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Sunil Bharti Mittal founded the Bharti Group. In 1983, Sunil Mittal was into an agreement with Germany's Siemens to manufacture the company's push-button telephone models for the Indian market. In 1986, Sunil Bharti Mittal incorporated Bharti Telecom Limited (BTL) and his company became the first in India to offer push-button telephones, establishing the basis of Bharti Enterprises. This first-mover advantage allowed Sunil Mittal to expand his manufacturing capacity elsewhere in the telecommunications market. By the early 1990s, Sunil Mittal had also launched the country's first fax machines and its first cordless telephones. In 1992, Sunil Mittal won a bid to build a cellular phone network in Delhi. In 1995, Sunil Mittal incorporated the cellular operations as Bharti Tele-Ventures and launched service in Delhi. In 1996, cellular service was extended to Himachal Pradesh. In 1999, Bharti Enterprises acquired control of JT Holdings, and extended cellular operations to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In 2000, Bharti acquired control of Skycell Communications, in Chennai. In 2001, the company acquired control of Spice Cell in Calcutta. Bharti Enterprises went public in 2002, and the company was listed on Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India. In 2003, the cellular phone operations were rebranded under the single Airtel brand. In 2004, Bharti acquired control of Hexacom and entered Rajasthan. In 2005, Bharti extended its network to Andaman and Nicobar.'2009, Airtel launched its first international mobile network in Sri Lanka. In 2010, Airtel began operating in Bangladesh. Today, