Gurdaspur public school Gurdaspur

PROJECT REPORT TOPIC- determination of the rates of evaporation of differen t liqu ids

SUBMITTED TO BY MR. SACHIN SHARMA ANAND TEACHER OF CHEMISTRY .

SUBMITTED ASSEEM ROLL NO-

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is bonafied work of ASSEEM ANAND of 12 (NM) of GURDASPUR PUBLIC SCHOOL. He has performed well in the completion of this project . Project has got aesthetic presentation, visual appeal and neatness. This content is accurate , vreative and orignal.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I ASSEEM ANAND student of Gurdaspur Public School has prepared a project report on the determination of rate of evaporation of different liquids.The of this project is collected through internet, our chemistry textbook and through our chemistry lab manual. It is completed with the help of our chemistry teacher MR.SACHIN SHARMA . The whole project is prepared under good guidance of him. I also thank our lab assistant who helped me to conduct various tests related to the project. I am also thankfull to my friends who helped me for completing this project.

I am very thankfull to every single person involved in this project.

ASSEEM ANAND

Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids Objective of the Project

This project is of the rate of evaporation of different liquid, in which we also discuss the factors which affect the rate of liquid.

Introduction

What is evaporation ? whenever a liquid is placed in an open vessel , it slowly escapes into the atmosphere, i.e.,changes into vapours, eventually leaving the vessel empty. The process of change of a liquid into its vapour is called evaporation.

How does the evaporation occur ? For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces.Only a small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy of a

molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As the fastermoving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling.

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules, which undergo evaporation, are high-energy molecules; therefore the kinetic energy of molecules which are left behind is less. Since the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy therefore, temperature must be lower. If the temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will have the same distribution of molecular kinetic energies and the high-energy molecule will keep on escaping from the liquid into the gas phase. If the liquid is taken in an

open vessel, evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates. Factors affecting the rate of evaporation. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air If the air already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate more slowly. Concentration of other substances in the air If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity for the substance evaporating. Concentration of other substances in the liquid (impurities) If the liquid contains other substances, it will have a lower capacity for evaporation. Flow rate of air This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. This is the result of the boundary layerat the evaporation surface decreasing with flow velocity, decreasing the diffusion distance in the stagnant layer. Inter-molecular forces

Most liquids are made up of molecules, and the levels of mutual attraction among different molecules help explain why some liquids evaporate faster than others. Attractions between molecules arise because molecules typically have regions that carry a slight negative charge, and other regions that carry a slight positive charge. These regions of electric charge are created because some atoms in the molecule are often more electronegative (electron-attracting) than others. The oxygen atom in a water (H2O) molecule is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms, for example, enabling the oxygen atom to pull electrons away from both hydrogen atoms. As a result, the oxygen atom in the water molecule carries a partial negative charge, while the hydrogen atoms carry a partial positive charge. Water molecules share a mutual attractionpositively charged hydrogen atoms in one water molecule attract negatively charged oxygen atoms in nearby water molecules. Intermolecular attractions affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid because strong intermolecular attractions hold the molecules in a liquid together more tightly. As a result, liquids with strong intermolecular attractions evaporate more slowly than liquids with weak intermolecular attractions. For example, because water molecules have stronger mutual attractions than gasoline molecules (the electric charges are more evenly distributed in gasoline molecules), gasoline evaporates more quickly than water

Pressure Evaporation happens faster if there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching themselves.

Surface area A substance that has a larger surface area will evaporate faster, as there are more surface molecules that are able to escape.

Temperature of the substance If the substance is hotter, then its molecules have a higher average kinetic energy, and evaporation will be faster.

Density The higher the density the slower a liquid evaporates

Experiment no. 1

Aim : To find the rate of evaporation of acetone. Apparatus: 1 2 3 one Petri dishe of diameter 10 cm with covers 10 ml pipette Stop watch

Chemicals: Acetone PROCEDURE 1. Clean and dry the Petri dish. 2. Pipette out 10 ml of acetone to Petri dish A and cover it. 2. Uncover the Petri dishes simultaneously and start the stop-watch. 6. Note the respective time when the liquids evaporate completely from Petri dish.

OBSERVATIONS Petri dish Mark A Liquid Taken Acetone Time taken for complete evaporation 53 min

Rate of evaporation = W2-W1

Experiment no. 2
Aim : To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone. Requirement : Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette, thermometer, thermostat. Procedure : 1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B. 2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them with lids. 3. Set up a thermostat at a temperature of about 15-20C higher than the room temperature. 4. Remove the lid from petridish A and place it in the thermostat and start the stop watch immediately.

5. Uncover the petridish B and place it at the room temperature and start the stop watch immediately 6. Note the reading. Observation : Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri dishes Marked A B

Time (Sec.) 10 20

Temperature Volume Taken Evaporated (0C) (ml.) volume (ml.) 30 40 10 10 10 10

Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given Room Temperature < Heating. Conclusion : Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with temperature.

Experiment no. 3

Aim : To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone. Requirement : Two Petri dishes of same size , two stop watches and a 10ml pipette. Chemicals required : Acetone Procedure : 1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes of acetone and mark them as A and B. 2. Pipette out 10 ml of acetone in petridish A and keep it before a table fan . Start the stop watch immediately. 3. Pipette out 10 ml of acetone in petridish B and place it where there is no table fan. Start the stop watch immediately. 4. Note the time taken for complete evaporation of acetone in both the petri dishes.

Observation : Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.

Petri dishes Conditions Marked

Time (Sec.)

volume Evaporated

A B

With fan without fan

40 50

(ml.) 10 10

Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given With fan > Without Fan.. Conclusion : The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in rate of flow of air current.

Summary : From the experiments 1-3 it is clear that the rate of evaporation depends upon The nature of the liquid. Temperature. Air currents flowing over the surface of the liquid.