ANCIENTPERIODANDEARLYINHABITEDAREAS

Period Paleolithic Year 35000 yrs ago Maincharacteristico Inhabitants livesincaves mainxtvtcollecting forestproduct& hunting startedusingstone tools(simpleand crude) livesincaves,along riversandlakes startfarming usedmorerefined stonetools Abletomake earthenware Area tampanestuary, perak niahcaves, Sarawak tingkayu,sabah

Mesolithic 11000 yrs ago

Neolithic

5000 yrs ago

Metalage

2500 yrs ago

usedmore sophisticatedtools startrearing livestock start communincating startcreatingobject andusingaccessories populationgrew developed residentialareain wideopenlandnear rivers moreorderlyand sedentarylifestyle practisedcustoms

chacaves, Kelantan kecilcaves, Pahang kepahcaves, kedah jenderamhilir, Selangor madaicaves, sabah gamantangcaves, sabah niahcaves, Sarawak Samewith Mesolithicplaces

langriver, Selangor langarriver, Selangor muarriver,johor tembelingriver, Pahang tganuriver,tganu

EMPIREOFMALACCAHISTORY
TheGoldenAgeofMalacca wasfoundedbyParameswarain1403 MalaccagrewintogreatempireinMalayArchipelago wellknownascenterformaritimetrade,thespreadofIslam anempirewithadvancecivilization Therulerwastheheadofstate,theIslamicregionandthearmy the government was based on two laws (Malacca Law, Malacca LawoftheSea)

ReasonbehindMalaccasglory i. itsstrategiclocationmidwayalongIndiaandchina ii. MalayasLinguaFranca iii. usageofcurrencysystem iv. strongtradetiesbetweenforeigncountries v. reasonabletaxationsystem vi. efficientadministrativesystem FromPoliticalSide i. ReceivedprotectionfromChinaagainstSiam ii. strengthen its position by building diplomatic ties with JavaandIndia FallofMalacca endedin1511afterPortugeseattack Reached supremacy under the rule of Sultan Mansur Syah but declibedthereafter Internalfactor afterthedeathofTunPerak,Malaccabecomelackedofefficient leader hissuccessor,TunMutahir,wasaweakleader.Asaresult,there wereoftenstrugglesforpowers sultanMahmudpaidlessattentiontotheadministration,bribery andhightaxes,causepplsplitanddisunited malay ppl become hostile to Indian Muslim. Evidence, Sultan MahmudcommandedTunMutahirandTunAlitobeputtodeath duetothebetrayalofKitulandRajaMandaliar. later, Chief Minister Tepok replaced him, but he was very old oredy. Continued misunderstanding and dispute caused segregation amongppl. Externalfactor discoveryofCapeofGoodHopeinSouthAfricabyBartholomew Diazin1488easiertosailfromWesttoEast.Asaresult,easier forPortugesetoinvadeMalacca Internal conflict and high taxes caused merchants to move to otherports MALAYAUNDERBRITISHPOLICY THE BACKGROUND OF WESTERN COLONIZATION (bace notestulistgn) ColonialEra FactorsforColonizing i. vastnaturalresources ii. place for them to extend their political influence and Christianfaith

Table1:Colonistsandthefeaturesofdomination

PortugeseandDucthColonization portugese,leadbyAlfonsodeAlbuquerque,tookoverMalaccain 1511

Mainreason i. Tocontrolmaritimetradeineast ii. tospreadChristianity iii. FAILED.Duetotheinconsistencybetweentheirtrading practiceandreligion although they did conquer Malacca, their objectives was not completely achieved bcoz Malays often attacked them, limiting theirinfluenceonlytothevicinityoftheFort PortugesecolonizationledtothefallingofMalaccaabdthestart ofnewkingdom,theJohoreRiauMalayKingdom. with assistant from johor, Dutch defeated Portugese and took overMalaccain1641 thedutchonlyinterestedintinoresinMalaypeninsula.

BritishColonization focusontheopeningofSingapore

TheAcquisitionofPenangandSingapore EnglishmerchantssetupBritishEastHindiaCompanyin1600to improvetradeintheregion. in 11 August 1786, Sultan Abdullah made an agreement with FrancisLighttoprotectKedahfromSiam.Thus,PenangIslandwas giventoBritish on6thFeb1819,StamfordRafflesoccupiedSpore. achievedthruBritishmanipulationinalocalissuebetweenChief MilitaryofficerAbdulRahmanandSultanAbdulRahmaninRiau.

Fromeconomicviewpoint i. taxation system and imposition of license on boats and firearmswereintroduced ii. banonslaverysystem iii. immigrationofforeignworkers

THESTRUGGLEAGAINSTCOLONIALIST
DatoBahaman Pahang,18911895 In1888,J.P.RodgerwasappointedasPahangsResidentandhe introducedthepostTaxCollectorandmagistrate Localdignitarieslosttheirsourceofincomefromtaxes aholywarwaslaunchedagainstBritish Tokjanggut(HajiWanHassan) kelantan,1915 therebelliowasbetterknownasthePeasantsRebellion oppositionstartedwhentheBritishappointedaDistrictOfficerin PasirPutih,andimposestaxesonlocalppl. arroganceoftaxcollectormakesthingsworse thecaptureofPasirPutihPoliceStationandtheestablishmentof atemporarygovernment MatKilau sonofTokGajah joinedrebellionagainsttheBritishimperialism(PahangRebellion 18911895) havemanyabilities(canpretendtobedeadforhours) SharifMasahor Sarawak,185360 objectiontoJamesBrookeoccupyingtheareaofSungaiRajang Combined with Datuk Patinggi Abdul Gapur toattack the British fortsinKanowitandKuching LarutWar aseriesof4warsstartedinJuly1861andendedwiththesigning ofthePangkorTreatyof1874. JWWBirchwasappointedasthePerakresident CaptainSpeedywasappointedastheministerofLarut the conflict was fought among local Chinese societies, Ghee Hin andHaiSanoverthecontrolofminingareasinPerakwhichlater on involed the rivalry between Raja Abdullah and Ngah Ibrahim (MinisterofLarut) JapaneseInvasion from15feb194215august1945 theentirecountryandSingaporeweredefeatedinjust70days theattacksstartedfromtwodirections,EastandWest KotaBharu Kuantan Mersing on12dec1941,Jitra Penang SlimRiver jan1942,KL BothJaptroopsmeetsinJohorBaharu 15feb1942,SingaporefellintoJaparmy

ANGLODUTCHTREATY1824(PERJANJIANBELANDA1824)
wassignedon17march1824 mainaimendtherivalrybetweenBritishandDutch Factorsofrivalry i. trade ii. DutchwerenothappyBritishgotSingapore iii. GotworsewhensomeBritishpplgotkilledinAmbon Effectofthistreaty i. Dutch handed Malacca to British in exchange with Bangkahulu ii. AreaofsouthofSingaporebelongstoDutch iii. AreaofnorthofSingaporebelongstoBritish iv. Agreedtoworktogethertofightpiratesxtvt StraitsSettlement(NNS) Penang,MalaccaandSingapore These states were united on 1829 with Penang was the first capitalstatewithgovernorashead. st on1 April1867,theadministrationofNNSwastransferredfrom Calcutta,IndiatoLondon. thus,declaringNNSasBritishcolonialterritory BritishInterventioninMalayStates,SabahandSarawak The first Malay states that accepted British intervention were Perak,N9,PahangandSelangor thisstateswerecalledFederatedMalayStates FactorsofBritishIntervention i. internalweakness ii. no unity among inhabitants, thus allowing British to installanadvisor iii. Presence of important natural resources such as tin ores. iv. Strongcompetitionamongwesternpowers Tomakeadministrativebecomemoreefficient i. BritishintroducedResidentsystem.Roleofresidents,to adviceSultan ii. everystateswasdivideintodistrict,division,parish,and villages iii. policeforcewereestablishedforpeacekeeping

