Experiment 1.

3 - Resistors in Series & 1st Kirchoff's Law

Objectives:
y y
Voltage divider. First Kirchoff's Law.

Equipment Required:
y y y y y
TPS-3321 Power supply A multimeter Banana wires Resistors: 1M, 91K, 10K, 5.1K, 1K, 100 ;

Procedure:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Connect the TPS-3321 to the power supply. Connect the power supply to the Mains. Turn ON the trainer. Connect the +12V socket to resistor R5 at the TPS-3321. Connect the free socket of R5 to resistor R6 using banana wire. Connect the free socket of R6 to the minus of the power supply (the GND). You have implemented the following circuit:
I R5 12V + R6 100; 1K

Step 7:

Turn on the multimeter and shift it to the voltage-measuring mode, 20 Volts range. Connect its probes to the sockets of R5. Write down the voltage you have measured:

VR6 = ____V
Step 8: Measure voltage on the resistor R5 :

VR5 = ____V
Step 9: Measure the voltage source.

V = ____V
Step 10: Check if:

V = VR5 + VR6

Step 11:

Check the relation:

5

What does this formula calculate? Step 12: Disconnect R5 from power supply. Turn the multimeter to current measurement mode. Connect its positive probe (the red one) to the plus of the power supply, and its negative probe to the R5. What current do you read? Is it consistent with step 11? Disconnect the multimeter from the circuit and connect resistor R5 back to the power supply. Turn the multimeter into voltage measuring mode. 1st Kirchoff's Law states that sum of all voltages in closed circuit equals to zero. Let's check this. Measure the voltage on the power supply and two resistors in the way that voltmeter's polarity will stay constant. Write down voltages with the sign:
I + R5 + R6 -

Step 13:

Step 14:

V = ___V, VR5 = ___V, VR6 = ___V

The First Kirchoff's Law demands that V1 + V2 + V3 = 0. Check that. Disassemble the circuit. Step 15: In experiment 1.1 you have calculated and measured resistance of all the resistors at TPS-3321. What would be total resistance if we connect them all in serial?

!
5

1K 12V + 100;

Step 16:

Connect the five resistors as shows:

R1 1M R2 91K R3 10K R4 5.1K R5 1K

Measure total resistance of the system.

RT = ____;
Check if:

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5

Experiment Report:
1) Write the name of each experiment and draw below the electronic circuit. For each circuit include the experiment measurements, results and graphs. 2) Compare between the preliminary questions and the examples with the measurement results.

Experiment 1.4 - Resistors in Parallel & 2nd Kirchoff's Law

Objectives:
y y y
Current divider. The Second Kirchoff's Law. Mixed networks.

Equipment Required:
y y y y y
TPS-3321 Power supply A multimeter Banana wires Resistors: 10K, 5.1K, 1K, 100 ;

Procedure:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Connect the TPS-3321 to the power supply. Connect the power supply to the Mains. Turn ON the trainer. Adjust the power supply variable voltage to +3V. Implement the following circuit:

3V

+ -

1K A

R5

5.1K

R4

Write down the measured current:

IR5 = ____mA
Step 6: Measure current that flows through R4 :

3V

+ -

1K

R5

5.1K R4 A

IR4 = ____mA

Step 7:

Check if
5

or the same

IR1R1 = IR2R2
What does the later formula calculates? Step 8: Measure the total current:
A + 1K R5 5.1K R4

IT = ____mA
Step 9: Check if:

IT = IR4 + IR5
Step 10: The Second Kirchoff's Law states that sum of all currents that enter a point in electrical circuit equals to zero. If a current comes out of a point, it is taken into the sum with the negative sign. In our case lets take the point where R4 and R5 are being connected to the plus of the power supply. The current from the power supply enters this point; therefore, IT should be taken with positive sign. The resistor's currents are leaving the point therefore; they should be taken with the negative signs. Check if:

IT IR4 IR5 = 0

exists,

3V

Step 11:

As shown in discussion, total resistance of n resistors connected in parallel is calculated by:

1 1
1

1
2

- 

1
n

What would be the total resistance of all the resistors in TPS-3321 connected in parallel? Step 12: Connect the resisters as follows and measure their resistance:

R3 10K R4 5.1K R5 1K

RT = ____;
Does the measurement comply with theoretical prediction? Step 13: Now we have all mathematical apparatus needed to calculate any resister network with mixed connection: both parallel and serial. Assemble the following network and calculate its resistance.
R5 1K 100; R6 5.1K R4

When meeting complicated mixed resistor networks it is easy to calculate the total resistance in steps: first find part of the network that you can recognize as a simple connection either serial or parallel. Substitute that part as one resistor with value equal to total resistance of that part. You will get a new circuit, which is exactly equal to the former one, but has fewer components and therefore is simpler. Find another part that's connection is familiar to you and proceed in this manner.

