area of 600 million years for life to evolve into intelligence on earth, and that process didnt even begin until several billion years after the earth formed. Blue stars are so massive that they are hotter than yellow stars like the sun, and thereby burn up their fuel quicker. They stay on the main sequence for about 200 million years. This means since they never develop intelligent life, then they are not taken and civilizations from other star systems can inhabit them if they have habitable planets. Who gets what is determined in a democratic process by The Galactic Federation Of Worlds.

130 Chapter 54: The Road From Ebla Leonard knew Alpha Centauri was the closest star system to earth, and that it was a triple system some 4.2 light years away. He also knew the primary, Alpha Centauri A, was a G2V main sequence star, which makes it the same kind of star as the Sun; similar in size, luminosity, and temperature. He noted that as seen from the Earth, the star had an apparent magnitude of zero. He had found that stars of absolute magnitude zero on the main sequence, which are blue and hotter than the sun, were important. He knew that the sun had an absolute magnitude of 4.83, which was its brightness from ten parsecs. He knew a parsec was important because it was the parallax of an object given by the earth-sun separation. In addition, he knew 10 was important, because humans have 10 fingers, and that probably had something to do with the base 10 counting system. Again, he began to see the importance in main sequence stars of apparent magnitude zero. Therefore, he asked, how far should a zero absolute magnitude main sequence star be from the earth to appear the same as the brightness of the sun at 10 parsecs from the earth? He rounded the absolute magnitude of the sun to five. A difference in five magnitudes is 100 solar luminosities. Absolute magnitude zero stars were close to 100 solar luminosities. To reduce the brightness of a star 100 times what it was at 10 parsecs meant by the inverse square law it had to be 10 times further away, because 10 squared is 100. His hypothetical star was then 100 parsecs distant. He knew a parsec was 3.26 light years, so it was then 326 light years from him. The galaxy had some two hundred billon stars in it and was some 100 to 200 thousand light years across and some 1000 light years thick Therefore, he had to choose a constellation. Since Perseus was the radiant of the most spectacular meteor shower on earth whose maximum was around August 12 (called the Perseid Meteor Shower), he went to the Bright Star Catalogue and looked under the listings for Perseus for a star that met his criteria. The star that came up was called HD 26961, which had apparent magnitude of 4.60 close enough to the absolute magnitude of the sun of 4.83, an absolute magnitude of 0.35, close enough to zero, a distance from earth of 318 light years, close to his 326 light years projected in his calculation, and a spectral class of A2V, the roman numeral V meant main sequence, or a normal star like the sun, on the curve right up the middle of an HR Diagram an S shaped curve that had on either side of it Red Giants and White Dwarfs, which are off the main sequence, the HR diagram being a sort of plot of luminosity of stars versus their temperature. When Alien one and Alien two gave him his space ship, this was where he would go after visiting Ursa Major, the nearest star cluster. Leonard made the following table and entered it in his journal:

131

132

The Index Codigo

133 Chapter 52: The Index Codigo Leonard had a vision in his sleep. It was a giant slab of stone that looked like the Rosetta Stone, which was an ancient find of a black stone with the same text engraved in it in three different languages, including Ancient Egyptian, which allowed us to decipher hieroglyphs. However in his dream was a white stone, engraved in it with very light grey writing, so small that you would need an electron microscope to read it. He believed the writing recorded the structure of Solar Systems throughout the Galaxy, as discovered by the intelligences that inhabited them. His belief was that when each civilization entered space and became a member of the Galactic Federation of Worlds, they contributed the information about their solar system to the Galactic Library. Leonard felt that maybe Alien one and Alien Two were interested in him, actually, because he was revealing the structure in his solar system and it would become part of the Galactic Library and engraved on the giant slab, that he liked to call, The Index Codigo. He felt such information was gathered to find the structure behind the galaxy in terms of the structure behind all its solar systems.

134

135 Chapter 37: The Document Leonard Taylor could not build a starship. It had been worked out on paper how to make a hyperdrive, but it had not been figured out how to generate the energy to make it work. That is to generate enough energy to open up space. However, he could design the starships fleet. He wrote out a mathematical system of several different sections. The thought process involved in the development of each different section corresponded to the thought process of each different division of the fleet in its different part of operating the ship. Each fleet division knew the entire work, but operated according to their assigned section. As such everything functions as one integrated whole. The following page is the design for that starship fleet.

136 Design For Starship Fleet Formulas Derived from the Parallelogram Remarks. Squares and rectangles are parallelograms that have four sides the same length, or two sides the same length. We can determine area by measuring it either in unit triangles or unit squares. Both are fine because they both are equal sided, equal angled geometries that tessellate. With unit triangles, the areas of the regular polygons that tessellate have whole number areas. Unit squares are usually chosen to measure area.

Having chosen the unit square with which to measure area, we notice that the area of a rectangle is base times height because the rows determine the amount of columns and the columns determine the amount of rows. Thus for a rectangle we have:

A=bh

Drawing in the diagonal of a rectangle we create two right triangles, that by symmetry are congruent. Each right triangle therefore occupies half the area, and from the above formula we conclude that the area of a right triangle is one half base times height:

A=(1/2)bh

By drawing in the altitude of a triangle, we make two right triangles and applying the above formula we find that it holds for all triangles in general.

We draw a regular hexagon, or any regular polygon, and draw in all of its radii, thus breaking it up into congruent triangles. We draw in the apothem of each triangle, and using our formula for the area of triangles we find that its area is one half apothem times perimeter, where the perimeter is the sum of its sides:

137 A=(1/2)ap

A circle is a regular polygon with an infinite amount of infitesimal sides. If the sides of a regular polygon are increased indefinitely, the apothem becomes the radius of a circle, and the perimeter becomes the circumference of a circle. Replace a with r, the radius, and p with c, the circumference, and we have the formula for the area of a circle:

A=(1/2)rc

We define the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter as pi. That is pi=c/D. Since the diameter is twice the radius, pi=c/2r. Therefore c=2(pi)r and the equation for the area of a circle becomes:

A=(pi)r^2

(More derived from the parallelogram)

Divide rectangles into four quadrants, and show that

A. (x+a)(x+b)=(x^2)+(a+b)x+ab B. (x+a)(x+a)=(x^2)+2ax+(a^2) A. Gives us a way to factor quadratic expressions. B. Gives us a way to solve quadratic equations. (Notice that the last term is the square of one half the middle coefficient.)

Remember that a square is a special case of a rectangle.

138 There are four interesting squares to complete.

1) The area of a rectangle is 100. The length is equal to 5 more than the width multiplied by 3. Calculate the width and the length. 2) Solve the general expression for a quadratic equation, a(x^2)+bx+c=0 3) Find the golden ratio, a/b, such that a/b=b/c and a=b+c. 4) The position of a particle is given by x=vt+(1/2)at^2. Find t.

Show that for a right triangle (a^2)=(b^2)+(c^2) where a is the hypotenuse, b and c are legs. It can be done by inscribing a square in a square such that four right triangles are made.

Use the Pythagorean theorem to show that the equation of a circle centered at the origin is given by r^2=x^2+y^2 where r is the radius of the circle and x and y the orthogonal coordinates.

Derive the equation of a straight line: y=mx+b by defining the slope of the line as the change in vertical distance per change in horizontal distance.

Triangles All polygons can be broken up into triangles. Because of that we can use triangles to determine the area of any polygon. Theorems Branch 1 1. If in a triangle a line is drawn parallel to the base, then the lines on both sides of the line are proportional. 2. From (1) we can prove that: If two triangles are mutually equiangular, they are similar.

