CHAPTER VI.

THE PUEBLO, COLORADO RIVER, AND LOWER CALIFORNIA

LANGUAGES.

TRACES OF THE AZTEC NOT FOUND AMONG THE PUEBLOS or NEW MEXICO AND
ARIZONA THE FIVE LANGUAGES OF THE PUEBLOS, THE QUEUES, THE
TEGUA, THE PICORIS, JEMEZ, AND ZUNI PUEBLO COMPARATIVE VOCABU
LARY- THE YUMA AND ITS DIALECTS, THE MARICOPA, CUCHAN, MOJAVE,
DIEGENO, YAMPAIS, AND YAVIPAIS THE COCHIMI, GUAICURI, AND
PERICU, WITH THEIR DIALECTS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA GUAICURI
GRAMMAR PATER-NOSTER IN THREE COCHIMI DIALECTS THE LAN
GUAGES OF LOWER CALIFORNIA WHOLLY ISOLATED.

HAVING already mentioned some of the principal

idioms spoken in the southern part of the Great Basin,
as parts of the trunks to which they belong, or with
which they affiliate, I shall devote the present chapter
to such languages of New Mexico and Arizona as can
not be brought into the Tinneh or Sonora stocks, and
to those of Lower California. Beginning with the
several tongues of the Pueblos, thence proceeding
westward to the Colorado River, and following its
course southward to the Gulf of California, I shall
include the languages of the southern extremity of
California, and finally those of the peninsula. These
languages are none of them cognate with any spoken
in Mexico. Respecting those of the Pueblos, which
have long been popularly regarded as allied to south
ern tongues, it is now very certain that they are in no
wise related to them, if we except the Aztec word
680)
 THE FIVE PUEBLO LANGUAGES. 681

material found in the Moqui. From analogous man

ners and customs, from ancient traditions and time-
honored beliefs, many have claimed that these Xew
Mexican towns-people are the remains of aboriginal
Aztec attempting meanwhile to explain
civilization,
away the adverse testimony of language, by amalgama
tion of the ancient tongue with those of other nations,
or by absorption or annihilation; all of which, so far as
arriving at definite conclusions is concerned, amounts
to nothing. Analogies may be drawn between any
nations of the earth human beings are not so unlike
;

but that in every community much may be found that

is common to other communities,
irrespective of dis
tance and race, especially when the comparison is
drawn between two peoples both just emerging from
savagism. The facts before us concerning the Pueblo
languages are these although all alike are well ad
:

vanced from primeval savagism, live in similar sub

stantial houses, and have many common customs, yet
their languages, though distinct as a whole from those
of the more savage surrounding tribes, do not agree
with each other. It is difficult to prove that the Aztec,
although now perhaps extinguished, never was the
tongue of Xew Mexico; on the other hand, it is im
possible to prove that it was, and surely theorists go
far out of their way in attempting to establish a
people in a land where no trace of their language ex
ists, or exists only in such a phase as proves conclu

sively that it could not possibly have ever been the

basis of the language now spoken.
Five distinct languages, with numerous dialects,
more or less deviating, are spoken by the Pueblos. By
the inhabitants of Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa
Ana, Silla, Laguna, Pojuate, Acoma, and Cochiti, the
Queres language spoken; in San Juan, Santa Clara,
is

San Ildefonso, Pojuaque, Nambe, Tezuquc, and also

in Harno, one of the Moqui towns, the Tegua
language
prevails in Taos, Picoris, Zanclia, and Isleta, there is
;

the Picoris language in Jemez and Old Pecos, the

;

1
Jcmez; in Zuiii, the Zuiii language. The three prin-
682 PUEBLO LANGUAGES.

cipal dialects of Queres are the Kiwomi, Cochitemi,

and Acoma. Of these the first two are very similar,
in some cases almost identical, while the Acoma is
more distinct. 2 In the Queres the accent is almost
invariably on the first syllable, and the words
are in
general rather short, although a few long words
occur.
Possessive pronouns appear to be affixed ; they are ini,
ni, ne, in, and i.