In our case, it is obvious that resistors R2, R4 and R5 are connected in serial. The resulting resistor is connected in parallel with R 3. When we substitute their connection with one resistor, it would be connected in serial with R1. The total resistance of the network is:

RT = ____;
Step 14: Check yourself by measuring the resistance of the assembled circuit.

Experiment Report:
1) Write the name of each experiment and draw below the electronic circuit. For each circuit include the experiment measurements, results and graphs. 2) Compare between the preliminary questions and the examples with the measurement results.

Experiment 2.1 - Crystal Diode

Objectives:
y y y
Diode characteristics. Diode rectifier. Diode circuits.

Equipment Required:
y y y y y
TPS-3321 Power supply A multitester Banana wires Silicon diode 1N914, Germanium diode 1N270 and Resistor 2K ;

Procedure:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Connect the TPS-3321 to the power supply. Connect the power supply to the Mains. Connect the following circuit to a variable power supply.
I R 1K Vs D1 1N914

Step 4: Step 5:

Turn ON the power supply. Change VS according to the following table and register the measured values of VR and VD. To get negative voltage, change the power supply connections. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 VS [V] VR [V] VD [V] IR [mA]

Step 6: Step 7:

Calculate IR for each column in the table. Plot your results on the following graph.
IR

0 0

VD

Step 8: Step 9:

Replace the silicon diode with the germanium diode 1N270. Change VS according to the following table and register the measured values of VR and VD. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 VS [V] VR [V] VD [V] IR [mA]

Step 10: Step 11:

Calculate IR for each column in the table. Plot your results on the following graph.
IR

0 0

VD

Step 12:

Implement the following circuit.

I R 1K V + 12V VD

Step 13: Step 14: Step 15: Step 16: Step 17: Step 18:

Measure VR and VD. Calculate IR. Compare the measurement results with the calculation results of example a). Draw your conclusions. Change the source voltage to 5V. Calculate VR, VD and IR.

Step 19: Step 20: Step 21: Step 22: Step 23:

Measure VR and VD. Calculate IR. Compare the measurement results with the calculation results. Draw your conclusions. Implement the following circuit on the main plug in board.
I + 12V I2 100; R6
1K

R5 ID VD

Step 24: Step 25: Step 26: Step 27: Step 28: Step 29: Step 30: Step 31: Step 32: Step 33:

Measure VR5, VR6 and VD. Calculate IR5 and IR6. Compare the measurement results with the calculation results of example c). Draw your conclusions. Change the source voltage to 5V. Calculate VR5, VR6, VD, IR5 and IR6. Measure VR5, VR6 and VD. Calculate IR5 and IR6. Compare the measurement results with the calculation results. Draw your conclusions.

Experiment Report:
1) Write the name of each experiment and draw below the electronic circuit. For each circuit include the experiment measurements, results and graphs. 2) Compare between the preliminary questions and the examples with the measurement results.

Experiment 2.2 - Zener Diode

Objectives:
y y
Zener diode characteristics. Zener circuits.

Equipment Required:
y y y y y y
TPS-3321 Power supply A multitester Banana wires Zener diode 5.1V Resistors: 100;, 1K

Procedure:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Connect the TPS-3321 to the power supply. Connect the power supply to the Mains. Implement the following circuit.
I R 1K VS Z1

Step 4: Step 5:

Turn on the power supply. Change VS according to the following table and register the measured values of VR and VD.

No.
VS [V] VR [V] VD [V] IR [mA] Step 6:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Calculate IR for each column in the table.

Step 7:

Plot your results on the following graph.