139 3. From (2) we can prove that: If in a right triangle a perpendicular is drawn from the base to the right angle, then the two triangles on either side of the perpendicular, are similar to one another and to the whole. 4. From (3) we can prove the Pythagorean theorem. Theorems Branch 2 1. Draw two intersecting lines and show that opposite angles are equal. 2. Draw two parallel lines with one intersecting both. Use the fact that opposite angles are equal to show that alternate interior angles are equal. 3. Inscribe a triangle in two parallel lines such that its base is part of one of the lines and the apex meets with the other. Use the fact that alternate interior angles are equal to show that the sum of the angles in a triangle are two right angles, or 180 degrees. Theorems Branch 3 1. Any triangle can be solved given two sides and the included angle. c^2=a^2+b^2-2abcos(C) 2. Given two angles and a side of a triangle, the other two sides can be found. a/sin(A)=b/sin(B)=c/sin(C) 3.Given two sides and the included angle of a triangle you can find its area, K. K=(1/2)bc(sin(A)) 4.Given three sides of a triangle, the area can be found by using the formulas in (1) and (3). Question: what do parallelograms and triangles have in common? Answer: They can both be used to add vectors. Trigonometry When a line bisects another so as to form two equal angles on either side, the angles are called right angles. It is customary to divide a circle into 360 equal units called degrees, so that a right angle, one fourth of the way around a circle, is 90 degrees.

140 The angle in radians is the intercepted arc of the circle, divided by its radius, from which we see that in the unit circle 360 degrees is 2(pi)radians, and we can relate degrees to radians as follows: Degrees/180 degrees=Radians/pi radians An angle is merely the measure of separation between two lines that meet at a point. The trigonometric functions are defined as follows: cos x=side adjacent/hypotenuse sin x=side opposite/hypotenuse tan x=side opposite/side adjacent

csc x=1/sin x sec x=1/cos x cot x=1/tan x We consider the square and the triangle, and find with them we can determine the trigonometric function of some important angles. Square (draw in the diagonal): cos 45 degrees =1/sqrt(2)=sqrt(2)/2 Equilateral triangle (draw in the altitude): cos 30 degrees=sqrt(3)/2; cos 60 degrees=1/2 Using the above formula for converting degrees to radians and vice versa:

30 degrees=(pi)/6 radians; 60 degrees=(pi)/3 radians. The regular hexagon and pi Tessellating equilateral triangles we find we can make a regular hexagon, which also tessellates. Making a regular hexagon like this we find two sides of an equilateral triangle make radii of the regular hexagon, and the remaining side of the equilateral triangle makes a side of the regular hexagon. All of the sides of an equilateral triangle being the same, we can conclude that the regular hexagon has its sides equal in length to its radii.

141 If we inscribe a regular hexagon in a circle, we notice its perimeter is nearly the same as that of the circle, and its radius is the same as that of the circle. If we consider a unit regular hexagon, that is, one with side lengths of one, then its perimeter is six, and its radius is one. Its diameter is therefore two, and six divided by two is three. This is close to the value of pi, clearly, by looking at a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle. The sum of the angles in a polygon Draw a polygon. It need not be regular and can have any number of sides. Draw in the radii. The sum of the angles at the center is four right angles, or 360 degrees. The sum of the angles of all the triangles formed by the sides of the polygon and the radii taken together are the number of sides, n, of the polygon times two right angles, or 180 degrees. The sum of the angles of the polygon are that of the triangles minus the angles at its center, or A, the sum of the angles of the polygon equals n(180 degrees)-360 degrees, or A=180 degrees(n-2) With a rectangular coordinate system you need only two numbers to specify a point, but with a triangular coordinate system --- three axes separated by 120 degrees -- you need three. However, a triangular coordinates system makes use of only 3 directions, whereas a rectangular one makes use of 4. A rectangular coordinate system is optimal in that it can specify a point in the plane with the fewest numbers, and a triangular coordinate system is optimal in that it can specify a point in the plane with the fewest directions for its axes. The rectangular coordinate system is determined by a square and the triangular coordinate system by an equilateral triangle.

142 3.7 recurrent throughout nature

volume _ of _ saturn (volume _ of _ mars) = volume _ of _ jupiter

( mercury _ radius)(earth _ radius) 2 =

!

[(venus _ orbit / earth _ orbit )(earth _ radius)]3 =

( mercury _ orbit / earth _ orbit )(earth _ radius) 3 =
0.37 cubic earth radii
earth _ radius moon _ dis tan ce = 4(deg rees _ in _ circle) = moon _ radius sun _ dis tan ce

!
!

3.7
!
L = M 3.5

L=100 solar luminosities is a zero magnitude star

! 100 = M 3.5

log 100 = 3.5 log M

!

2/3.5 =log M 0.57 = log M M = 3.7 solar masses

A 2 Saturn _ orbit 9 = = nP Jupiter _ orbit 5

n = 4 = mars orbit number

A = area of a 3 by 4 rectangle Number of 3 by 4 rectangles in a 6 by 8 rectangle = n = 4

143 P=perimeter inscribed in a 6 by 8 rectangle = 20 (3,4,5) is first Pythagorean triplet

molar _ mass _ of _ air human _ body _ temerature Au solar _ radius 9 " = = = molar _ mass _ of _ water freezing _ temperature _ of _ water Ag earth # moon _ dis tan ce 5

0.37 can be converted to 3.7 by multiplying it by the ratio of earth mass to mars mass because it is close to ten.

144 How did I determine the equation: [(volume of saturn)/(volume of Jupiter)](volume of mars) =(mercury radius)(earth radius)^2 =[(venus orbit)/(earth orbit)(earth radius)]^3 =[(mercury orbit)/(earth orbit)](earth radius)^3 =0.37 cubic earth radii Where 0.37 can be converted to 3.7 by multiplying it by the ratio of earth mass to mars mass because it is close to ten. It fell on my lap by considering following passages I wrote in 2007: Nine-fifths (9/5) is embodied by the famous Pythagorean theorem. It is in the first Pythagorean triplet (3,4,5). The Pythagorean theorem, which states the relationship between two sides of a right triangle with its hypotenuse is used to calculate the distance between two points in a plane, or space, given their coordinates in a rectangular coordinate system. It states that one side squared plus the other side squared equals the hypotenuse squared. (3,4,5) is the first triplet that satisfies this relationship. That is 3, squared plus 4 squared equals 5 squared. 3 squared is our 9, 4 squared is 16, and our 5 is squared to make 25. (3^2+4^2=5^2). Nine is also the five plus the four. This allows us to associate an angle with nine-fifths, by way of the triangle the triplet describes, and, to find a geometric, or pictorial significance of the ratio. The ancient Egyptians, associated much significance with this triplet, constructing the Kings chamber in the Great Pyramid with these proportions. Geometric Significance Of nine-fifths, the cosmic equation. By the Pythagorean theorem We have x^2+y^2=h^2 The first Pythagorean triplet is (3,4,5) And x=4, y=3, h=5 If A= area of 3 by 4 rectangle

145 P= perimeter inscribed in 6 by 8 rectangle And, n= number of 3 by 4 rectangles in a 6 by 8 rectangle. Then, (A^2)/nP = 9/5 Is what we have here is a cosmic equation not just for the solar system, but that holds for the atomic world and biological intricacies of life. If we imagine the solar system formed from protoplanetary disc around sun, bodies forming from particles and then herding smaller particles to make distribution of planets as we know them today, I think this equation hold for evolutionary dynamics of solar system and nuclear chemistry dictated by stars to make elements. This picture outlined above will yield much dynamics upon analysis. A^2=area squared=P*P*P*P=P^4 P=perimeter Number = n Then since A^2/P= P^3= volume Volume/n=9/5 Saturn orbit (closest approach to the sun) =9 astronomical units Jupiter orbit (closest approach to the sun)= 5 astronomical units 4th planet = mars We have: Volume = (Saturn/Jupiter)Mars Saturn and Jupiter are the most massive planets in the solar system. Mars is the planet that can be colonized by humans. I have shown that they represent the sacred volume. April 6 2000 these three planets ushered in the second millennium forming a circle by the moon, 9 degrees across.