In the Tegua and Zufii the personal pronouns are :

TEGUA. ZUNI.
I nah lido
Thou uh too
He ihih l^oko
She ihih
We (incl.) tahquireh hdono
We (exc.) nihyeuboh
You nahih ahchee
They ihiiah looko

In the Tegua, although many monosyllables ap

pear, there are also a
number
of long words, such as
pehgnahvicahmborih, shrub; haihiombotahrei, forever;
hahnguenaahnpih, to be; haihahgnuhai, great; heingin-
ubainboyoh, nothing. In the Zufii, long words appear
1
No one showing anything more than the faintest, if any, indications of
a cognate origin with the other. Simpson s Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 5, 128-9.
Classed by dialects, the Pueblos of New Mexico, at the period of the arrival
of the Spaniards, spoke four separate and distinct languages, called the Tegua,
the Piro, the Queres, and the Tagnos. There are now five different dia
lects spoken by the Pueblos. No Pueblo can understand another of a dif
ferent dialect. It does not follow that the groups by dialect correspond
with their geographical grouping; for frequently those farthest apart speak
the same, and those nearest speak different languages. Melines Two Thou
^

sand Miles, pp. 203-4; Lane, in Schoolcraft s Arch., vol. v., p. 689. The
Pueblo Indians of Taos, Pecuris, and Acoma, speak a language of which a
dialect is used by those of the Rio Abajo, including the Pueblos of San
Ruxtons Adven. Mex., p. 194. There
Felipe, Sandia, Ysleta, and Xemez.
are but three or four different languages spoken among them, and these,
indeed, may be distantly allied to each other. Those farther to the west
ward are perhaps allied to the Navajoes. Gregg s Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 269.
In ancient times, the several pueblos formed four distinct nations, called the
different dialects
Piro, Tegua, Queres, and Tagnos, or Tamos, speaking as many
or languages. Davis" El Gringo, p. 116; see also pp. 155-6, on classification
according to Cruzate. The Jemez speak precisely the same language
as the Pecos. Domeneclis Deserts, vol. i., p. 198; Turner, in Pac. R. R.
Rept., vol. iii., pp. 90 et seq. There are five different dialects spoken by
the nineteen pueblos. These are so distinct that the Spanish language has
to be resorted to as a common, medium of communication. Ward, in Ind.
Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 191; Buschmann, Spr. N. Mex.
u. der Westseite des b.

Nordamer., pp. 280 et seq.

Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 90; Buschmann, Spr. N. Mex.
2 u.

der Westaeite (its b. Nordamer., p. 302.

 PUEBLO COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 683

to predominate ahmeeashneeJceeah, autumn; ahsee-

ailahpalhtonnaij finger; lahtailoopeetsinnah,gold } tehlee-

nahweeteekeeah, midnight; taJimcliahpalmahmnce, war-

club, and others.
3
As will more clearly appear by
the following comparative vocabulary, none of these
languages are cognate; they have no affinity among
4
themselves, nor with any other family or group.

In the region through which flows the Colorado,

and between that river and the Gila, many different
languages are mentioned by the early missionaries, but
at this time it is difficult to ascertain how far different
names are applied to any one nation.
The missionaries themselves frequently did not know
Tusuque words are monosyllabic, and suggest a connection with Asiatic
3

stocks, in which this feature is prominent. Schoolcraft sArch., vol. iii., p. 40(3.
All these languages are extremely guttural, and to my ear seemed so much
alike that I imagine they have sprxang from the same parent stock. Lane, in
III., 089; Turner, in Pac. ft. R. Kept., vol. iii., pp. 93 etseq.;
vol. v., p.
Bmchmann, New Mcx. und Brit. N. Anier., pp. 280 et seq.
Die Queres-Sprache ist trotz einiger Anklange an andere cine ganz
4

besondere Sprache, von der keine Verwandtschaft aufzufinden. Buxciunatin,

Kpr. N. ]\[ex. u. der Wextxcite des b. Nordamcr., p. 303. Die Fremdheit der
Tezuque-Sprache gegen alles Bekannte is durch das Wortverzeiclmiss ge-

nugsam erwiesen. Ich unterlasse es spielende aztekische oder Sonorische

Ahnlichkeiten zu bezeichnen, da auch die Zufli-Sprache diesen Idiomen
ganz fremd ist. Id., 296-7. Tanos, one of the Moqui villages, at pres
]>p.

ent speak the Tegua language, which is aL-so spoken by several of the New
Mexican Pueblo Indians, which leaves but little doubt as to the common

origin of all the village Indians of this country and Old Mexico. Amy, in
Ind\ Aff. Kept,., 1871, p. 381. These Indians claim, and are generally sup
posed, to have descended from the ancient Aztec race, but the fact of their
speaking three or four different languages would tend to cast a doubt upon
this point. Mrrriwrthcr, in Id., 1854, p. 174. The words in the Zuni lan
guage very much resemble the English. Hutcliin js Cal. J/tf(/., vol. ii., p. 348 j
Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 285.
(rw<j<js
684 COLORADO RIVER LANGUAGES.