IR

0 0

VD

Step 8:

Implement the following circuit on the main plug in board.

I R 100; V + 12V VZ RL 1K;

Step 9: Step 10: Step 11: Step 12: Step 13: Step 14: Step 15: Step 16: Step 17: Step 18: Step 19:

Calculate VR, VZ, IR and IL. Measure VR and VZ. Calculate IR and IL. Compare the measurement results with the calculation results. Draw your conclusions. Replace RL with 5.1K resistor. Calculate VR, VZ, IR and IL. Measure VR and VZ. Calculate IR and IL. Compare the measurement results with the calculation results. Draw your conclusions.

Experiment Report:
1) Write the name of each experiment and draw below the electronic circuit. For each circuit include the experiment measurements, results and graphs. 2) Compare between the preliminary questions and the examples with the measurement results.

Experiment 4.1 - The Transformer

Objectives:
y y
Converting AC voltage with a transformer. The transformer as a bidirectional system.

Equipment Required:
y y y y
TPS-3321 Power supply A multitester Banana wires

Procedure:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Connect the TPS-3321 to the power supply. Connect the power supply to the Mains. Turn ON the trainer. A transformer is located on the right side of the trainer. It is drawn as the following:
C E

Terminal C is not connected to the transformer, only A,B,D,E. Observe it. Step 5: Connect the AC voltage the s12V AC and its GND to the A and B terminals.
C E Power Supply ACout s12V AC B

GND

A D

Step 6: Step 7:

Set the multimeter to measure AC voltage at the range of 200V. Measure the voltage on the A-B terminals and write the result.

Vin = __________
Step 8: Measure the voltage on the D-E terminals and write down the result.

Vout = ___________
Step 9: Calculate the turn ratio:

n1 !
Step 10:

Vout __________ Vin

Change the connection of A-B. Connect s12V AC to A and GND to B.

Step 11:

Repeat steps 7-9. Does it affect the measurements?

Step 12: Step 13:

Connect now the power supply voltage to D-E terminals (instead of A-B). Measure the voltage on the D-E terminals and write the result.

Vin = __________
Step 14: Measure the voltage on the A-B terminals and write down the result.

Vout = ___________
Step 15: Calculate the turn ratio:

n!

Vout __________ Vin

n2

Does n1 ! 1 ?

Experiment Report:
1) Write the name of each experiment and draw below the electronic circuit.

For each circuit include the experiment measurements, results and graphs. 2) Compare between the preliminary questions and the examples with the measurement results.

Experiment 4.2 - Voltage Rectifiers

Objectives:
y y
Implementing a half wave rectifier. Implementing a full wave rectifier.

Equipment Required:
y y y y
TPS-3321 Power supply A multitester Banana wires

Procedure:
Step 1: Connect the TPS-3321 to the power supply and connect the power supply to the Mains. Implement the following circuit on TPS-3321.
D1 Vo VS

Step 2:

R 1K

The power supply VS is the DC s12V on the TPS-3321. Step 3: Step 4:

t VS Vo 0 -10 1 -9

Turn ON the trainer. Change VS and measure Vo according to the following table.
2 -8 3 -7 4 -6 5 -5 6 -4 7 -3 8 -2 9 -1 10 0 11 1 12 2 13 3 14 4 15 5 16 6 17 7 18 8 19 9 20 10

Step 5:

Draw your results on the following graphs.

VS

Vo

Step 6: Replace VS (s12V) with 12VAC. Step 7: Step 8: Connect CH1 probe to Vo and draw the signal. Implement the following circuit on TPS-3321.
D1 Vo

VS

R 1K

Step 9:
t VS Vo 0 -10 1 -9

Change VS and measure Vo according to the following table.

2 -8 3 -7 4 -6 5 -5 6 -4 7 -3 8 -2 9 -1 10 0 11 1 12 2 13 3 14 4 15 5 16 6 17 7 18 8 19 9 20 10

Step 10:

Draw your results on the following graphs.

VS

Vo

Step 11: Step 12:

Replace Vs (s12V) with 12V AC. Connect CH1 probe to Vo and draw the signal.

Experiment Report:
1) Write the name of each experiment and draw below the electronic circuit. For each circuit include the experiment measurements, results and graphs. 2) Compare between the preliminary questions and the examples with the measurement results.