146 Chapter Four: Calculation of Sacred Volume E_r=1= Earth radius M_r=0.532= Mars radius J_r= 11.27= Jupiter radius S_r=9.44= Saturn radius V = 4/3 (pi)r^3 = 4/3(3.1)(11.27)^3= 5996 =4/3(3.1)(9.44)^3= 3524 =4/3((3.1)(0.532)^3= 0.6307 Volume = (Saturn/Jupiter)mars = 3524/5996(0.6307) = 0.37 cubic earth radii Approximately the same number as mercury radius and mercury distance from sun in earth units.

147 Chapter 5: Sacred Volume Analyzed, Sacred Length Obtained, Dynamic Structure Of Solar System Revealed. I calculated the sacred volume to be 0.37 cubic earth radii, which I have noticed coincides with mercury distance from the sun, and mercury radius in earth units. Since volume is in cubic unit lengths, and radius and distances in earth radius and earth-sun distances are lengths, we take the cube root of our sacred volume to get the length of one side of a cube with the sacred volume. It is 0.72 earth radii. We will call it the sacred length, it is the venus-sun distance in earth units, where venus is the planet after mercury, or the second planet. This divides into the mercury orbit 0.51 times. We invert that to compare this cube root to to mercury orbit, and get 1.96. This number is close to 1.8, what I call the cosmic number, or sacred number, nine fifths, which may be worth noting, considering the grand scale of the solar system and the many factors that influenced its formation. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, the first planet, and is very hot, it is named for a Greek god, as are all the planets, and bears the same name as the element used in thermometers to measure temperature. Mercury was the fleet footed messenger of the gods.

148 Chapter Six: Recent Developments and Summary I have found nine-fifths (9/5), which is equal to 1.8 in the most sacred aspects to man, gold, silver, moon, sun, water, air, human body temperature, and have have derived from this sacred ratio, or cosmic number, the cosmic volume by expressing it geometrically. That sacred volume is: (Saturn/Jupiter)mars=0.37 cubic earth radii Where Saturn and Jupiter are the most massive planets in the solar system, and Mars is the planet that can be colonized by humans. Taking the cube root of 0.37 gives the sacred length, it is equal to the distance of the planet Venus from the sun in earth units (astronomical units), which is the second planet. The 0.37 is the mercury-sun distance in earth units, and the mercury radius in earth units. Mercury is the first planet. Saturn is at 9 earth units in its closest approach to the sun, Jupiter at five. Thus we see a divine structure for the first six planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. This leaves Uranus and Neptune, planets seven and eight respectively. For now we wont consider Pluto a planet, as its orbit is well inclined to the plane of the solar system.

149

The Future of Levinson and Asimov In the book by Paul Levinson, The Plot To Save Socrates the adventure is initiated in 2042, and in the book by Isaac Asimov, I Robot, hyperdrive, an engine that will take us to the stars is developed in the year 2044. My mathematical prediction for when hyperdrive will be developed is in the year 2043, right between the times of Levinson and Asimov, these dates being only a year less or a year more than mine. Let us look at what Paul Levinson and Isaac Asimov project for human civilization during the years from 2042 to 2044, and look at what they might have in common. In I Robot by Isaac Asimov the time of hyperdrive is explored in the short story in that book titled: The Evitable Conflict.

Asimov tells us while the old problems of a political or economic system escalate, new developments dust them under the carpet. Either that, or you have war, which in the end solves nothing. Asimov has one of his characters saying: In the twentieth century we started a new cycle of wars What shall I call them? Ideological wars? The emotions of religions applied to economic systems, rather than extra-natural ones? And positronic robots came. They came in time, and, with it and alongside it, interplanetary travel. So that it no longer seemed so important whether the world was Adam Smith or Karl Marx. Neither made very much sense under the new circumstances. Both had to adapt and they ended up in the same place. In the 2044 of Asimov, the world is one federation with the different regions functioning under a world coordinator. Robots are fed data and tell each region what needs to be done. That is, they tell how much steel is to be produced in one region for a given day, and how much mercury is to be mined in another region on a given day, and so on such that the world functions with no problems.

150

What is the new problem that arises in this system? One would think by The Laws of Robotics, which is a programming such that robots can only do what is good for humans, there could not be a problem. But one does arise. The robots start giving estimates of overproduction or underproduction and so forth. As it would turn out no one man, or even team of scientists understands how the robots work, because they have become so sophisticated over the years. The fate of humanity is in the hands of robots and no one can figure out why they are erring. It is finally realized, that the robots are telling regional heads to overproduce steel because they are corrupt, for example, and if they overproduce steel they will be fired by, for example, the regional coordinator, thus making humanity better off. So what are the problems we will encounter that will require hyperdrive in the near future? It would certainly be in a world that is estimated to reach a population of 9 billion by 2050. I have read that it was somewhere between 2030 and 2050 that we will need a new planet earth to support the current level of consumption by humans. That means traveling beyond our solar system, and, that is done with hyperdrive. Though I will say hyperdrive would mean rapid travel within our solar system and the planets within our solar system would have a lot to provide. But hyperdrive is not necessarily the only solution to this type of problem. Many technologies could solve our problems. In particular, efficient solar energy technology would allow us to convert the sunlight that passes us by every day into electricity, and would be enough to provide for the worlds power requirements. This is where Paul Levinson comes in. While the adventure of his character, Sierra Waters, begins in 2042, through time travel the novel goes as far as 2061.

151

In 2061 they have free medical treatment for everyone, and it is of extraordinary sophistication. Transportation by air and ground is easily summoned for, and is paid for with cards of credits that are read by computers. It is a world whose problems have been solved with technology. There is no indication in The Plot To Save Socrates that hyperdrive has been developed by 2061. It is suggested to me, but is not necessarily the case, in the statement by a 2061 cab driver in New York when he mentions that the Greeks had gone to Jupiter and that since 2042 as far as Sierra Waters knew, no one had gone anywhere in the solar system, except the Chinese, who had gone all over the solar system. I would just like to say while my calculation intends to project when hyperdrive will be developed, by the nature of how it is done, it may be referring to something else, that the years from 2042-2044 are important.

152

Jupiter and Saturn: Their Resonance For approximately circular orbits T^2 = a^3 Where T is the period of a planets orbit in earth years and a is its distance from the sun in astronomical units (average earth-sun separation). Jupiter is at about 5 units from the sun in its closest approach and Saturn is at about 9 units from the sun in its closest approach if the earth is at one unit from the sun. To find some clue as to why 9/5 (nine-fifths or 1.8) is so important in the solar system and in nature we write: T^2 = 9^3 = 729 sqrt(729) = 27 earth years for one revolution of Saturn around the Sun (a Saturn year) and, T^2 = 5^3 = 125 sqrt(125) = 11 earth years for one revolution of Jupiter around the Sun (a Jupiter year). And, 27/11 = 2.45 ~ 2.5 years. That is, for every two and a half revolutions of Jupiter around the sun Saturn makes one revolution around the sun. We see that Jupiter orbits the sun every 11 years and the cycle of solar activity is 11 years. There are cycles of 9 years and 14 years as well. The Saturn distance from the sun is 9 times that of the earth from the sun in its closest approach to the sun. In their closest approaches to the sun with greatest separation Jupiter and Saturn are 9 + 5 = 14 separations of the earth from the sun. Jupiter and Saturn are the most massive bodies in the solar system and account for the largest portion of its mass. We must find the meaning behind two and a half (2.5) year cycles. We say that Jupiter and Saturn have two and a half resonance with one another, for when they align we see they dont align again for another two and a half years. I may have found the two and a half year cycle in the sun's prolonged season of high activity we seem to be experiencing. It was reported by NASA we are entering the 11 year cycle late and its maximum should be midway 2013 but with a prolonged season of activity two and a half years either side of the peak. Ian Beardsley May 17, 2011