MainaimtoestablishNewGreatEastAsiaGovernment TheJapVictory Dueto i. Britishwasnotpreparedfortheattack ii. Japhasacomprehensiveplan(spiesinMalaya) iii. japsarmywerewelltrained iv. theyhadpracticalwartactics EffectsofJapInvasion Insocialaspect i. worsentherelationshipamongraces ii. chineseseekrefugeattheedgeofthejungle Ineconomicaspect i. Malayawasincompleteconfusion ii. economicstructureweredestroyed iii. economicxtvtweredisrupted iv. inflationoccurs Frompoliticalaspects i. periodofmiseryforlocalcitizens ii. politicalawareness iii. MalayswereattractedbythesloganAsiaforAsians iv. ChineseestablishedMPAJA v. CommunistPartyofMalayabecomesstronger vi. Japusepolice(malayppl)tofightMPAJA,causingmore racialfriction vii. After Japs surrendered, the bloody conflict lasted two weeks

COMMUNISTPARTYINMALAYA DECLARATIONOFEMERGENCYIN1948
Emergency closelyrelatedtodevelopmentandxtvtoftheMCP communismcreptintoMalayaintheearlyof1920thruabranch ofKuomintangParty. ObjectivesofMCP i. To overthrow the British government and established theCommunistRepublicofMalaya assoonasWWIIended,someoftheMCPguerillasemergedfrom the jungle and prepared a strategy to take over the controlling power the form Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA) or also known asThreeStars MCPsetupsupplybadpublicspyunitcalledMinYuen FunctionsofMinYuen i. Getfoodandmedicalsuppliesforguerillasinjungle ii. ObtainedinfoonBritishxtvt

NoSupportforCommunistIdeology forMalays,communismwasagainstIslamicteachingasitdenied theexistenceofGod MCAisestablishedtosafeguardtheinterestoftheChineseppl incidently, the Malayan economy was quite stable at that time andmostMalayancitizenswereagainstMCP in 1948, following the Calcutta Resolution, the MCP launched attacksrubberestatesandtinmines CommunistUprisingandTerrorism The Asian Communist Young Cingress held in Calcutta in Feb 1948,influencedtheMCP however, MCP failed to conquer country thru constitution and peace thus,theyuseviolencetodefeatBritish injune1948,MCPlaunchedanarmeduprisinginMalaya on6oct1951,SitHenryGurneywasshotdeadbycommunist thisattackshockedBritishandactionsweretaken i. Emergency ii. TheBriggsPlan iii. Militarysteps iv. Psychologicalwarfare(theTemplerPlan) DeclarationofEmergencyandEmergencyLaws 16 june 1948, Sir Edward Gent declared Perak and Johor emergencyareas 17june1948,wholeMalayawasdeclared declaration was due to the killing of three European estate managerinPerak 23July1948,MCPwasofficiallyoutlawed Impact i. Roadblocksandcurfewinareaswherecommunistwere rife ii. Introductionofregistrationsystem(IC) TheBriggsPlan to eradicate communist xtvt thru a strategy to relocate the squatterareasfromtheedgeoftheforesttoanewvillage launchedstarvationmovement weakened Min Yuen xtvt and forced the communist out of the jungles MilitaryMeasures SirGeraldTemplerreplacedSirHenryGurney usedmilitaryforcetofightthecommunist include13battalionsofEnglishsoldiers,GurkhasandMalays forminghomeguardssystemin1953 recruitingassistantfromCommonwealthCountries

PsychologicalWarfare SirGerardTemplertookthisaction thoseactionsare i. Making conditions easier for non Malays to obtain citizenship ii. Pardoning large number of MCP members who surrendered iii. Rewardingpplwhogiveinforegardingcommunist iv. Givingoutpamphletscallingthecommunisttogiveup v. Introducedthesystemofwhiteandblackareas.White freefromcommunist TheBalingNegotiation MCPnegotiateswithgovernmentofMalaya heldinBaling,Kedahin28,29dec1955 Government vs MCP TunkuAbdulRahman ChinPeng DavidMarshall ChenTien TanChengLok RashidMaidin negotiation failed becoz MCP rejected governments pffer and refusedtolaydowntheirarm ImpactofEmergency 31 July 1960, Tunku Abdul Rahman proclaimed the end of Emergency MCPfailuredueto i. Their offensive act against the Malayan Union Government ii. LackofsupportfromtheMalayancitizen iii. Lackofprotectionfromothercommunistcountry many were killed, property were destroyed, economy was crippled newvillagewithpublicfacilitiesunlikethoseintraditionalmalay villagewidenedthesocialgap Malayaobtainedindependenceon31staugust1957 struggle for independence can be divided to two stages (bloody andwithoutbloodshedstage)

to restore peace, British Military Administration (BMA) was established the military system did not last and British proposed a new systemcalledMALAYANUNION

THESTRUGGLETOINDEPENDENCE

MALAYANUNION
Japsurrenderedin1945andwiththeWWIIended period between Jap surrendered and the return of British to Malaya gave the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) to take opportunitytotakeoverthegovernmentinMalaya MCPcontrolledMalayafor14days BritishreturnedtoMalayainSept1945

ProposalforSettingUptheMalayanUnion in 10 oct 1945, the Bristish Parliament presented a white paper withthecontentthattheBritishaimedtocreateanewsystemof administrationinMalayaknownasMU MainObjectivesofMU i. to ensure that the economic interest of the British in Malayaispretected ii. cutdownadministrativecost iii. tograntindependence Harold MacMaichael was vested with responsibility to get agreementofalltheMalayrulers jan1946,constitutionofMuwaspassedonandon1April1946, MUwasofficiallyproclaimed EdwardGentasthefirstGovernor OppositionAgainstMalayanUnion strongestoppositioncomesfromtheMalays Individually i. they voiced their opposition thru the media such as MajlisandUtusanMelayu Collectively i. organizedbyMalayUnionsatstateandnationallevel ii. demonstration by 10000 ppl on 15 dec 1945 when Sir MacMichael arrived at Kelantan to obtain Sultans signatures iii. jan1946,50000ppldemoinKedah iv. 10Feb1946,15000helpdemoinJohor v. InSelangor,CongressofMalayUnionswasheldfrom14 march1946 nd vi. 11may1946,2 congresswasheldinJohor vii. DatoOnnJaafarastheUMNOpresident

UMNOfightforindependence Malayrulersdidnotpresentduringtheinaugurationof MU MalaysopposedtheMUforanumofreasons i. thegrantingofcitizenshiptothenonMalays ii. erosionofMalayrulerspowerandsovereignty iii. MacMichaelsthreatsingettingtherulerssignatures OppositionalsocamefromformerBritishofficers i. Frank Swettenham, R.O Winstedt, George Maxwell and CecilClementiSmith Thenonmalays ii. the nonMalays accused MU to be colonial and undemocratic iii. theylostinterestbecozBritishdecisiontopostponethe enforcementofcitizenshipright iv. theyhadnocapableleadersandwerenotveryawareof politicsofMalaya v. thespiritofnationalismwasstillinthedirectionoftheir countryorigin TheFailureofMalayanUnion i. strongoppositionfromtheMalays ii. nostrongsupportfromthenonMalays iii. wrongtiming iv. wrongintroduction(didnottakeintoaccthewishesof pplinMalaya) v. oppositionfromformerBritishofficers vi. MUendonJuly1946

viii. ix.