how to name the people; often they gave several

names to one language, and several languages one
name; many of the then existing dialects are known
to have since become extinct, and many more have
mysteriously disappeared, along with those who spoke
them, so that in many instances, a century after their
first mention, no such language could be found. It
seems seldom to have occurred to the missionaries and
conquerors that the barbarous tongues of these heathen
could ever be of interest or value to Christendom, still
less lists of their words; so that vocabularies, almost
the only valuable speech-material of the philologist,
are exceedingly rare among the writings of the early
missionary Fathers. If one half of their profitless
homilies on savage salvation had been devoted to the
simple gleaning of facts, science would have been the
gainer, and the souls of the natives no whit less at
peace. Of late, however, vocabularies of the dialects
of this region have become numerous, and relationships
are at length becoming permanently established.
The languages under consideration, on comparison,
may nearly all be comprised in what be called
may
the Yuma family. The principal dialects which con
stitute the Yuma family are the Yuma, Maricopa,
Cuchan, Mojave, and Diegueiio, which last is spoken
in southern California, and more particularly around
the bay of San Diego. Among others mentioned are
5
the Yavipais and Yampais. Compared with that of
5
Cocomaricopa, Yuma, Jalchedun, and Jamajab speak the same lan
guage. Garces, Dlario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., torn, i., p. 350; Kino,
Relation, in Id., serie iv., torn, i., pp. 292-3. Opas, que hablaii la lengua
de los Yumas y Cocomaricopas .... Corre la gentilidad de estos y de su misma
lengua por los rios Azul, Verde, Salado y otros que entran el Colorado. Ar-
ricivita, Crdnica Serdfica, p. 416. La lengua de todas estas naciones es una,
Cocomaricopas, Yuma, Nijora, Quicamopa. Seddmair, Relation, in Doc. Hist.
Mex., serie iii., torn, iv., p. 852. Cuchaiis, or Yumas, speak the same dia
lect as the Maricopas. Emory s Kept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, p.
107; Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 101-3; Mullhausen, Reisen in
die Felxenyeb., torn, i., p. 433. Yumas no ser Nacion distinta de la Coco
maricopa, pues usan el mesmo Idioma. Villa-Senor y Sanchez, Theatro, torn.
ii., p. 408; Gallatin, in Emory s Reconnaissance, p. 129; Cremony s Apaches,

p. 90. The Pimos and Cocomaricopas speaking different languages.

Cutts Conq. of Cat., p. 189. Cosninos and Tontos, leur langue aurait plus
d affinite avcc celle des Mohaves et des Cuchans du Colorado. Les Yumas,
 DIEGUElTO LORD S PRAYER. 685

their neighbors, the language of the Dieguenos is soft

and harmonious, and as it contains all the sounds of

the letters in the English alphabet, the people speak

ing it readily learn to pronounce the English and
6
Spanish languages correctly. The following Lord s
is given as a specimen of the dialect of the
Prayer
Dieguenos :

Nagua amai tacaguach naguanetuuxp mama-

anall
mulpo cayuca amaibo mamatam meyayam canaao ainat
amaibo quexuic echasau naguagui liana chonnaquin
nipil meiieque pachis echeyuchapo fiagua quexuic iia-
guaich nacaguaihpo namechamel anipuch uch-gue-
lich-cuiapo. Nacumch-pambo-cuchlich-cuiatpo-fiamat.
7
Napuija .