153

The Document By Ian Beardsley

Copyright 2010 by Ian Beardsley

154

155

The Document

By Ian Beardsley
Copyright 2010 by Ian Beardsley

Cover Art: From A Painting By E.R. Beardsley

156

There must be some kind of way out of here Bob Dylan About The Document by Ian Beardsley The Document is an ongoing work in progress attempting to get at just what our situation is with respect to the universe and nature and to figure out how humanity can become a spacefaring civilization, which is different than merely being in the space age in the sense that large amounts of people are coming and going into space and back to earth, that there are numerous space ports on earth and the general populous is coming and going with business in space, and colonizing planets and moons, that is, how to get humanity truly off this planet. It also tries to find the secret of creation. Ian Beardsley August 23, 2010

157 Document Written on Earth by Unknown - Chapter 1: The Search For The Tarot

In an effort to generate 4 from the golden ratio and 9/5 in connection with the earth and the 22-card cycle of the tarot we begin by finding the equation whose solution is the golden ratio. The golden ratio, or phi, as it is called, is the ratio such that the whole to the greater part is the same as the greater part to the lesser. That is a/b must be the same as b/c if a=b+c. Thus we have the two equations: 1. a/b=b/c 2. a=b+c From 1 we have: ac=b^2 From 2 we have: c=a-b These two yield: a(a-b)=b^2 Which can be written: (a^2)-ab=b^2 Or,( a^2)-ab-b^2=0 If we divide the last through by b^2, we get: ((a/b)^2)-(a/b)-1=0 This last is a quadratic in a/b. a/b is the golden ratio and can be found by completing the square. Letting a/b=x, our equation becomes: 3. ( x^2)-x-1=0 We will not solve equation 3 for the golden ratio but will proceed to consider 9/5. The sequence has been presented: 5,14,23,32,41,50,59

158

Where we begin with five and add nine to each successive term. It has been noted that the sum of the digits of each term is five. Thus this sequence embodies the principle of (9/5) a ratio I have found to exist throughout nature from atoms of gold and silver, to the moon and the sun, to water, and air, to the human body temperature and freezing temperature of water, to the very structure of the solar system itself. The above sequence is an arithmetic sequence, the nth term of which is predicted by: 4. a_n=5+9(n-1) 5. a_n=9n-4 (equivalently) Since the earth is the third planet, then n=3 yields: 9(3)-4=27-4=23 As it so happens, 23 is the 9th prime number, and represents the earth. We write, from 5: 6. 23=9x-4 7. 27=9x 8. 9x-27=0 We equate equation 8 with equation 3: 9x-27=(x^2)-x-1 To find the intersection of 9/5 and the golden ratio at earth orbit, and get: 9. ( x^2)-10x+26=0 Equation 9 can be solved with the quadratic equation and has the solutions, (5+i),(5-i).

159

These are two complex numbers with real parts 5 and 5, and imaginary parts sqrt(-1) and -sqrt(-1). They are vectors whose sum is: (5,1)+(5,-1)=(10,0) And whose points are separated by: |(5+i)-(5-i)|=2i With a modulus of sqrt(5^2+1^2)=sqrt(26) This generates the triangle with height 5 and base 2i or complex number 5+2i. The Mandelbrot set is the iteration of a function of complex numbers that generates the fractal given by: F(z)=(z^2)+c If the seed is zero and c is our 5+2i Then F(0)=((0)^2)+5+2i=5+2i And F(5+2i)=(5+2i)(5+2i)+5+2i= 26+22i We have generated our 22 cards of the tarot, and our four in that 26-22=4, from 9/5 and the golden ratio.

160

Furthermore 22=> 2+2=4 and 26=>6-2=4 We have generated four, three times as well, and 3 times four is twelve. Also, 22+26=48 and 48/4=12. 12 is the smallest abundant number. Four will always represent for me, the fourth planet mars, the one in our solar system that can be terraformed to support human life. Humans have always liked to quarter things: four directions, north, south, east, and west. Or the Cartesian co-ordinate system in mathematics, used to locate a point with two perpendicularly intersecting axes making four quadrants. It is easy to learn, and effective as it is based on the square because it a regular tessellator. (Tessellate means can tile a surface without leaving gaps, regular that all sides and angles in the shape are congruent.) Likewise nature likes to quarter things. The Earth is rotated to the plane of its orbit by 23.5 degrees. This means on summer solstice, the Sun is directly over-head at noon, the earth receiving the full potency of the Suns rays, at this latitude. This is La Paz Baja California, Mazatlan Mexico, and Gujarat India. What nature is doing here, is that which Man likes, and uses, and does so because it is practical. 22.5 degrees is the quarter of a way around a half semi-circle, there is only a one-degree discrepancy.

161

To find when and where the Earth passes through the intersection of 9/5 and golden ratio, which we have shown are (5+i) and (5-i), we use: a = arctan (y/x) when x>0 a =arctan y/x + pi when x<0 from x+iy = r(cos(a) + isin(a)) r=sqrt(x^2+y^2) x=5, y=1 yields arctan 1/5 = arctan 0.2 = 11.3099 degrees and for (5-i) we have -11.3099 degrees Earth year is 365.25 days x/365.25=11.3099/360 x360=(365.25)(11.3099)=4130.940975 x=11.47483604 days

162

Taking winter solstice (December 22) to be our zero point the earth passes through (5+i) on January 2, and (5-i) on December 10. Note: Since 5+i and 5-i have real and imaginary components, the imaginary component refers to an element at this location in a parallel universe, or tachyon universe as it is called, where mass is negative and travels backwards in time. We as of yet do not know how to penetrate such a plane. Also, keep in mind there is no such thing as absolute space, so 5+i and 5-i are in a frame of reference where the sun is taken as not moving (i.e. the earth is moving with the sun around the galaxy, the galaxy through the universe, and the universe in the multiverse, as so on, the list goes without end. Motion can only be taken as relative (Einstein, special relativity).
In Orbit Around Earth, Visitors From Another Planet Speak

Alien one: The vector (10,0) or the 10 fingered nothing. In an otherwise infinite universe, only with our 10 fingers do we have any hope of surviving. What are the elements of this vector? They are
5+i

and

5"i

There are five fingers on each hand, and, i is "1 , the ! imaginary number. In other words, life is not the least bit real, it is a dream.
! !

Alien two: Their planet orbits a star they call the sun, whose radius is 6.9599E10 cm, and orbiting them is a moon at 3.84E10 cm. That is a ratio of 9 to 5, the same as the ratio of gold to silver in molar mass.

163

Alien one: Gold is the most conductive metal at extreme temperatures, silver, is the most conductive at comfortable life sustaining temperatures. Alien two: Their moon perfectly eclipses The Sun, as seen from their planet. 9 to 5 also happens to be the comparison of the orbit of their ringed planet to the orbit of their largest planet. They call them Saturn and Jupiter respectively. Alien one: The planet that can be colonized to sustain life is the fourth planet out from the Sun. They call it Mars. Alien two: Aha! The intersection of the golden ratio and nine-fifths at earth orbit becomes important, because of their Tarot and the fractal they call The Mandelbrot Set. Alien one: Tarot, sir? Alien two: Their system of divination with numbered cards, bearing images from aspects of their world. Alien one: The complex number 26+22i can also be important because there are 26 letters in the English alphabet and there are 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet.

164

We say the earth moves from (5-i) to (5+i) from December 10 to January 2 using December 22 as solstice and the zero point. Moving from (5-i) to (5+i) is shown to be 2(11.3099) = 22.6 degrees. That value is nearly the inclination of the earth spin axis to its orbital plane. (5-i) and (5+i) are reasoned to be the intersections of 9/5 and the golden ratio at earth orbit. Their separation, again, is about 22.6 degrees, or close to the inclination of the earth spin axis to its orbital plane. I showed 9/5 to occur in nature in some interesting ways. We already know the golden ratio does.