Experiment 4.3 - Voltage Smoothing

Objectives:
y
To understand how a capacitor increases the power supply output voltage and decreases the voltage ripple.

Equipment Required:
y y y y
TPS-3321 Power supply A multitester Banana wires

Procedure:
Step 1: Connect the TPS-3321 to the power supply and connect the power supply to the Mains. Implement the following circuit on TPS-3321.
D1 Vo VS

Step 2:

C 1Q

R 1K

C is an electrolytic capacitor. Select C3, which is Q F. Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: The power supply VS is the VAC on the TPS-3321. Turn ON the trainer. Connect CH1 probe to VS and CH2 probe to Vo.

Step 6:

Draw the signals on the following graphs.

VS

Vo

Step 7: Step 8:

Measure (V. Replace the capacitor with a 100QF capacitor.

Step 9: Step 10:

Repeat steps 5 and 6. Implement the following circuit on TPS-3321.

D1 Vo

VS

C 1QF

R 2K

C is an electrolytic capacitor. Select C3 which is Q F. Step 11: Step 12: Connect CH1 probe to VS and CH2 probe to Vo. Draw the signals on the following graphs.
VS

Vo

Step 13: Step 14: Step 15:

Measure (V. Replace the capacitor with a 100QF capacitor. Repeat steps 11 and 12.

Experiment Report:
1) Write the name of each experiment and draw below the electronic circuit. For each circuit include the experiment measurements, results and graphs. 2) Compare between the preliminary questions and the examples with the measurement results.

Experiment 4.4 - Voltage Regulators

Objectives:
y y y
Power supplies. Measurements in linear voltage regulators. Various voltages from monolithic regulator.

Equipment Required:
y y y y
TPS-3321 Power supply A multitester Banana wires

Procedure:
Step 1: Connect the TPS-3321 to the power supply and connect the power supply to the Mains. Implement the following circuit.
R Vi Vo 1K Z1 5.1V

Step 2:

The power supply VS is the AC s12V on the TPS-3321. Step 3: Step 4: Turn ON the trainer. Change VS and fill in the following table.

t
Vi Vo (Vo SV

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 9 8 7

Step 5:

Draw your results on the following graphs.

Vi

t Vo

Step 6:

Caclulate (Vo for each column.

(Vo(t) = Vo(t + 1) Vo(t)

Step 7: Calculate the regulation coefficient for each column.

( (

o In

Step 8: Step 9:

Draw your conclusions. Which Vin creates the smallest SV? Implement the following circuit.
Vi R 100; VZ Vo

Step 10:

Change VS and fill in the following table.

Vi Vo (Vo SV Step 11:

Draw your results on the following graphs.

Vi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 9 8 7

t Vo

Step 12:

Caclulate (Vo for each column.

(Vo(t) = Vo(t + 1) Vo(t)

Step 13: Calculate the regulation coefficient for each column.

( (

o In

Step 14: Step 15: Step 16: Step 17: Step 18: Step 19: Step 20:

Draw your conclusions. Which Vin creates the smallest SV? Connect the +12V outlet as Vi. Connect 1K; load resistor to Vo. Measure Vo and calculate IL. Change RL to 100 ;. Measure Vo and calculate IL. Calculate the load current coefficient:

Step 21:

Implement the following circuit.

7805 Vvar Vo R1 1K R2 100

Step 22:

Change VS and fill in the following table.

Vi Vo (Vo SV

( o (I L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 9 8 7

Step 23:

Draw your results on the following graphs.

Vi

t Vo

Step 24:

Caclulate (Vo for each column.

(Vo(t) = Vo(t + 1) Vo(t)

Step 25: Calculate the regulation coefficient for each column.

( (

o In

Step 26: Step 27: Step 28: Step 29: Step 30: Step 31:

Draw your conclusions. Which Vin creates the smallest SV? Connect the +12V outlet as Vi. Connect 1K; load resistor to Vo. Measure Vo and calculate IL. Change RL to 100 ;. Measure Vo and calculate IL.

Experiment Report:
1) Write the name of each experiment and draw below the electronic circuit. For each circuit include the experiment measurements, results and graphs. 2) Compare between the preliminary questions and the examples with the measurement results.