Ofthe other dialects, the short vocabulary on the

following page will give an illustration:
auxquels se joignent les Cocopas, les Lfoliaves, les Hawalcoes, et los Dieguenos.
Chacune de ces tribus a une laiigue particuliere, mais qui, jusqu aun certain
point, se rapproche de celles des tribus du meme groupe. Brasseur de Bour*
boitrg, Esquisses, pp. 28-9. Gewus ist, daes die Cocomaricopas und Yumas
nur Dialecte einer und derselben Sprache reclen. Mi Jilenpfordt, Mcjico, to;n.
i., p. 211. The Maricopas speak.... a cialect of the Cocapa, Yuma, ]\Io-
have, and Diegana tongue. Moicry, in Lid. A$. Rept., 1859, p. 3ol; Id.,
1857, p. 302. Papagos, Pimos, and Maricopas. These tribe::; speak a com
mon language, which is conceded to be the ancient Aztec tongue. Davidson,
in Id., 1805, p. 131. Pima and Maricopa. Their languages are totally dif
ferent, so much so that I was enabled to distinguish them when spoken.
Barrett s Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 2C2. Los opas, cocomaricopas, hudcoadan,
yumas, cuhuanas, quiquimas, y otros mas alia del rio Colorado, se pueden
tambien llamar pimas y contar por otras tantas tribus de estanaciou; pues
la lengua de que usan. es una inisma con sola la diferencia del dialecto.
Sonora, Descrip. Geog., in Doc. Hist. JTex., serie iii., p. 554; Sonora, Ritdo
Ensayo, p. 103. Yuma. Dialecto del Pima, lo tieneii los Yumas, 6 chiru-
mas, gllenos 6 xilenos, opas, cocopas, cocomaricopas, hudcoadanes, jamajabs
6 cuesninas, 6 cuismer 6 cosninas 6 culisiiisiias 6 culisnurs y los quicamopas.
Cajuenche. Dialecto del pima, pertenecen a esta seccion los cucapa 6 cuhanas,
jaliicuamai, cajuenches, quiquimas 6 quihuimas, yuanes, cutganes, alclie-
doinas, bagiopas, cunai y quenieya. Orozco y JBerra, Geojrafici, pp. 353, 37;
Bustfiinann, Spuren der Aztec. Spr., pp. et seq.
2v>4 Die Yu;::(is, deren
Sprache von der der Cocomericoopa* .... wenig verschieden ist. Cocomeri-
coopas, Yumas, Pimas. .. .haden jode ihre besondcre Sprache. Pfefferkom,
in V ater, ALthridatex, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 159. Alike in other respects, the
Pima and Cocomaricopa Indians differ in langiiage. Latham s Co/up. Phil.,
vol. viii., p. 421.
6
Suave al parecer, y mas facil que no la pima, pues tiene la suave vocal
el la que falta a los pimas, repitiendo ellos la u hablan su idioma cantando.
Sedelmair, Relation, in Doc. lllxt. Jlrx., serie iii., torn, iv., p. 852. Soft and
melodious. BdrtlctCs Pers. Nr., vol. ii., p. 2(32; Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept.,
vol. p. 101.
iii.,
7
J/q/w.y, E.i-plor., torn, ii., p. 395.
 686 LOWER CALIFORNIA^ LANGUAGES.
CTJCHAN. MARICOPA. MOJAVE. DIEGUENO. 8
Man e"patch eepache ipah aycdotchet
\Voman seenyack sinchayaixhutch sinyax seen
House eenouwa ahba awah
Sun n yatch n yatz n yatz
Moon hullyar hullash hullya
Fire aawo hooch awa 1

"Water aha ahha aha

Maize terditch terditz terdicha
Good ahotk ahotk ahhotk han
I n yat inyatz n yatz n yat
Go n yeemoom n yimoom
Sleep aseemali esoma om
Then there are the Yampai and Yavipai, said to
9
approach the Cuchan and Mojave; the Chevet, re
10
ported as a distinct tongue; the Cajuenche, said to
be another language, and the Jalliquamai, a dialect of
the Cajuenche. 11 The Tamajab is a strange language,
described by Don Jose Cortez as "spoken with violent
utterance and lofty arrogance of manner; and in mak
ing speeches, the thighs are violently struck with the
12
palms of the hands."
There are further mentioned the Benemo, with the
dialects Tecuiche and Teniqueche, and lastly the Co-
13
vaji and Noche, each a distinct tongue. The people
speaking the Noche probably were the northern and
eastern neighbors of the Dieguenos, and may have
been mentioned by some writers under other names.
I have preferred to enumerate them here, because the
names frequently occur in the reports of the earlier
expeditions to the Yuma nations.

On the peninsula of Lower California, there are

three distinct languages with many dialects, more or
less related to each other. Some of these dialects ap-
8
Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 95 et seq.; Schookraft s Arch.,
vol. pp. 118 et seq.
ii.,
9
Wldpple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 14.
10
La Nacion Chevet de muy distinto idioma de los que tienen las
. . . .

demas Naciones. Arridvita, Crdnica Serdfica, p. 472.