Since the earth tilt is 23.5 degrees and I have shown 22.6 degrees tilt is the intersection of 9/5 and the golden ratio, we will say this suggests an angle of

165

22.5 degrees for earth tilt since that is half of a half right angle. Better yet, we will say nature is suggesting an earth tilt of angle arctan (1/2) for the earth as this is close to the angle in a right triangle. It has a hypotenuse of the square root of 5. Draw in the circle centered where the top of side one meets the hypotenuse, of radius 1 and we have created the golden ratio. The base of the right triangle is 2. 2 squared is 4. The height is 1. 2(4) +1 = 9. Five is the 2 squared plus 1. This is the interaction of 9/5 with the golden ratio being the earth tilt in geometric interaction. Mars has a similar inclination to its orbit, at 23.98 degrees. Saturn is not far off at 29 degrees. Also,Neptune at 28.8 degrees. They all, and the Earth have a connection to the golden ratio as depicted above, the circle is the planet and its inclination to its orbit is angle A.

166 In the unknown document the complex number 5+2i is important. If we consider the orbital plane of the earth to be a complex plane, and 5+2i to be a position vector that traces the earth orbit, then the earth is orbiting at a distance from the sun of:

5 2 + 2 2 = 5.385
In the same document it is also shown that the complex number 26 +22i is important. This is an orbital position of:

26 2 + 22 2 = 34.059
To find the orbital position of 26 +22i in astronomical units, we solve the following equation (the earth is at one astronomical unit from the sun): (5.385)x = 34 Which gives x = 6.3138 astronomical units. We can us Keplers third law of planetary motion:
T 2 = a3

to find the orbital period of 26 +22i

!

T = (6.3) 3 = 15.8 earth years

The orbital period then, of 26 + 22i is about sixteen earth years around the sun. I showed you tonight that the period of the orbit of a planet in the habitable zone of an absolute magnitude zero star on the main sequence is 16.48 earth years, which we can round to 16 earth years. What it says exactly is that the vector 26+22i connects our solar system to that of an absolute magnitude zero star on the main sequence through the Mandelbrot set because 26 +22i was generated by the equation that determines the Mandelbrot set.

167

Preludes
By Ian Beardsley

Copyright 2008-2011 by Ian Beardsley

168 Document Written on Earth by Unknown - Chapter 1: The Search For The Tarot

In an effort to generate 4 from the golden ratio and 9/5 in connection with the earth and the 22-card cycle of the tarot we begin by finding the equation whose solution is the golden ratio. The golden ratio, or phi, as it is called, is the ratio such that the whole to the greater part is the same as the greater part to the lesser. That is a/b must be the same as b/c if a=b+c. Thus we have the two equations: 1. a/b=b/c 2. a=b+c From 1 we have: ac=b^2 From 2 we have: c=a-b These two yield: a(a-b)=b^2 Which can be written: (a^2)-ab=b^2 Or,( a^2)-ab-b^2=0 If we divide the last through by b^2, we get: ((a/b)^2)-(a/b)-1=0 This last is a quadratic in a/b. a/b is the golden ratio and can be found by completing the square. Letting a/b=x, our equation becomes: 3. ( x^2)-x-1=0 We will not solve equation 3 for the golden ratio but will proceed to consider 9/5. The sequence has been presented: 5,14,23,32,41,50,59

169

Where we begin with five and add nine to each successive term. It has been noted that the sum of the digits of each term is five. Thus this sequence embodies the principle of (9/5) a ratio I have found to exist throughout nature from atoms of gold and silver, to the moon and the sun, to water, and air, to the human body temperature and freezing temperature of water, to the very structure of the solar system itself. The above sequence is an arithmetic sequence, the nth term of which is predicted by: 4. a_n=5+9(n-1) 5. a_n=9n-4 (equivalently) Since the earth is the third planet, then n=3 yields: 9(3)-4=27-4=23 As it so happens, 23 is the 9th prime number, and represents the earth. We write, from 5: 6. 23=9x-4 7. 27=9x 8. 9x-27=0 We equate equation 8 with equation 3: 9x-27=(x^2)-x-1 To find the intersection of 9/5 and the golden ratio at earth orbit, and get: 9. ( x^2)-10x+26=0 Equation 9 can be solved with the quadratic equation and has the solutions, (5+i),(5-i).

170

These are two complex numbers with real parts 5 and 5, and imaginary parts sqrt(-1) and -sqrt(-1). They are vectors whose sum is: (5,1)+(5,-1)=(10,0) And whose points are separated by: |(5+i)-(5-i)|=2i With a modulus of sqrt(5^2+1^2)=sqrt(26) This generates the triangle with height 5 and base 2i or complex number 5+2i. The Mandelbrot set is the iteration of a function of complex numbers that generates the fractal given by: F(z)=(z^2)+c If the seed is zero and c is our 5+2i Then F(0)=((0)^2)+5+2i=5+2i And F(5+2i)=(5+2i)(5+2i)+5+2i= 26+22i We have generated our 22 cards of the tarot, and our four in that 26-22=4, from 9/5 and the golden ratio.

171

Furthermore 22=> 2+2=4 and 26=>6-2=4 We have generated four, three times as well, and 3 times four is twelve. Also, 22+26=48 and 48/4=12. 12 is the smallest abundant number. Four will always represent for me, the fourth planet mars, the one in our solar system that can be terraformed to support human life. Humans have always liked to quarter things: four directions, north, south, east, and west. Or the Cartesian co-ordinate system in mathematics, used to locate a point with two perpendicularly intersecting axes making four quadrants. It is easy to learn, and effective as it is based on the square because it a regular tessellator. (Tessellate means can tile a surface without leaving gaps, regular that all sides and angles in the shape are congruent.) Likewise nature likes to quarter things. The Earth is rotated to the plane of its orbit by 23.5 degrees. This means on summer solstice, the Sun is directly over-head at noon, the earth receiving the full potency of the Suns rays, at this latitude. This is La Paz Baja California, Mazatlan Mexico, and Gujarat India. What nature is doing here, is that which Man likes, and uses, and does so because it is practical. 22.5 degrees is the quarter of a way around a half semi-circle, there is only a one-degree discrepancy.

172

To find when and where the Earth passes through the intersection of 9/5 and golden ratio, which we have shown are (5+i) and (5-i), we use: a = arctan (y/x) when x>0 a =arctan y/x + pi when x<0 from x+iy = r(cos(a) + isin(a)) r=sqrt(x^2+y^2) x=5, y=1 yields arctan 1/5 = arctan 0.2 = 11.3099 degrees and for (5-i) we have -11.3099 degrees Earth year is 365.25 days x/365.25=11.3099/360 x360=(365.25)(11.3099)=4130.940975 x=11.47483604 days

173

Taking winter solstice (December 22) to be our zero point the earth passes through (5+i) on January 2, and (5-i) on December 10. Note: Since 5+i and 5-i have real and imaginary components, the imaginary component refers to an element at this location in a parallel universe, or tachyon universe as it is called, where mass is negative and travels backwards in time. We as of yet do not know how to penetrate such a plane. Also, keep in mind there is no such thing as absolute space, so 5+i and 5-i are in a frame of reference where the sun is taken as not moving (i.e. the earth is moving with the sun around the galaxy, the galaxy through the universe, and the universe in the multiverse, as so on, the list goes without end. Motion can only be taken as relative (Einstein, special relativity).
In Orbit Around Earth, Visitors From Another Planet Speak

Alien one: The vector (10,0) or the 10 fingered nothing. In an otherwise infinite universe, only with our 10 fingers do we have any hope of surviving. What are the elements of this vector? They are
5+i

and

5"i

There are five fingers on each hand, and, i is "1 , the ! imaginary number. In other words, life is not the least bit real, it is a dream.
! !

Alien two: Their planet orbits a star they call the sun, whose radius is 6.9599E10 cm, and orbiting them is a moon at 3.84E10 cm. That is a ratio of 9 to 5, the same as the ratio of gold to silver in molar mass.