Itsfundamentalprinciplesare

DEMOCRATICGOVERNMENT
twotypesofgovernmentexistintheworldtoday(autocracyand democracy) Inautocraticsystem power is concentrated in a single person (wicked ruler, ignoresthevoiceofppl,completelydeniespplspower) nicknamedasironfistedrulers Indemocraticsystem powerofgovernmentcomesfromtheppl priorityisgiventothevoiceandrightsoftheppl channeledthruparliamentandgeneralelection

13MAY1969
riotsbetweentheMalaysandChinese twoincidentthatcausesthisriots i. ChineseinSetapakattackedagroupofMalaywhichon theirwaytotheUMNOprocession ii. In Bukit Bintang, a Malay couple were murdered by Chineseradicalasbothofthemwerecomingoutfroma movietheater duetothese,agroupofMalayprotestertakerevengedbykilling twopassingChinesemotorcyclistandtheriotbegan 196pplhaddied,149werewounded declaration of Emergency on 14 until 16 may throughout the country (basedonChapter10) thisriotstartswithsomemisunderstandinginKampongBaru,KL some supporters of the opposition camp were over enthusiastic intheircelebrationofthepartysvictoryinthegeneralelection their actions went a bit too far and beyond the confines of the lawandsocialethics their humiliating shouts and unruly behaviour angered some supporters from another party which was in the governing coalation uncontrolled exchanged of words soon developed between the twoparties(ChineseandMalayparties)

THEDUTIESOFYANGDIPERTUANAGONG
theKingisaboveeveryoneinMalaysiaandcannotbeconvicted inanytrialnorinwhatevercourt butHisHighnesscanbeconvictedinspecialcourtprovidedfor thus, this show that every citizen (include King) is subjected to thelawsofcountry YangdiPertuanAgongisanexaltedconstitution to prevent this constitution from being tarnished, and to gain completetrustofppl,thereareseveralthingsthatKingcannotdo i. Not allowed to continue with his duties as the ruler of hisstatenorholdanysalariedposition ii. Cannotdobusiness iii. Cannot leave the Federation for more than 15 days at onetimeexceptonofficialnationalmatters AsstatedinConstitution i. HisMajestyisthechiefheadofstateandtheobjectof everycitizensallegianceandobedience ii. Hesymbolizesthenation iii. He is a component of Parliament and the countrys supremehead iv. He appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of the courtstocarryoutjusticeonhisbehalfandtodecideon anyconflictonthelaws v. All official government actions and execution of the countrys regulation are carried out in the name of Agong Selection theYangDipertuanAgongisselectedbyrotationfromamongthe MalayrulersoftheninestatesinFederations every ruler, when his turn comes, qualifies to become Agong unlessheisstillateenagerorhehimselfdoesnotwanttobecome one otherreasons mentalorhealthproblem at least 5 members of the council convinced thatheisunfittobecomeKing for a period of 5 years (can be shortened due to decease or withdrawfromtheposition) can also be shortened if His Highness ceases to be ruler of his ownstates

UMNO
foundedbyDatoOnnJaafar opposedtheMUandunitedtheMalaystofightforindependence

PETA
IkatanPemudaTanahAir(1947) aradicalandsocialistparty

MAGERAN1969(MAJLISGERAKANNEGARA)
after the Emergency on the 16 may 1969, Malaysia was directly instructedbyAgong Mageranisformedtofindthesolutionand wayssothatthe 13 mayriotsdoesnothappenedagain actionstakenare: i. ProducedRukunNegara(toincreasepplsunderstanding ontheConstitution) ii. EstablishedNewEconomyPolicy(NEP)

REIDCOMMISION
Reid Commission led by Lord Reid, setup in 1956, draw up constitutionforIndependentMalaya received suggestion and views from various organization and individuals the most important memorandum, out of 131 received, the one fromAllianceandtheMalayrulersweretakenintoaccount Lord Reid encouraged suggestion and views not just from groups/organizationbutalsofromindividually theprocesswentthruseveraldrafts the constitution was accepted and approved by the Federal Legislative Council on 15 Aug 1957. Came into effect on 27 Aug 1957

THEBACKGROUNDOFTHEFORMATIONOFMALAYSIA
(Bacenotestulistangan,chapter3ALL)

ThepowerofYangDipertuanAgong canusehispowerinthefollowingmatters i. AppointedofthePM ii. NottoconsenttothedissolutionofParliament iii. RequestforameetingoftheRulersCounciltobeheld iv. He is also the Supremacy Head of Federations Armed Forces

PARLIAMENT,JUDIACIARY,EXECUTIVE
(Bacechap4..grrrr)

DEFINITIONOFMALAY
someone who practices the religion of Islam, who normally speaks in Malay language and observes Malay customs and traditions a person who is Malay by birth, but is not a Muslim, is not recognized as Malay and does not qualify to receive any of the specialright (from chapter 8) Malay ppl regard themselves as the early indigenouspopulationofPeninsulaMalaysia mostoftheMalaypplinPeninsularMalaysiaarethedescendent ofpplwhooriginatedfromIndonesianArchipelago

CONSTITUTIONCOMMONLIST
Constitution a collection of measures and guideline for regulatingtheadministrationofacountry theguidelinecontains: i. Basisformakingthelaw ii. Basisfreedom iii. Rights and responsibilities of various parties including governmentandppl iv. Citizenship v. Judiciary vi. Finance vii. Generalelection viii. Distribution of powers among various parties (federal andstate) awrittenconstitutionissupportedbyvariousadditionaldocand othersources aconstitutionthatworksisalivinganddynamicconstitution(not fixed,adjustedandupdatedduetocurrentneeds) BackgroundofMalaysianConstitution by1946,thesituationinMalayarchipelagoareasbelow i. TheNorthBorneoCompanygaveupitsrightandpower overNorthBorneo ii. CharlesBrookehandedoverhispowerinSarawak iii. Malay states were divided into three forms of government,NNS,FMS,andUFMS.

BritishsetupMalayanUnionon1April1946andisaccompanied byaconstitutionnamedMalayanUnionConstitution afterMalayanUnionhadfailed,newconstitutionismade,which istheFederationofMalaya(PTM)Constitution1948 in1948Agreement,itstatesforthepreparationofselfrule duetothisagreement,electionisdoneon1955andAlliancewon 51seatsoutof52seats. 18jan6feb1956,aconstitutionalmeetingwasheldinLondon. Reid Commission was formedto draw up constitution for a free andindependentFederationofMalaya sixyrslater,afterMalayabecomeindependent,Singapore,Sabah andSarawakjoinedtobecomeanewnation,Malaysia thus,needanewconstitution,CobboldCommissionwassetupin April1962. CobboldCommissiontask: i. ExaminetherxnofpplofSabahandSarawak thisnewconstitutionbegantoacton16sept1963 TheSuperiorityofTheConstitution inMalaysia,theconstitutionisthesupremepower itallocatepowertothefederalandstatelevel Atfederallevel i. Parliamentisthelegislativebodytomakelaws(act) ii. Have responsibilities in matters of defense and education atstatelevel i. State Legislative Assembly (DUN) is the legislative body thatmakelaws(enactment) ii. Concerning local matters such as hawkers license or IslamicLawoutsidetheFederalTerritory both legislative bodies are empowered to make laws and these lawsarelegal however,lawsmadeoutsidetheirjurisdictionareillegal TheContentsoftheConstitution i. MalaysiaisaFederation ii. Malaysiaisaconstitutionalmonarchy iii. Malaysia is a country that practices parliamentary democracy iv. Religious freedom with Islam as the official religion of Malaysia v. SupremacyoftheConstitutionandruleoflaw vi. Doctrine of the separation of power in which the judiciary,thelegislativeandthegovernmenthaseachits freedomtocarryoutitsdifffunctionswithnoconflictof interest vii. ValidityandtransparencyoftheJudiciarywithexclusive powerssubjecttotheprovisionsoftheConstitution viii. National languages, citizenship and the special right of MalaysandthenativestribeofSabahandSarawak