11
La lengua de los cajuenches es muy distinta delayuma. Jalliqua-
mais aunque parece el mismo idioma que el de los cajuenches, se diferencia
mucho. Garces, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., torn, i., pp. 247, 251.
12
The Cucapas, Talliguamays, and Cajuenches speak one tongue; the
Yumas, Talchedums, and Tamajabs have a distinct one. Cortez, Hist. Apache
Nations, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 124.
13
Id., p. 125.
 THREE STOCK LANGUAGES IN LOWER CALIFORNIA. G87

that the early

pear so remote from the parent stock
missionaries believed them to be independent lan
on the
guages, and accordingly the number of tongues
peninsula has been variously estimated, some saying
four, others six; but careful comparisons refer them
all to three stock languages. These are the Cochimi,
with its principal dialects, the Laymon and Ika; the
Guaicuri, with the Cora, Monqui, Didiu, Liyiie, Edii,
and Uchiti dialects; and lastly the Pericii. Besides
the above, there were also other dialectic differences
in almost every mission, such as the variations of word-
14
endings, and other minor points.
In general, these

Nun claim fiinf anclere ganz verschiedene, und in dem bisher entdeck-
14

ten Californieii iibliche Sprachen (welche seynd die Laymdna, in der Gegeiid
der Mission von Loreto, die Cotschimi, in der Mission des heil Xaverii
und anderen gegen Norden, die Utschi i, und die Pericua in Suden, und die
annoch unbekannte welche die V biker reden, so P. Linek auf seiner Reis hat
auf Seit gesetzt,
angetroffeii) nebst einer Meiige Absprossen oder Dialekten,
und von der Waicurischen allein etwas anzumerken. Baeyert, Nachr. von
Gal., pp. 176-7. Tres son (dice el Padre Taraval) las Lenguas: la Cochimi,
la Pericu y la de Loreto. De esta ultima sal en dos ramos, y son: la Guaycura,
y la Uchiti; verdad es, quo es la variacion tanta, que. .
juzgara, no solo
. .

que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay ciiico. Vencyas, Noticia de la CaL,
torn, i., pp. 63-7. Pericui, Guaicuri, Cochimi. Ognuna di queste tre Na-
zioni aveva il suo linguaggio proprio. Claviyero, Storia della CaL, torn, i., p.
1 09. Vehitls, Coras, Pericos, Guaicuras, Cantils, Cayeyus, y otros inuchos.
Los de la baja peninzula. . .hablaix distiiitos idiomas pero todos se entien-
.

den. Revillayijedo, Carta, MS., p. 7. E. Ivies, Cochimies, et Periuches.

Ces trois tribus parlent neuf dialectes diferents, derives de trois langues-
matrices. Pnuw, Reck. Phil., torn, i., p. 168. la Laiigue
1 Les^unes parlant
Monqui les autres la Langue Laimone. Picolo,^ Memoire, in lleaieil de
Voiayes au Nord, torn,
iii., Dreyerley Sprachen in Calif ornien,
p. 279.
dann die de los Waicuros .... und endlich die de los Lay-
die de los Picos,
mdnes. Ducrue, in Murr, Nachrichten, p. 392. Die Pericu; die Waicura
mit den Dialecten Cora, Uchidie und Aripe; die Laymon; die Cochima mit
4 verschiedenen Dialecten, worunter der von S. Francesco und Borgia; die
Utschita; die Ika. Haxsd, Mex. Guat., p. 57. Die Pericues, dann die
Monquis oder Menguis, zu welchen die Familien der Guaycuras und Coras
gehdreii, die Cochimas oder Colimies, die Laimdnes, die
Utschi tas oder
Vehitis, und
die leas. Miildenpfordt, Mejico, torn, i., p. 212. See also torn,
ii., pt.pp. 443-4; Taylor, in Browne s L. CaL, pp. 53-4.
ii.,
The Cochimi,
Pericu, and Loretto languages; the former is the same as the Laymon, for
the Laymones are the northern Cochimies; the Loretto has two dialects,
that of the Guaycuru and the Uchiti. PridmnVs Xitt. Hi*t. Man, vol. ii.,
p. 553. The languages of old California were: 1. The Waikur, spoken in
several dialects; 2. ihe Utshiti; 3. The Laymon; 4. The Cochimi North
and the Pericu at the southern extremity of the peninsula; 5. A
probably
new form of speech used by some tribes visited by Link. Latham s Comp.
Phil., vol. viii., p. 423. Morrell mentions three languages, the Pericues,
Menquis, and Cochimies. N<tr., p. 198. Forbes, quoting Father Taraval,
also speaks of three languages, Pericues, Monquis, and Cochimfs. CaL, p. 21.
4
Solo habia dos idiomas distiiitos; el uno todo lo que comprehende la parte
del Mediodia, y llamabaii Ado; y el otro todo lo que abraza el Departamento
688 LOWER CALIFORNIA^ LANGUAGES.