174

Alien one: Gold is the most conductive metal at extreme temperatures, silver, is the most conductive at comfortable life sustaining temperatures. Alien two: Their moon perfectly eclipses The Sun, as seen from their planet. 9 to 5 also happens to be the comparison of the orbit of their ringed planet to the orbit of their largest planet. They call them Saturn and Jupiter respectively. Alien one: The planet that can be colonized to sustain life is the fourth planet out from the Sun. They call it Mars. Alien two: Aha! The intersection of the golden ratio and nine-fifths at earth orbit becomes important, because of their Tarot and the fractal they call The Mandelbrot Set. Alien one: Tarot, sir? Alien two: Their system of divination with numbered cards, bearing images from aspects of their world. Alien one: The complex number 26+22i can also be important because there are 26 letters in the English alphabet and there are 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet.

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Chapter 2: Prelude In Turin Italy, the countrys respected astronomical intuitive is brought before the countrys top scientists. Scientist one: Salvoretti, we feel the Earth is a valuable planet, as it is brimming with life, and water. How does your intuition explain that advanced civilizations from other planets, other star systems, in our galaxy have not attempted to take the Earth with their superior technology, which they no doubt have? Salvoretti: It is my feeling that the various worlds throughout the galaxy are of varying political ideologies. The interest of one world might be more aligned with the nature of Spain, another world might be aligned with our country, Italy. Each world keeps the other world from taking Earth, because they all want to form a relationship with the country on earth that is like their world, after earth enters space, and joins the galactic federation. Scientist two: But what keeps them from fighting among one another, and joining alliance with the country on earth they most relate to, now? Salvoretti: It is my belief that just as The Virgin Mary holds together Europe, and The Virgin Maria of Guadalupe holds together the states of Mexico, their galactic mother holds together the space faring worlds of the Galaxy. My intuition tells me she is called Diana.

176 Chapter 3: Prelude It came to pass that Salvoretti met an American woman in Turin, a historian from UC Santa Cruz, Anne Dyson. It wasnt long before they got married. She became a citizen of Italy, and after they moved to The United States, he became a resident, still retaining his Italian Citizenship. They moved to Los Angeles, to be close to the INS, Immigration and Naturalization Services. It was there they waited in lines, two city blocks long, before opening time, arriving as early as four in the morning to get such a place in line. It took about six hours of waiting before their number was called to have an interview where they had to show that their motive of getting married was out of a desire to be together, that it was not for the purpose of making Salvoretti a resident of the United States. They would have to remain together several years before he could even take the test to become a citizen. After getting his residency, they moved to Phoenix, Arizona. It was there that Salvoretti wanted to go because it had the most credible UFO sighting, and he wanted to make contact with extraterrestrials. It was on the night of March 13, 1997 when thousands of Arizonans in Phoenix were out to see a comet, but instead saw a massive triangular formation of lights, looking like amber orbs. Among the people who saw it, was a medical doctor, who actually photographed it, and was well trained in the scientific method, and very capable of analytic thinking. That is why she felt it an insult to her intelligence when the military tried to explain away the event saying they were dropping military flares that night in a training exercise. She reasoned these lights held a constant triangular formation as they moved, and flares would drift with the wind, flares being dropped and attached to parachutes. She said as much publicly. Salvoretti changed his name to Leonard Taylor, now that he was living in the states, because he always admired Leonardo Da Vinci, and Ted Taylor, the dreamer physicist who tried to get funding for a starship he would personally go to the stars in. So, his wife took the name Anne Taylor Dyson. It was the physicist Freeman Dyson, who was Taylors colleague and partner in the project to make a starship. So, he thought the naming of himself clever, given his wifes name. Anne was understanding of Leonards desire to make contact, and accepted his pursuit of that dream. Leonard, on the other hand, was aware that Anne had probably been taken in with a secret society in Italy, known as the Priory of Sion, and was accepting of that. They believed the Romans demonized women by saying Mary Magdalene was a whore, when in reality she was the embodiment of the sacredness of women and the wife of Jesus, who was actually a Pagan leader. They believe Jesus and Magdalena to have had children, descendants of which exist today. Alien one and Alien two were aware that Leonard was in Phoenix and planned to make contact with him. There are many places in the Universe, even in the Galaxy, millions of years older than the earth-sun system. Look at what humanity did in the last five hundred years technologically, imagine what life millions of years older than us could do. That is why it was no problem for Alien one and Alien two, to cloak in earth orbit, and teleport down to its surface in humanoid form.

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Chapter 4: Prelude Alien one: As you know, every planet has something the rest of the planets dont have, and is what the earth has that we all want, and could use greatly, in space travel and everyday space activities, is their tobacco, what they call cigarettes. Alien two: Yes, and this would involve working with the United States and Italy, because they will undoubtedly work with one another in the tobacco industry. It would seem cheap Italian tobacco is preferred by Americans, and cheap American tobacco is preferred by Italy. That tobacco, which is cheap in America, is expensive in Italy, and that which is cheap in Italy is expensive in America. Alien one: It is in this area where smugglers from planets become part of the space community, they are a shifty lot, but more than once they have been petitioned for the their cunning and ingenuity to solve our way out of some dangerous predicaments when they came our way.

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Chapter 5: A Look In Salvorettis Journal Entry: Topic: Blue Stars We will find the energy required to move the earth of mass m, from the surface of the sun under its gravity, to its current orbit of one astronomical unit, the sun of mass M. The energy given to move something against gravity is given by the Work, W: Work = W = F ds F is Force. In the case of the sun and earth, we use Newtons Universal Law of Gravity:

GMm r2 We integrate from R to r (from the radius of the sun to the orbit of earth): F= ! W =

# F " dr = $

GMm r

G is the universal constant of gravity.

G = 6.672E-08 in dyn-centimeter squared-per second squared And, M = 1.989E33 grams And m = 5.976E27 grams And R =6.9599E10 centimeters And r = 1.495979E13 centimeters Evaluating the integral for work, W:
GMm = (6.672 E " 08)(1.989 E 33)(5.976 E 27)

Which is equal to 7.93E53

!

(7.93E53)/(6.9599E10) = 1.14E43 ergs (7.93E53)/(1.495979E13) = 5.30E40 ergs 1.14E43 5.30E40 = 1.13E43 ergs 1 erg = 1E-07 joules The final answer is 1.13E36 Joules of energy to move earth from the sun to its orbit.

179 We now calculate how many times brighter the sun has to be to equal the annual output of energy (luminosity) of what we just calculated, the energy to move the earth from the surface of the sun to its current orbit. Seconds in a year: (365 days)(24 hours)(60 minutes)(60 seconds) = 3.15E7 Solar luminosity is: 3.826E26 J/s (3.826E26 J/s)(3.15E7 s) = 1.21E34 J/yr (1.2E34)x = 1.13E36 J And, x = 94.2 The sun must be 94.2 times as luminous for its annual output in energy to equal the energy required to move the earth from its surface to its current orbit. We calculated that an object has to be about 94 times as luminous as the sun to have an annual output in energy over a year, that equals the energy required to move the earth from the surface of the sun to its orbit, and there are 92 naturally occurring elements as of yet, a number close to the factor of 94. Let us round that luminosity to 94 solar luminosities, and calculate the absolute magnitude of such an object. 2.512 x = 94 x log 2.512 = log 94
!

0.4x = 1.973 x = 4.93 The sun has an absolute magnitude of 4.83 which is about five. The absolute magnitude of our object is 4.93 steps in magnitude brighter than the sun, which is about five magnitudes brighter than the sun. Five steps brighter is five minus five, which gives our object an absolute magnitude of zero. Thus the system of the ancients has a zero magnitude related so elegantly to the number of the naturally occurring elements and the energy required to move the earth from the sun to earth orbit. A zero absolute magnitude object is a star of spectral class B on the main sequence. That is its color is blue.