UniquenessoftheMalaysianConstitution have special features to adaptto condition of physical structure andpopulationcompositionresultingfromhistoricaldevelopment assetoutbelow: i. Theroyalsystemthatexistedsincemanycenturies ii. Thepositionofthestatesthatnormallyhavetheirown autonomyandstrength iii. Theformationofpluralsociety(IndiansandChinese) iv. TheentryofSingapore,SabahandSarawak ConstitutionAmendments Reasonsandrationalforamendments: i. To maintain efficient management of the country s administration such as standardizing the regulation of landmattersinthestatesoftheFederation ii. To control the countrys peace as happened several times to the regulation relating to the Internal Security Act iii. Sothatthepplsinterestcanbeprotectedifitisfound thatthepresentlawarenorsatisfactory

THERIGHTOFMALAYSIACITIZENSHIP
Citizenshipspecialstatusheldbythepplwhohavetherightto beinacountry Thespecialrightsare: i. Therighttovoteinanelection ii. The right to take an active parts in politics including contestingforanelectionseat iii. Therighttofillapostthatisexclusivelyforcitizenonly iv. Free to own landed property and to be considered for specialtermsrelatingtopropertydevelopment v. The right to receive a num of benefits and facilities in the country including welfare benefits, educations and soon vi. Freedomofmovementthroughoutthecountry vii. Therightnottobeexiled Thecitizensroleinacountry i. Give national services including joining the army if requiredto ii. Abidethelawsandhelpsrunthesysteminthecountry iii. Contribute to the productivity of the country in whateverfieldhetakes iv. Participate and as far as possible, support the national programmesandeventssuchastheIndependenceDay celebration

Waysofacquiringcitizenship i. JusSoli basedonthelawsofthebirthplace for ppl who born in Malaysia btwn 31 aug 1957 and October1962. thosebornafter1962canbecomecitizeniftheyfulfill oneofthebelow Themotherorfatherisacitizenatthetimeof hisbirth At the time of his birth, the mother or the fatherhasbeenresidinginthecountryor Atthetimeofhisbirth,hewasnotacitizenof anycountry ii. JusSanguinis followstheblooddescent relies solely on the citizenship status of the father. If the father of the newly born is a citizen of the Federation, he too become a citizen regardless of whetherheisbornoutsidethecountry. however, the newly born that is born outside the countrywillonlyinheritshisfatherstatusifthefathers citizenshipstatusis: HisownfatherwasborninMalaysia Hisfatherholdsapostinthepublicservicein theFederalorStatelevel His birth was registered at the office of a Malaysian Consulate or with the Malaysian governmentwithinoneyearafterhisbirth iii. Marriage isgiventhruregistration thefollowingconditionmustbefulfilled IfthehusbandisacitizeninOct1962orprior tothat,andthemarriageisstillbinding The foreign women ahas lived in the Federation for two years before the application is made, has the intention to continuelivingintheFederationandisofgood conduct iv. Naturalization provides opportunity to resident who are not born in MalaysiatobecomeMalaysiancitizen thefollowingrequirementsmustbefulfilled Aged21andabove,and HavelivedintheFederationforatleast10out of 12 years from and up to the date of application,and Have the intention of live permanently in the country,and Ofgoodconduct,and HavesufficientknowledgeinMalaylanguage

LossofcitizenshipStatus i. Rejectthecitizenshipforpersonalreasons ii. Hasviolatedsomelaws,whichare: Hehasbecomethecitizenofanothercountry Heisenjoyingtherightsandfacilitiesinother country,whereasthoserightswereonlygiven tothecitizenofthosecountry A woman becomes the citizen of a foreign country thru marriage with a man from the countryconcerned Actsnegativelyshowingheisnolongerloyalto Malaysia Hasbusinessoftieswithahostilecountry Hasbeensentencedinastatewithinaperiod of 5 years after becoming a citizen of the Federation,withajailsentenceofnotlessthat 12monthsorfinednotlessthanRM5000. Gives service to other country without permission Lives continuously in a foreign country unless he is on service with or on behalf the Malaysiangovernment Thecitizenshiphasbeenfalselyobtained Aforeignwomanwhoacquiredhercitizenship status thru a marriage, is divorced from the husband, except in the case of divorce where thehusbandhadpassedaway

CHINESEIMMIGRANT
they in large number after 1848, the year Long Jaafar found tin oresinLarut,Perak the Chinese at that time, comprised merchants who settled in Malacca, Kuala Tganu and at the estuary of Johor and Pahang rivers. thismigrationofChineseandIndianstartedafterthefoundingof th tin ores in the mid of 19 century, caused the total population riserapidly mostofthemworkedasbusinessmanandcraftsmen injohor,thearrivalofChinesebetween192562wasduetothe encouragement from Temenggung Ibrahim for the purpose of openinggambierandblackpepperplatation th in the early 20 century, most of them continued to live in the country in 1930s, immigration requirement were tighten; Jap took over China and WWII erupted causing the Chinese to live on in Malaysia during WWII, Chinese formed MPAJA and in 1948 they formed MRLA.

duringemergency,thosewholiveattheedgeofthejunglewere moved to new villages to prevent them from being used and forcedtogivehelptothecommunistguerillas most of the Chinese in Malaya originated from Fukien, KwangtungandKwangsiinSouthChina the entered the country thru the contract system (3 years) arranged by agents. However, this system is eliminated in 1914 andmanyChinesemigratedindividually in 1931, the population of non Malays (53.2%) was higher that Malays(44.7%).Outof53.2%,39%wasChinese FactorsthatleadChinesetomigratetoMalaya i. DifficultiesoflivinginChina(experiencehardshipdueto rapid increase in population, frequent natural disaster, limitednaturalresources) ii. Political instability in the district of South China (Manchu dynasty that ruled the China at that time is consideredtobeforeigner) iii. Growthinthetinandrubberindustry iv. PoliticalstabilityofMalaya v. Migrationfacilities(steamshipandagents) vi. Chinese population characteristic (Kwangtung and Fukien,theyliketravelling main cluster of Chinese ppl in Malaya; Hokien, Hakka, Teochew andFukien NATIONALINTERGRATION Nationalunityreferstotheunitingofvariousgroupsthathave differentsocialandculturalbackgrounds,intoonephysicalentity The concept of integration a process of uniting groups with different background into one entity bound by common norms, valuesandinterests definition of integration reveal that it contains an important element and that is the groups that unite, despite their varied background,feeleachasenseofbelonging Nationalintegrationanabstractprocess,acomingorabinding togetherthatisgenuineandtimeconsuming thisconceptofnationalintegrationhasoftenbeensynonymously takentomeannationalunityandsolidarity unityandsolidarityarepoliticalconceptthatrefertoasituation wheretheaimisthesame,compromiseandclosecooperationto achievethesameobjective thisismadepossiblebyregulationsorstructures integration on the other hand, is a situation of spontaneous understanding and communication that arise naturally without imposition(arisesduetomutualadaptation) theconceptofunityasappliedinMalaysiameansAprocessof uniting the members of society and the country as a whole thru

national ideologies so that the members of the society can build upidentity,commonvaluesandasenseofbelonging Importanceofnationalintegration i. To ensure social stability which then leads to national development The process of national Integration in Malaysia can be analysed basedonthemodelofcontactbetweendiffethnicgroupsorraces