languages have been described as harsh and poverty-

stricken. The missionaries complained of not being
able to find terms with which to express many of the
doctrines which they wished to inculcate; but from
the grammatical notes left by Father Baegert, and
those of Ducrue contained in MUTT S Nachrichten, as
well as from the various pater-nosters at hand, it
appears that these languages are not so very poor
after all. Much there may have been wanting to the
zealous Fathers, many burning words and soul-stirring
expressions, which would have greatly assisted their
efforts, but except that there is certainly no redun
dancy in these
languages, they offer nothing very
15
extraordinary. Following I give a few grammatical
notes on the Guaicuri language. The sounds repre
sented by the German letters o, /, g, I, x, z, and s, ex
cepting in tsh, do not appear. Possessive pronouns
are shown in the following examples:

My father bedare My nose minamu

Thy father edare Thy nose einamti
His father tiare His nose tinamu
Our father kepedare

del Norte y llamaban Cochimi. Californias, Noticias, carta i., p. 99; Vater,
Mithridates, torn, iii., pt. iii., pp. 182 et seq. Baegert, in Smithsonian JRept.,
;

1864, p. 393. Orozco y Berra aLo accepts three, naming them Pericu; Guai-
cura, with the dialects Cora, Conchos, Uchita, and Aripa; and the Cochimi,
with the dialects Edu, Didii, and Northern Cochimi. Geoyrafia, pp. 365-7;
Pimentel, Cuadro, torn, ii., pp. 207 et seq.; Buschmann, Spurender Aztek. Spr.,
pp. 4D9 et seq.
15
La lingua Cochimi, la quale 6 la piii distesa, & molto dificile, 6 piena
d aspirazioiii, ed ha alcune maniere di pronuiiziare, che noil e possibile di
darle ad inteiidere .... La lingua Pericu 6 oggimai eatinta La branca degli
Uchiti, e quasi tutta quella de Cori si sono estinte. Claviyero, Stori.i delta
Ciil., torn, i., pp. 110, 109. Edues and Didius,
su.3 palabras no eran de muy
dif icil pronunciacion, pero carecian eiiteramcnte de la f y s. A lleyre., Hist.
Cornp. de Jesus, torn, iii., pp. 4G-7. Die Auosprache ist meistenstheils gut-
turalis und iiarium. Ducrue, iuAhirr, NachricJiten, p. 392. Walcuri. Kann
man von derselben sagen, dass sie im hochsten Grad wild sey und barbarisch
....so bestehet derselben Bcirbarey in folgendem, und zwar 1. In. einem
erbarmlichcn uad erstaunlichen Mangel unendlich vielsr Worter in dem
Mangel und Abgang dor Prapositionen, Conjunctionen, und Relativorum,
das cievc, oder tipitodieu, so wegen, u:id das tina, welches auf heisset, aus-
geiiommcn .... Im Abgang de3 Comparativi und Superlativi, und dcr Worter
mehr und weniger, item, aller Aclverbiorum, so wohl deren, welche von Ad-
jectivis herkomnien, als auch schier alljr anderen Im Abgang de.3 Modi
Conjunctivi, mandativi und schier gar dos optativi. Item, des verbi Passivi,
o;ler an statt dessen, des verbi Reciproci, dessen sich die Spanier und Franzo-
sen bedienen. Item, in Abgang der Declinationen, und zugleich der Artiklen
der, die, das, etc. Baeyert, Nachr. von Cal, pp. 177-83. See also Smith-
sonlan Itept., 1864, pp. 394-5.
 GUAICURI GRAMMAR. GS9