180 The habitable zone of a planet is the orbital distance from a star that allows water to exist as a liquid. Since our zero magnitude star is about 94 times more luminous than the sun, as I have calculated it, the habitable zone for a planet around this zero magnitude star is further from it than the earth is from the sun. Luminosity, or the amount of light given off by a star decreases as the square of the distance from the star (see the inverse square law). Since this magnitude zero star is about 94 times brighter than the sun, and there is some play in the habitable zone, we can, for ease of calculation, and elegance, say our star is 100 times more luminous than the sun. Since ten squared is 100 the habitable zone around our blue, spectral class B, zero magnitude star is 10 astronomical units from it. This puts the orbit of a planet around the star at the same distance Saturn is from the sun. The stars on the main sequence form an S shaped curve where luminosity increases with mass. The sun is exactly in the middle of this curve, an average, yellow star of spectral class G. The relationship from a sample of many stars shows that mass, M is related to luminosity, L as follows:
L = M 3.5

! !

We can find the mass of our zero magnitude star with this: 100 = M 3.5 log 100 = 3.5 log M (2)/(3.5) = log M 0.57 = log M
M = 10 0.57 = 3.7

Our zero magnitude, blue, spectral class B star is 3.7 solar masses.
!

The mass of the sun in grams is: 1.989E33 g This means our zero magnitude blue, spectral class B star has a mass of: (1.989E33 g)(3.7 solar masses) = 7.36E33 grams

181 We can use Keplers third law of planetary motion for circular orbits to calculate the year of a planet in circular orbit around our zero magnitude, spectral class B, blue star. It is:

T = 2"

r3 GM

Where T is the orbital period, or year of the planet in question, and r is its orbital distance from the star, G is the universal constant of gravitation, and M is the mass of the star the body is orbiting.
2" = 2(3.141) = 6.282

r = 10 astronomical units
!

1 astronomical unit is 1.5E13 cm (1.5E13 cm)(10 astronomical units) = (1.5E14 cm)

r 3 = 3.375 E 42

G=6.672E-8 (dyn cm squared)/(g squared)

!

r3 3.375 E 42 = = 6.87E15 GM (6.672 E " 8)(7.36 E 33)

) 6.87 E15 = 8.3E 7 seconds

!
!

(8.3E7 seconds)(6.282) = 5.2E8 seconds (5.2E8 seconds)/(60 seconds) = 8.67E6 minutes (8.67E6 minutes)/(60 minutes) = 1.445E5 hours (1.445E5 hours)/(24 hours) = 6.025E3 days (6.02E3E3 days)/(365.25 days) = 16.48 earth years The orbit of the planet around our zero magnitude, spectral class B, blue star is 16.48 earth years. The closest orbital period to this in our solar system is that of Jupiter at 11.86 years. That of Saturn is 29.5 earth years.

182 Stars are approximate blackbody radiators, where a blackbody is that which absorbs all incoming radiation, and emits the maximum amount of radiation for its temperature. We ask, according the laws of blackbodies, given the luminosity of an absolute magnitude zero star, and its surface temperature, what is its radius. The color index of a star (B-V) 100 times more luminous than the sun is on an H-R diagram, -0.12, which corresponds to many absolute zero magnitude zero stars, and surface temperature of 13,000 degrees Kelvin. Temperature of a star is related to its power radiated per unit surface by the Stefan-Boltzmann law:
2 R " Ts % " L % 2 =$ ' $ ' Rs # T & # Ls & 1

Where R is the radius of the star, R subscript S is the radius of the sun, T subscript S is the temperature of the sun in degrees Kelvin, T is the temperature of star in degrees Kelvin, L is the luminosity of the star, and L subscript S is the luminosity of the sun. We have:
1

(5800 /13,000) 2 (2.512 4.83 ) 2 =

(0.199)(9.2) = 1.8 solar radii

We have used the temperature of the sun 5800 degrees Kelvin and 4.83 0 = 4.83 where 4.83 is the absolute magnitude of the sun. Our absolute magnitude zero main sequence star is 1.8 times larger than the sun. We have said that a star on the main sequence of 100 solar luminosities is close to an absolute magnitude zero star. Just how close is it? We use: E1/E2 = 2.512^-(0-4.83) = 2.512^4.83 Where E1 is the luminosity of the star, and E2 is the luminosity of the sun, 4.83 is the absolute magnitude of the sun. This gives: E1 = 85.525E2 Or in other words, an absolute magnitude zero star is 85.525 solar luminosities. This is very close to our 100 solar luminosities considering a star can be more than a million solar luminosities

183 I believe zero magnitude stars on the main sequence are important, if not off the main sequence, in that they are connected to our star, the sun, through the number of naturally occurring elements, the earth orbital period, and the amount of energy it would take to move the earth from the sun to its orbit. Such stars, or plus or minus one magnitude of brightness, are of spectral class A to spectral class B. They are important because the sun is important, as it is a star in which a life bearing planet, the earth, has formed. I believe Saturn is important, because it is at an orbital distance from the sun that is in my projected habitable zone for a zero magnitude star, on the main sequence. Because of this, I feel it is no coincidence that Saturn has rings. What we have here, in this work, is a clue to the secret of origins, in particular to the structure that allows for life. The absolute magnitude of a star is its luminosity at a set distance from the observer, which has been set at 10 parsecs. One parsec is 3.26 light years, where a light year is the distance light travels in one year, or in the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun, in other words. A parsec is also the parallax of a star measured by displacing oneself by an astronomical unit, where an astronomical unit is the average distance of the earth from the sun, in its nearly circular orbit. This corresponds to a parallax angle of one arc second.

My belief is if you want to get at what nature is, dont worry about being right on in many aspects of work, because in art a circle unclosed is a circle closed by the concept in art they call closure, a nature of the way the human eye works with the mind. Is what we are seeing here is the rough sketch of nature, the idea.

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Chapter 6: Prelude Alien one and Alien two were from Regulus, alpha Leo, the brightest star in that constellation on a planet that orbited the star at about 10 astronomical units, or 10 earth-sun distances, somewhere around where the distance Saturn is from the Sun. This is where their habitable zone was, further from their star than the Earth is from the Sun because their star was hotter than the sun. Though they were as far from Regulus as Saturn is from the Sun, they were only the fourth planet out from Regulus and Saturn is the sixth planet out from the sun. This was, it would seem, because Regulus was more massive than the sun, and more massive stars have solar systems that are packed looser. Any conclusion someone might come to looking at the orbital systems of Jupiter and Saturn. If you look at the major moons of Jupiter, the Galilean Satellites, each successive moon, for the most part, is about 1.6 times further from Jupiter than the previous, whereas with Saturn for the most part a glance at some of the major moons will yield a factor of about 1.2, and Jupiter is more massive than Saturn by about 3.34 times. Being the fourth planet out from Regulus meant their planet had something to do with Mars, because it is the fourth planet out from the Sun. Salvoretti was beginning to discover that Mars was meant to be New Earth, and that the Sun, a yellow star, was connected to blue stars, or more precisely, to absolute magnitude zero stars or there about, in particular where life was concerned. Indeed, if humanity was to become a space faring civilization, it should start by colonizing Mars, the one planet worth doing as such. And indeed this was why Alien one and Alien two were sent to earth orbit by The Galactic Federation Of Worlds, to usher the people of Earth into the Galactic community, into the Galactic Federation of Worlds. They knew, too, that Stars like the Sun, and their habitable planets, were tied up in the destiny of those who lived in stellar

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systems like Regulus, stars of absolute magnitude zero, or close to it, blue stars on the Main Sequence. However, Alien one and Alien two were not exactly from Regulus. They lived there because their ancestors colonized a habitable planet there. Really, Regulus is a very young star, compared to the sun. The sun is about 5 billion years old, Regulus a mere 30 million years old. It began when mammals were just taking to land on earth, and it was only some 25 million years later when hominids began to walk upright on earth. The first single celled life appeared on earth 600 million years before homo sapiens, that is about how long it took for intelligent life to arise on earth. For there to have been intelligent life native to a planet orbiting Regulus, it could have only come about through hyper-evolution.