Segregation characteristic of a split among the ethnic groups in a country (by residence, school system, transportation, publicfacilities) Accomodation a process where the ethnic groups are aware of each othersnormandvaluesbutthetcontinuetosafeguard theirownliving culture.However,theyliveinharmony andrewspecteachother Acculturation the process that is sometimes known as cultural assimilation. Happens when ppl from a minority group accept the norms, value and patterns of behaviour (cultres)ofthemajoritygroups.Thisprocessisaprocess of borrowing or accepting the cultural element of the majority griups without changing the original cultural element Assimilation a process that is sometimes given the name of structural assimilation to differentiate it from acculturation or cultural assimilation. The concept of assimilation is about the entry into a dominant society thrufriendshipandcloseconnection Amalgamation a process that happens when culture or race mixes to formtypesofnewcultureandrace(thruintermarriage betweenethnicgroupsorraces) NationalIntegrationProblem i. Prejudice Attitude towards other groups based on common generalizations (stereotype), on evidencethatarenotconcrete Prejudgmentaction ii. Communalism

Attitude of favoring ones own ethnic community iii. Ethnocentrism Refers to the beliefs that onesown culture is superiortothatofothers thesethreeintegrationproblemabovearedueto: i. Ignoranceofotherethnicgroups ii. Processofsocializationlimitedtowithinethnicgroups iii. Communalpolitics iv. Socioeconomicdifferent v. Culturaldifferences vi. Segregationorphysicalseparation StrifeTowardsUnityandNationalIntegration Politicalefforts i. actions thru the legislative system, laws and acts are made by the Parliament to settle problem related to unity ii. theactspassedbyParliamentsafeguardsunderstanding amongtheraces iii. Provide Internal Security Act (ISA) to protect the countrysinterestsandinternalsecurity iv. The Alliance, unites parties into one bigger multi racial organization Economicefforts i. Creating Malay entrepreneurs by giving loans, licenses andworkcontracts(PERNAS, MARA,UDAhelpsMalays whoareactiveinbusinessworld) ii. Employment opportunities were given to the bumiputeracommunitybycreatingindustrialzoneswith thenecessaryfacilities iii. Encouragingforeigninvestortoinvestinthecountry SocialandCulturalefforts i. Encouragingthesharinggofvaluesamongtheraces ii. The education curriculum is adjusted for the introductionofculturalelementsandinteractionamong variousraces iii. Agencies and organizations that have a role to play in racialunityweresetup(KEMASandRukunTetangga) NationalIntegrationStrategiesinMalaysia i. Unitingthemembersofanethnicgroupbeforetryingto createnationalunity ii. Reducingtheeconomicdifferencesamongethnicgroups iii. Implementation of all policies , economic, social and cultural iv. To make sure policies and decisions that are made are implemented, the decision made should be based on

the principle of compromise among the leaders of ethnicgroups MethodtoAchieveNationalIntegration Methodforsociopsychologicaldevelopment i. Formaleducation ii. Cocurriculumxtvt iii. Socialgroupsthatinvolveallethnicgroups iv. Socialxtvt(involveallethnicgroups) v. Tourismwithinthecountry vi. Massmedia MethodforSocioEconomicDevelopment i. Improvingeducationalinfrastructure ii. Createbumiputeraentrepreneursandprofessional iii. Developmentinthesmallenterprisesector iv. Developmentofruralinfrastructure v. Developmentoftheruralfolks RUKUNNEGARA was officially proclaimed by the Yang DiPertuan Agong on 31 August1970,onthedayMalaysiacelebratedits13thnationalday. this idea was formulated a few months after the 13 may, 1969 tragedy

TheObjectivesofRukunNegara i. Toachieveagreaterunityamongtheppl ii. Tomaintainademocraticwayoflifestyle iii. Tocreateajustsocietyinwhichthenationswealthcan beenjoyedtogetherinafairandequitablemanner iv. Toensurealiberalattitudetowardstherichanddiverse culturaltradition v. To build a progressive society which shall be oriented towardsmodernscienceandtechnology

ThePrinciplesofRukunNegara i. BeliefsinGod ii. LoyaltytoKingandcountry iii. UpholdingtheConstitution iv. RuletheLaw v. DecorumandMorality

NEWECONOMYPOLICY(NEP)
toensurethatnooneethnicgroupwoulddominateaparticular fieldorsector NEPsobjectivesistorestructuresociety amongthestepstakenare: i. To increase employment opportunities for the Bumiputerasattheprofessionalandmanagementlevel positionsinthecorporatesector this effort had seen changes in the increasing num of Bumiputerasinpositionsthatwerepreviouslydominatedbynon bumiputera from the point of view of the distribution of ethnic groups accordingtoemployment,certainethnicgroupsarestilldominant in certain occupations. (Chinese are still dominant in the filed of administrationandmanagement) later on, the number of Bumiputera gradually increase in many sectors thus, government effort in restructuring employment has been successful (FromChap11) NEPisaframeworkforalongtermplan,extendsoveraperiodof 20years(19711990) itinvolvedfourfiveyearMalaysianPlans(MP)startingwithMP2 andendingwithMP5 TwomainobjectivesofNEPare: i. Toreduceanderadicatepovertyregardlessofethnicity ii. To restructure the society as to eliminate community identificationthrusectors Thestrategiesoutlinedtoeradicatepoverty: i. Modernize the living condition of the lower income groups ii. Expand employment opportunities for all Malayasian citizenregardlessofraces iii. Encourage participation in sector of high potential and highproductivecapacitysucasbusiness,industriesand services iv. Improve further the productivity of the poor, thereby increasingtheirincome Thestrategiescarriedouttorestructuresociety i. Raisethepplsownershipintheprivatesector ii. BuildabusinesssocietyamongtheBumiputeras iii. Developed areas that has remained backward but high inpotential

Enhanceeducationopportunitieswithinandoutsidethe country generally, the NEP succeeded in curbing racial violence from eruptingagainasitdidin1969 the philosophy of NEP, which is to create national unity and integration thru development with fair distribution has been finallyfruitful UDA Businessdevelopment was established to intensify bumiputera involvement oriented towardstheformationofacommercialsociety

iv.

VISION2020
Acrusadesloganormottothatis,afightbasedonasloganpicked bythegovernmenttoempowercitizentotransformMalaysiainto adevelopednation thetargeteddevelopednationisonepatterneduponthecountry itselftakingintoaccthediversityofraces,religion,hoistoricaland culturalbackground,customandeasternvalues the desired developed Malaysian nation is holistic in nature, developedfrom: Economic aspect increasing income per capita or becomingfullyindustrializedcountry Wellbeingofsocietyinallaspectoflife

resulting in a higher rate of growth in the national economy ii. to create max competition, a high demand for management expertise and entrepreneurship and developopportunitiesforBumiputerabusiness iii. to control the growth in size of the public sector which could produce negative effects on the governments financialstability iv. toimproveprofitsthrudemocraticdistribution v. to inculcate attitude or practical values to love the nation thru cooperation, efficiency, uprightness, effectivenessandresponsibility privatizationisconsideredtobeeffectivewhenthegovernments burdenandfinanceisreduced

NATIONAL INDUSTRIALIZATION POLICY (NIP) 2nd phase ofMP

THEPRIVATIZATIONPOLICY
A policy that supports the Malaysian Incorporation Policy and transfergovernmentsectorfunctionsandactivitiestotheprivate sector this policy indicates that government was ready to reduce and giveupanumberofgovernmentxtvtinthecountrytotheprivate sectortoraiseproductivityqualityandadministrativeefficiency theprivatizationxtvtwasconcentratedonanumberofprojects thathadnotbeensatisfactorilyimplementedwhetherintermof effectivenessorproductivity Objectives: i. to bring about effective management to improve economic performance and services as a whole, finally