Of prepositions only two are mentioned tina, on or

upon; and deve, or on account of, or for
tipitscheti,
There is no article, and nouns are inde-
Swopter).
inable. The conjunction tshie is always placed after
the words to be connected. Verbs have only one
mood and three tenses the present, the perfect, and
the future. The present is formed by the affix re or
relce; the perfect by the affix rikiri, rujere, ratipe, or

raupere; and the future by adding in like manner me,

meje, or eneme. If the action of several persons is to
be expressed, the syllable leu or k is prefixed to the
verb, or the first syllable is changed into ku.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
To fight piabake kupiabake
To remember umutii kumutu
To speak jake kuake

Some verbs have also a perfect passive participle in

the form of a substantive tschipake, to beat; tschipit-
scliiirre, a person who has been beaten. The personal
pronouns are: be, I, me, to me, my; ei, thou, thee, to
thee, thy; becun, beticim, ectin, or eiticun, mine, thine,

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB AMUKiIU, TO PLAY.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.
I play, be amukirire play,
"\Ve cate amukirire
Thou playest, ei amukirire You play, pete amukirire
He plays, tutau amukirire They play, tucava amukirire
PERFECT. FIRST FUTURE.
I have played, be amukiririkiri |
I shall play, be amukirime

IMPERATIVE.
Play thou, amukiri tei | Play you, amukiri tu
OPTATIVE.
Would that I had not played, beri amukiririkirikara
or, beri amukirirujerara

I also add a Guaicuri Lord s Prayer with literal

translation.

Kepe dare tekerekadatemba dai, ei ri akdtuike-

Our father arched earth (heaven) thou art, thee O that acknow-

pu-me, tschakarrake-pu-me ti tschie : ecun

all will. and:
ledge praise all will people thy

gracia-ri atume cate tekerekadatemba tschie: ei ri

grace that have will we arched earth and: thee that
VOL. in. 44
690 LOWER CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES,

ei
jebarrakeme ti pu jaupe datemba, pde
*"
jebarrakere,
will all here earth, as thee obey,
obey people

aena kea :
kepecun brie kepe k6n jatupe untairi : cate
above are: our food us give this day: us

kuitscharrake tei tschie kepecun atacdmara, pae kuit-

thou and our evil, as
forgive

scharrakere cate tschie cavape atukiara kepetujake:

forgive we also the evil us do:

cate tikakamba tei tschie, cuvumera cate ue

us help thou and, desire will not we something

atukiara: kepe kakunja pe atacara tschie. Amen. 16

evil: us protect from evil and. Amen.

As
regards the other two languages, the only
ma
terials at hand are some Lord s Prayers in various
dialects of the Cochimi, as used in the different mis
sions. Of these I insert the following as samples of
the dialects spoken I. at the Mission of Santa Maria,
II. at San Francisco de Borgia, and III. at San Ignacio.

Father our heaven in who art: thy name

val
I. Lahai-apa ambeing mia: mirnbangajua
II. Cahai apa, ambeing mia, mimbang-ajua val
III. Ua-bappa amma-bang miamu, ma mang-a-jua huit

all honored: earth thy kingdom come:

I. vuit-maha: amet mididivvaijua kukuem: jen-

II. vuit-maha; amet mididuvaijua cucyem; jemmu-
III. rnaja tegem amat-ma-thadabajua
ucuem kemmu- :

l6
Snefjert t Nadir, von Col , pp. 175-94; Id., in Smithsonian fiept., 1864,
Soc. Mex. Geog.,
pp. 394, 393; also in Pimentel, Cuadro, torn, ii., pp. 207-14;
torn, iii., pt. in.,
Boletin, 2da epoca, torn, iv., pp. 31-40; Vater, Mithridates,
pp. 188-92; Euschmann, Spureti der Aztek. Spr., pp. 484-95-
 LORD S PRAYERS IN DIFFERENT DIALECTS. 091

Day
I. na-kaliit tevichip
ibang-a-nang
II. ibang-anang gna cahit tevichip
III. ibang anane pac-kagit : machi
I.
nuhigua aviuve ham: vichip iyeg-uana
II. nuhigua aviuveham vichip iyegua gna
III. pugijua abadakegem, machi uayecg-jud,
I. kaviu-vem cassetajuang inamenit nakum
II. caviu vem cassetasuang mamenit guakum
III. pac kabaya guem ;
kazet-a juan a juang-amuegnit

I. guang tevisiec na-kavinaha.

II. guang tevisiec gna cavignaha.17
III. pacuni guang mayi-acg packanajam.

The spoken at the missions of San Francisco

dialect
Xavier, San Jose de Comondu, and at Santa Gertrudis,
differed considerably from the above, as will be seen by
the following Lord s Prayer as used in the last-men
tioned places :