186 Chapter 7: Prelude Leonard answers the door of his house. Alien one: Hello good sir, you wanted to make contact with Aliens from another star system. We are they. It may be hard for you to believe it would be that easy, so, to prove it, we will reveal our true form. They were different looking than humans but not so different as much as they were modifications, they had something in common with them. It was as though they evolved from the same form, not unreasonable to think since the laws of the Universe are the same everywhere. Indeed it has been discovered on earth that is not certain to be entirely true in all space and time, though it was true enough to apply such reasoning to Alien one and Alien two. They were more sleek, more slender, more refined, their feet more slender but longer for better support. Their hands too, longer, and more slender, fingers more narrow, providing higher dexterity. Their cranium slightly enlarged at the top for more sophisticated mental capacities and they were orange! Alien two: Forget our actual names, they may be more of a strain to use than it would be worth you trying to know. Just call us alien one and alien two. I am alien two. Leonard: My intuition told me I would meet you soon, but I didnt know it would be so soon. Alien one: We are here to extend an invitation to you, Tara, and your wife, to travel in space with a starship that can jump through hyperspace. It will be easy to operate. It can be controlled with your thoughts through your hands, when placed in hand shaped molds in the control console, just the type of ship your Asimov predicted in his science fiction. You will have all knowledge to use the ship downloaded to your mind. That was a technology your Arthur C. Clarke predicted for the future of humanity in his science fiction. Alien two: We are not of the belief we can hand you our technology on a platter that is to all of earth. We can share it when you have become a space faring civilization, that is, when your average citizen can operate and maintain a small ship that can go to the stars, and when the people of earth are coming and going. But we can interact somewhat with people like you who are of the more advanced thinking on your planet, because, after all your planet has entered the space age. You have sent unmanned rovers to Mars, you have done a manned mission to the moon and one of your unmanned vessels has left the solar system. Why we cannot hand you technology that could save your world is because we do not know how everything started or for what reason. We believe your search for the origins of Tarot may be important to answering such questions, even though it goes against all rational belief. We simply cannot rule anything out, because as advanced as we are compared to you technologically and physically, we dont have all the answers.

187 Alien one: We have been able to know of your work by rummaging through your mind. We can do that without being invasive. Many people on your planet would put such capability towards evil ends, but we do not. Dont think we were as Angelic as this in your phase of development, but we did make it past greed, past being a people of war, past being a people of control, and that is why we made it into being a spacefaring people. Your world is at a crucial point in its history where if it does not make it past such ways of being, it will go extinct as opposed to become a space faring civilization, which is crucial to its continued survival. Your head is in the right place, and you know you need to clean the carbon grid, and we know you believe you have a chance of figuring it out in time. We also know you believe it is possible to figure out how to take the heat retaining gases out of the air that are already there. It is people like you who make a difference. We are offering you a ship to travel in which you can travel the galaxy because we believe humans are an important component of the future of space fairing civilizations in this galaxy as are other worlds that have yet to become as such. So, go on your search for the origins of Tarot, and we will make further contact when it is time for you to take this ship into space. And bring lots of cigarettes! They returned to Homo sapien form, and left.

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Chapter 8: Prelude Blue stars on the main sequence around absolute magnitude zero are important to intelligent life in the universe because they are where a star begins to have too much mass to last long enough on the main sequence to give life a chance to develop into intelligence. If the earth is any indication of how old a star needs to be to allow for this, it took in the area of 600 million years for life to evolve into intelligence on earth, and that process didnt even begin until several billion years after the earth formed. Blue stars are so massive that they are hotter than yellow stars like the sun, and thereby burn up their fuel quicker. They stay on the main sequence for about 200 million years. This means since they never develop intelligent life, then they are not taken and civilizations from other star systems can inhabit them if they have habitable planets. Who gets what is determined in a democratic process by The Galactic Federation Of Worlds.

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Chapter 9: Prelude Leonard was at the corner newsstand with his wife, Anne. He pulled out an unopened box of cigarettes to open and smoke one. He felt as he pulled the cellophane tab of the cellophane pull strip and unwound it to separate the cellophane covering the lid from that of the body of the pack he was releasing the air into his safety tank for breathing in space. When he tilted open the box top, he was engaging the mechanism to his propulsion tanks. When he pulled out the aluminum tab that covered the cigarettes, he felt he was giving the okay to both mechanisms to operate, then when he took out the cigarette he was already dedocked from the ship and moving through space both breathing and being propelled in a space walk in his spacesuit.
Everyone around him was watching and learning. It was clear to him that Scientist one and Scientist two had used psychology to embed such a demonstration in him of how to space walk as part of a program between Italy and the United States to educate the public on an aspect of space travel they may one day need to know, if they could indeed catapult the Earth into a space faring civilization.

190 Chapter 10: Prelude Leonard knew Alpha Centauri was the closest star system to earth, and that it was a triple system some 4.2 light years away. He also knew the primary, Alpha Centauri A, was a G2V main sequence star, which makes it the same kind of star as the Sun; similar in size, luminosity, and temperature. He noted that as seen from the Earth, the star had an apparent magnitude of zero. He had found that stars of absolute magnitude zero on the main sequence, which are blue and hotter than the sun, were important. He knew that the sun had an absolute magnitude of 4.83, which was its brightness from ten parsecs. He knew a parsec was important because it was the parallax of an object given by the earth-sun separation. In addition, he knew 10 was important, because humans have 10 fingers, and that probably had something to do with the base 10 counting system. Again, he began to see the importance in main sequence stars of apparent magnitude zero. Therefore, he asked, how far should a zero absolute magnitude main sequence star be from the earth to appear the same as the brightness of the sun at 10 parsecs from the earth? He rounded the absolute magnitude of the sun to five. A difference in five magnitudes is 100 solar luminosities. Absolute magnitude zero stars were close to 100 solar luminosities. To reduce the brightness of a star 100 times what it was at 10 parsecs meant by the inverse square law it had to be 10 times further away, because 10 squared is 100. His hypothetical star was then 100 parsecs distant. He knew a parsec was 3.26 light years, so it was then 326 light years from him. The galaxy had some two hundred billon stars in it and was some 100 to 200 thousand light years across and some 1000 light years thick Therefore, he had to choose a constellation. Since Perseus was the radiant of the most spectacular meteor shower on earth whose maximum was around August 12 (called the Perseid Meteor Shower), he went to the Bright Star Catalogue and looked under the listings for Perseus for a star that met his criteria. The star that came up was called HD 26961, which had apparent magnitude of 4.60 close enough to the absolute magnitude of the sun of 4.83, an absolute magnitude of 0.35, close enough to zero, a distance from earth of 318 light years, close to his 326 light years projected in his calculation, and a spectral class of A2V, the roman numeral V meant main sequence, or a normal star like the sun, on the curve right up the middle of an HR Diagram an S shaped curve that had on either side of it Red Giants and White Dwarfs, which are off the main sequence, the HR diagram being a sort of plot of luminosity of stars versus their temperature. When Alien one and Alien two gave him his space ship, this was where he would go after visiting Ursa Major, the nearest star cluster. Leonard made the following table and entered it in his journal:

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Chapter 11: Prelude That which had come to pass was, after enough years passed that humans needed to colonize mars, it was time for more advanced civilizations that had already colonized their fourth planet, to colonize a new star system. This is when for some that blue stars came into demand. As such the civilizations of the Galaxy were in Sync with one another. The drama of the Galaxy was like a great symphony. It was such a time for the people of Earth, and, their sister worlds. All at the same level to their fourth planet, and at a higher level to a blue star. No living being in the Galaxy knew why, and Alien one and Alien two thought Leonard might find the answer in his search for the origins of Tarot and what it meant.

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