WhyNationalIndustrialPolicyisintroduced: i. rapideconomicgrowth ii. highandcontinueddemandsforindustrialgoods iii. growingfuturelaborneeds startingfromthe80s,governmentencouragedthedevelopment of heavy industries that would equip the ppl with high technologicalskills industrialdevelopmentwassatisfactoryin60s,70sand80sbut themanufacturingsectorwasslow Malaysia depends heavily on electrical, electronic and textile product product standards too was a problem and made local products lesscompetitivecomparedtoforeignproducts thus,Malaysialaunchedtwoimportantstudiesin1983 i. MalaysianIndustrialPolicyStudy(MIPS) ii. IndustrialMasterPlan(IMP). the purpose of MIPS was to assess and to amend existing industrialpoliciesandtoreviewinvestmentincentivesandexport promotionpolicies the purpose of IMP was to formulate general industrial development objectives besides determining the strategies for smallsectorwithpotential theeconomicdeclinedin19851986showedtheweaknessinthe countrysindustrialstructure the NIP was made a catalyst to raise organizational productivity employeesskillsandtodetermineandencourageaddedvaluefor entrepreneurstoworktogethertodevelopthenation the formulation of NIP symbolizes the governments determination to energies the industrial sector so that the manufacturingbecomesoneoftheimportantsourcesofnational income inMP7,theindustrialstrategieswastoincreasehightechnology basedproductiontocutdownthedependenceonlabor

NATIONALPLANNINGPOLICY3rdphaseofMP
Purpose/focus: i. TocreateafairerandmoreunitedMalaysiansociety ii. Oriented more towards poverty among the poorest groups and also relative poverty between and within ethnicgroups this was the first stage of the countrys stride towards being a developedcountryasenvisagedinVision2020. thePMproclaimedthisvisionforthefirsttimeon28Feb1991 oriented towards a balanced development generate rapid socioeconomic growth followed by subsequently by income distribution Governmentsefforts i. Support and assist bumiputeras thru governments agencies (involvement of bumiputera community is targetedtobe30%) ii. Jointventuresandthespiritofsharingofferedbymore advancedandforwardcommunitiesorgroups iii. Improvedandextendedfurtherthesocialfacilitiestobe enjoyedbyallcitizens iv. Activeinvolvementofprivatesectortogetherwithother strategies in the implementation of OPP2, provide employmentopportunities v.

Property taxis frequently the basis formunicipalandcountyrevenues, whilesales taxand/orincome taxarethebasisforstaterevenues,andincometaxandcorporate taxarethebasisfornationalrevenues. The two basic elements of any budget are therevenuesandexpenses. In the case of the government, revenues are derived primarily fromtaxes. Government expenses include spending on current goods and services, which economists callgovernment consumption;government investment expendituressuch as infrastructure investment or research expenditure; andtransfer paymentslikeunemploymentorretirementbenefits. Budgetshaveaneconomic,politicalandtechnicalbasis. Unlikeapureeconomicbudget,theyarenotentirelydesignedto allocatescarceresourcesforthebesteconomicuse. They also have a political basis wherein different interests push andpullinanattempttoobtainbenefitsandavoidburdens. The technical element is the forecast of the likely levels of revenuesandexpenses.

gas transmissionpipelinenetwork operations; marketing ofliquefied natural gas;petrochemicalmanufacturing and marketing; shipping;automotive engineering; and property investment. ThePetronas Twin Towerswere officially opened on Malaysia's 42nd National Day, August 31, 1998 in the Corporation's 24th Anniversaryyear.

UDA
-TheUrban Development Authority of Malaysia(Malay:Perbadanan Pembangunan Bandar; commonly abbreviatedasUDA)isagovernmentalagencyinMalaysia. It serves to launch and oversee urban development projects related to business, industry, and housing. It is also tasked with developingurbaninfrastructure. UDAdevelopsandreappropriatesurbanstructuresasitseesfit. Although this is mainly confined to redeveloping "dilapidated buildings", UDA is also responsible for conservation of historic urbanbuildings. Several new towns have been developed by UDA, including theTaman Tun Dr IsmailsuburbofKuala Lumpur,Bandar Tun HusseinOnninSelangor,andBandarBaruUDAinJohorBahru. The development projects of UDA are implemented by its subsidiaries, PNS Development, UDAMurni Development, UDAPEC,SBBU,andPERUDADevelopment.

GOVERNMENTAGENCIES

PETRONAS
Petronas, short forPetroliam Nasional Berhad, is a Malaysian ownedoilandgascompanythatwasfoundedonAugust17,1974. WhollyownedbytheGovernment,thecorporationisvestedwith theentireoilandgasresourcesinMalaysiaandisentrustedwith the responsibility of developing and adding value to these resources. Petronas is ranked amongFortune Global 500's largest corporations in the world.Fortuneranks Petronas as the 95th largestcompanyintheworldin2008and80thlargestin2009 ItalsoranksPetronasasthe13thmostprofitablecompanyinthe worldandthemostprofitableinAsia Since its incorporation, Petronas has grown to be an integrated international oil and gas company with business interests in 35 countries. AsoftheendofMarch2005,thePetronasGroupcomprised103 wholly owned subsidiaries, 19 partly owned outfits and 57 associatedcompanies. Together, these companies make the Petronas Group, which is involved in various oil and gas based activities. TheFinancial Timeshas identified Petronas as one of the "new seven sisters":the most influential and mainly stateowned national oil andgascompaniesfromcountriesoutsidetheOECD. TheGroupisengagedinawidespectrumofpetroleumactivities, includingupstreamexplorationand production of oil and gas todownstreamoil refining; marketing and distribution ofpetroleum products; trading; gas processing andliquefaction;

RISDARubberIndustrySmallholders'DevelopmentAuthority RISDA was established in 1973 with the mandate to accelerate the modernization of rubber smallholdings by providing replanting grants, extension and technical advisory services on the implementation of innovations emanating from research in planting techniques, and training in farm management, processingandmarketing. RISDAisalsoresponsibleforgroupprocessingdevelopmentand has established processing centres throughout the country to provide smallholders with facilities for processing their raw materials. ThefunctionsofRISDAare,interalia: ToadministertheRubberIndustry(Replanting)Fund; Tomanageandoperateapprovedprojectsandschemes; To implement all innovations emanating from research thatareappropriatetothesmallholdersector; To cooperate and maintain liaison with all government agencies concerned with research, extension services, the provision of agricultural credits, processing and marketingofrubber; To ensure that the smallholder sector is modernized in everysenseinordertoimproveitseconomicwellbeing.

NATIONALBUDGET
Agovernment/nationalbudgetis a legal document that is often passedbythelegislature,andapprovedbythechiefexecutiveor president Forexample,onlycertaintypesofrevenuemaybeimposedand collected

Servicestotherubbersmallholdersareprovidedthroughvarious developmentprogrammes/projects. Replanting is the main activity, although other related activities andsupportingservicesareprovided. Blockorgroupreplantingisbeingencouraged,coupledwiththe latesttechnologiesthroughthetransferoftechnology. TheProductionIncentiveProgrammecoverstwomajorprojects, i.e., the supply of agricultural inputs and an increase in productionandprocessing. Human development is also given priority so that smallholders willreadilyacceptnewdevelopmentconcepts. One of the strategies for developing the rubber smallholder sector is through cooperative movement where available resources (i.e., human resources, capital and management skills) arepooled.