Pennayu makenamba, yaa ambayujup miya mo,

Our father who heaven them art,

buhu mombojua tammala gkomenda hi nagodogno de-

thy name men recognize and love

nmejueg gkajim: pennayula bogodognb gkajim, guihi

all; as and

ambayujup mabh, yaa ka3ammet e decuinyi mo puegign :

heaven above earth satisfy

yaam buhula nmjua ambayujupmo de dahijua, amet e

thyheaven in will done be, earth on

no guilugui, ji pagkajiin. Tamada yaa ibo tejueg gui-

this as. Bread this day

luguigui pamijich e mo, ibo yanno puegin guihi taiuma :

day and men

yaa gambuegjula ksepujui ambinyijua pennayula

who have done evil us

17
Hervds, Saf/gio Pratlco, p. 125; Bmchmann, Spuren der Aztek. Spr., pp.
496-7; Vater, Mithridates, torn, iii., pt. iii.,pp. 193-4; Pitnentel, Cuadro, torn,
ii., p. 222; Mofras, Explor., torn, ii., pp. 395-0; Clawgero, Storia dclkiCal,
torn, i., p. 205.
692 LOWER CALIFORNIA^ LANGUAGES.

dedaudugujua, guilugui pagkajim :

guilii yaatagamuegla
done have as and
hui ambmyyjua hi doomc- puguegjua, hi doomb pogou-
evil and although and although

nyim; tamuegjua, guihi usi mahel ksemmet e dicuin

also earth satisfy

yum 5, guihi yaa hui mabinyi yaa gambuegjua pagka-

and what is evil
18
udugum.

Clavigero does not give a translation of this Lord s

Prayer, but Herva"s, who copies it in his Saggio Pratico,
translates all words which he could find in a short
vocabulary; Buschmann and others copy from him,
and even at this time no complete translation is ob
tainable,
Lastly, I present a few sentences in the Laymon
dialect, literally translated.

Tamma amayben metan aguinaiii

Man years many lives not

Kenedabapa urap, guang lizi, quimib tejurioey

Father mine eats, and drinks, but little.

Kenassa maba guimma

Sister thine sleeps.

Kadagua gadey iguimil decuifii

The fish sees but not hears

Juetabajua tahipeni
Blood mine good not

Kotajua kamang gehua

The stone (is) great, hard

Ibungajua ganehmajen kaluhu19

Moon sun greater is.

None of the Lower Californian languages are in any

way related to or connected with any other language.
In Jalisco an idiom is
spoken which is called the Cora,

18
Clavigero, Storia della CaL, torn, i., pp. 264-5; Buschmann, Spttren der
AzteJc. Spr., p. 497; Hervds, Saggio Pratico, p. 125; Voter, Mithridates, torn,
iii.,pt. iii., pp. 192^; Mofras, Explor., torn, ii., pp. 395-6; Pimentel, Cuadro,
torn, ii., pp. 221-2.
19
Ducrue, in Murr, Nachrichten, pp. 394-7.
 THE CORA DIALECT IN LOWER CALIFORNIA. 093

but Seiior Pimentel, after comparing it with the Cora

of the peninsula as well as with others in Lower Cal
ifornia, assures us that not the least connection exists
between them. 20 It has also been stated that the
languages spoken on the peninsula north of La Paz
are affiliated with the Yuma tongue, but this is not
the case. As we have seen, the dialect of the Dieime-
J^
fios reaches the sea-coast near San
Diego, and again
south of that point, and this being a Yuma dialect, it
has perhaps given rise to the belief that the Lower
Californian languages incline the same way. 21 In
South America there is a language called the Guai-
curu, which has nothing in common with the Guaicuri
22
of Lower California.

20
Hay otra idioma llamado Cora en California, que es un dialecto del
Guaicura 6 Vaicura, diferente al que se habla en Jalisco. Pimentel, in Soc.
Mex. Geog., Boletin, torn, viii., p. 003.
21
All the Indian tribes of the peninsula seem to be affiliated with the
Yumas of the Colorado, and with the Coras below La Paz. Tat/lor, in
Browne s L, CaL, p. 53.
22
Beicle Sprachen, die calif ornische und die Stidamerikanische Guay-
cura oder Guaycuru (Mbaya) von einander ganzlich verschieden sind. Busch-
mann, Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 494.