IKIM
The Institute of Islamic Understanding, Malaysia was first suggestedduetotheconfusionamongMuslimsandnonMuslims regardingIslam,whichledtomisunderstandingandanimositynot only between Muslims and nonMuslims but also among the Muslimsthemselves. Whetherwelikeitornot,manynonMuslimsareoftheopinion that Islam is a religion that is closely related to backwardness, poverty and weaknesses. Of late, Islam has been closely associatedwithviolenceandirrationalityanactorthoughtwhich iswithoutprinciples. WearedeeplydisappointedwiththisincorrectviewofIslamand Muslims. But the truth is that Muslims and Islamic nations are reallyleftbehind,weakanddependentonothernationsandtheir peoplefortheirvariousneedsinlifeinthismodernworld.Atthe same time, the Muslims themselves find difficulty to cooperate and be united. They easily allow themselves to be used as tools and to serve the interest of others. They are also unable and sometimesdonotwanttohelpeachother.Disunityandanimosity among them is so apparent as they often disagree among themselves. TheadministrationofIslamiccountriesinthisageisusuallyweak, backward, often chaotic and disorderly. There is no Islamic countrywhichcanbeconsideredamajorpowerandrespectedby theworldatlarge.AllIslamiccountriesareonlyconsideredtobe developingcountrieseventhoughtherearesomewithenormous wealth.ThemainreasonforthisisthattheIslamiccountriesare lackingintechnologyandsophistication.

ASEAN
OrganizationofSouthEastAsianCountries setupfollowingtheBangkokDeclarationof8August1967 all five Foreign Minister of the members countries at that time, Tun Adam Malik of Indonesia, Tun Thanat Khoman of Thailand, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, Narcisco Ramos of the Philippines and Tun AbdulRazakofMalaysiaunanimouslysignedthedeclaration 7January1984,BruneijoinedASEAN th March 1999, Cambodia became the 7 member or ASEAN followed later by Vietnam, Myanmar and Laos,making10membersaltogethernow ASEANwassetupbecoz: i. Thefailuretobuildupacomprehensive,sustained,unifiedregionalandinternationalstrength thru th South Asia Organization (ASA) that was established on 31 July 1961 with only PhilipinnesandMalaysiaasthemembers ii. ThefailureofMAPHILINDO,establishedin1963 ASEAN contributes towards economic, social and political development thru various programme for exampletheKualaLumpurDeclaration(1971) the agreement was ratified for the proclamation of South East Asia region as a zone that is neutral, peacefulandfreefromallformofforeigninterference TheProclamationwasknownasZOPFAN(ZoneofPeace,FreedomandNeutrality) ASEANalsoreachedagreementwiththeEuropeanEconomicUnion(EEC) the concept of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was implemented to underline the importance of the aspectofmaritimeboundariesasarightforcommoneconomicexploitationlikemineralsandfishing.At thesametime,itisalsotoavoidpoliticaldisputesamongcountriesintheregion

COMMONWEALTHORGANIZATION
isanorganizationofformer,independentBritishcolonies theorganizationsymbolizesanassociationofeffectiveinterwovennetworkingthatholdstogetherthe formercolonial territoriesascountriesthatare stillunitednotjustwithBritain butwithotherformer BritishprotectoratessuchasAustralia,NewZealand,Canada,IndiaandSriLanka today,thereare19membersofCommonwealthincludingMalaysia MalaysiausestheCommonwealthasabridgetoparticipateinvarioussocioeconomicandpoliticalxtvt MalaysiaistheCommonwealthSecretariatfordrawinguptechnicalcooperationprogrammessuchas technologymanagement,agriculturaltraining,environmentandremotesensing

SOUTHSOUTHCOOPERATION
is a strategic programme for strengthening friendly ties among members of the Movement of Non aligned Countries or NonAligned Movement (NAM) specifically in the aspect of protection of trade, banking and finance, price fixing and commodities, industry, information exchange, investment and technicalcooperation SouthSouthCooperationemergedforthefirsttimeintheAsiaAfricaConferenceinBandoengin1955 the conference proclaimed the importance of economic development and cooperation among memberscountries technical programmes and aid were combined in the form of expertise, training, pioneer projects, equipment,exchangeofexpertiseandlocationofinstitutionaltrainingandresearchatthenationaland internationallevel th NAMs13 ConferencehostedbyKualaLumpurin2003endedwithacollectivecalltoseekjusticeand freedom from oppression and economic hegemony, besides making war illegal to solve worlds problem

MALAYSIAANDTHEORGANIZATIONOFISLAMICCOUNTRIES(OIC)
asanIslamicnation,Malaysiaisarespectedrolemodelbecozofhercontinualeffortsatforgingcloser tieswithotherIslamiccountriesintheworld MalaysianleadershavealwaysendeavoredtoenhanceandestablishthegloryofIslam,sincethetime ofthefirstPM,TunkuAbdulRahman theoutcomeofthiswasthedecisiontoformtheOrganizationofIslamicCountries thedecisionwasmadeattheConferenceofIslamicForeignMinisterinJeddahinMarch1970 the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) was set up in May 1971 and was known as the Islamic CommonwealthorIslamicSecretariat.Totalwith43countries

Themainobjectiveofthispolicyis i. to increase the quality of management among the workers as well as creating a community with good value and positive working ethics with the aim of accelerating Malaysias development.

ADMIRALCHENGHO
Decades before Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in search of a water route to Asia, the ChinesewereexploringtheIndianOceanandWesternPacificwithsevenvoyagesofthe"TreasureFleet" thatsolidifiedChinesecontrolovermuchofAsiainthe15thcentury. TheTreasureFleetswerecommandedbyapowerfuleunuchadmiralnamedChengHo.ChengHowas bornaround1371inChina'ssouthwesternYunanProvince (justnorth ofLaos)withthenameMaHo. MaHo'sfatherwasaMuslimhajji(whohadmadeapilgrimagetoMecca)andthefamilynameofMa wasusedbyMuslimsinrepresentationofthewordMohammed. When Ma Ho was ten years old (around 1381), he was captured along with other children when the ChinesearmyinvadedYunantotakecontrolovertheregion.Attheageof13hewascastrated,aswere otheryoungprisoners,andhewasplacedasaservantinthehouseholdoftheChineseEmperor'sfourth son(outoftwentysixtotalsons),PrinceZhuDi. MaHoprovedhimselftobeanexceptionalservanttoPrinceZhuDi.Hebecameskilledintheartsofwar anddiplomacyandservedasanofficeroftheprince.ZhuDirenamedMaHoasChengHobecausethe eunuch'shorsewaskilledinbattleoutsideofaplacecalledZhenglunba.(ChengHoisalsoZhengHein thenewerPinyintransliterationofChinesebuthe'sstillmostcommonlycalledChengHo).ChengHowas alsoknownasSanBaowhichmeans"threejewels." Cheng Ho, who was said to have been seven feet tall, was given greater power when Zhu Di became emperorin1402.Oneyearlater,ZhuDiappointedChengHoadmiralandorderedhimtooverseethe constructionofaTreasureFleettoexploretheseassurroundingChina.AdmiralChengHowasthefirst eunuchappointedtosuchahighmilitarypositioninChina. FirstVoyage(14051407)

LOOKATEASTPOLICY
IntroducedbyTunMahathirMohamad Itsobjectivesare: CallingforcitizentomakeJapanandSouthKoreaasthemodelthatmustbefollowed.Besides, bothcountrieshavestrongdiplomatictieswithMalaysia Someprogrammesunderthispolicyare: Privatizationpolicy Sendingmorestudenttostudyabrodinthosecountries Followedtheirheavyindustryandproducediplomatictiedwiththecountries Theusageofpunchcardinworkingsystem Worksmartandworkhardcultures ThispolicyisdesignedtoemulatethewaysofthedevelopedcountriesintheEastsuchasJapan,and SouthKorea. HeconsideredthatthesecretoftheJapanesesuccessanditsremarkabledevelopmentliesinitslabor ethics,morale,andmanagementcapability. The "Look East" was a framework for learning from successful Japanese and South Koreans, and adaptingsomeoftheapplicablevaluesintoMalaysianneeds.

ThefirstTreasureFleetconsistedof62ships;fourwerehugewoodboats,someofthelargesteverbuilt inhistory.Theywereapproximately400feet(122meters)longand160feet(50meters)wide.Thefour were the flagships of the fleet of 62 ships assembled at Nanjing along the Yangtze (Chang) River. Includedinthefleetwere339foot(103meter)longhorseshipsthatcarriednothingbuthorses,water shipsthatcarriedfreshwaterforthecrew,trooptransports,supplyships,andwarshipsforoffensive anddefensiveneeds.TheshipswerefilledwiththousandsoftonsofChinesegoodstotradewithothers duringthevoyage.Inthefallof1405thefleetwasreadytoembarkwith27,800men. Thefleetutilizedthecompass,inventedinChinainthe11thcentury,fornavigation.Graduatedsticksof incensewereburnedtomeasuretime.Onedaywasequalto10"watches"of2.4hourseach.Chinese navigatorsdeterminelatitudethroughmonitoringtheNorthStar(Polaris)intheNorthernHemisphere ortheSouthernCrossintheSouthernHemisphere.TheshipsoftheTreasureFleetcommunicatedwith oneanotherthroughtheuseofflags,lanterns,bells,carrierpigeons,gongs,andbanners. ThedestinationofthefirstvoyageoftheTreasureFleetwasCalicut,knownasamajortradingcenteron the southwestern coast of India. India was initially "discovered" by Chinese overland explorer Hsuan Tsangintheseventhcentury.ThefleetstoppedinVietnam,Java,andMalacca,andthenheadedwest acrosstheIndianOceantoSriLankaandCalicutandCochin(citiesonthesouthwestcoastofIndia).They

remained in India to barter and trade from late 1406 to the spring of 1407 when they utilized the monsoon shift to sail toward home. On the return voyage, the Treasure Fleet was forced to battle pirates near Sumatra for several months. Eventually Cheng Ho's men managed to capture the pirate leaderandtakehimtotheChinesecapitalNanjing,arrivingin1407. SecondVoyage(14071409) AsecondvoyageoftheTreasureFleetdepartedonareturntriptoIndiain1407butChengHodidnot command this voyage. He remained in China to oversee the repair of a temple at the birthplace of a favoritegoddess.TheChineseenvoysonboardhelpedtoensurethepowerofakingofCalicut.Thefleet returnedin1409. ThirdVoyage(14091411) Thefleet'sthirdvoyage(ChengHo'ssecond)from1409to1411consistedof48shipsand30,000men.It followedcloselytherouteofthefirstvoyagebuttheTreasureFleetestablishedentrepots(warehouses) andstockadesalongtheirroutetofacilitatetradeandstorageofgoods.OnthesecondvoyagetheKing ofCeylon(SriLanka)wasaggressive;ChengHodefeatedtheking'sforcesandcapturedthekingtotake himtoNanjing. FourthVoyage(14131415) Inlate1412,ChengHowasorderedbyZhuDitomakeafourthexpedition.Itwasn'tuntillate1413or early1414thatChengHoembarkedonhisexpeditionwith63shipsand28,560men.Thegoalofthistrip was to reach the Persian Gulf at Hormuz, known to be a city of amazing wealth and goods, including pearlsandpreciousstonesmuchcovetedbytheChineseemperor.Inthesummerof1415,theTreasure FleetreturnedwithabountyoftradegoodsfromthePersianGulf.Detachmentsofthisexpeditionsailed southalongtheeasterncoastofAfricaalmostasfarsouthasMozambique.DuringeachofChengHo's voyages, he brought back diplomats from other countries or encouraged ambassadors to go to the capitalNanjingontheirown. FifthVoyage(14171419) Thefifthvoyagewasorderedin1416toreturntheambassadorswhohadarrivedfromothercountries. TheTreasureFleetdepartedin1417andvisitedthePersianGulfandtheeastcoastofAfrica,returning envoysalongtheway.Theyreturnedin1419. SixthVoyage(142122) Asixthvoyagewaslaunchedinthespringof1421andvisitedSoutheastAsia,India,thePersianGulf,and Africa.Bythistime,AfricawasconsideredChina's"ElDorado,"asourceofriches.ChengHoreturnedin late1421buttheremainderofthefleetdidn'tarriveinChinauntil1422. EmperorZhuDidiedin1424andhissonZhuGaozhibecameemperor.Hecanceledthevoyagesofthe TreasureFleetsandorderedshipbuildersandsailorstostoptheirworkandreturnhome.ChengHowas appointedmilitarycommanderofNanjing. SeventhVoyage(14311433) TheleadershipofZhuGaozhididnotlastlonghediedin1426attheageof26.HissonandZhuDi's grandson Zhu Zhanji took Zhu Gaozhi's place. Zhu Zhanji was much more like his grandfather than his

father was and in 1430 he resumed the Treasure Fleet voyages by ordering Cheng Ho to resume his duties as admiral and make a seventh voyage in an attempt to restore peaceful relations with the kingdoms of Malacca and Siam. It took a year to gear up for the voyage which departed as a large expeditionwith100shipsand27,500men. Onthereturntripin1433ChengHoisbelievedtohavedied;othersstatethathediedin1435afterthe returntoChina.Nonetheless,theeraofexplorationforChinawassoonoverasthefollowingemperors prohibitedtradeandeventheconstructionofoceangoingvessels. It'slikelythatadetachmentofoneofChengHo'sfleetssailedtonorthernAustraliaduringoneofthe sevenvoyagesbasedupontheChineseartifactsfoundaswellastheoralhistoryoftheAborigine. After the seven voyages of Cheng Ho and the Treasure Fleets, Europeans began to make headway toward China. In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded Africa's Cape of Good Hope, in 1498 Vasco da Gama reachedChina'sfavoritetradingcityofCalicut,andin1521FerdinandMagellanfinallyreachedAsiaby sailing west. China's superiority in the Indian Ocean was unrivaled until the 16th century when the PortuguesearrivedandestablishedtheircoloniesalongtherimoftheIndianOcean.

NATIONALBUDGET
Agovernment/nationalbudgetisalegaldocumentthatisoftenpassedbythelegislature,andapproved bythechiefexecutiveorpresident Forexample,onlycertaintypesofrevenuemaybeimposedandcollected Property taxis frequently the basis formunicipalandcountyrevenues, whilesales taxand/orincome taxare the basis for state revenues, andincome taxandcorporate taxare the basis for national revenues. Thetwobasicelementsofanybudgetaretherevenuesandexpenses. Inthecaseofthegovernment,revenuesarederivedprimarilyfromtaxes. Government expenses include spending on current goods and services, which economists callgovernment consumption;government investment expendituressuch as infrastructure investment orresearchexpenditure;andtransferpaymentslikeunemploymentorretirementbenefits. Budgetshaveaneconomic,politicalandtechnicalbasis. Unlikeapureeconomicbudget,theyarenotentirelydesignedtoallocatescarceresourcesforthebest economicuse. They also have a political basis wherein different interests push and pull in an attempt to obtain benefitsandavoidburdens. Thetechnicalelementistheforecastofthelikelylevelsofrevenuesandexpenses.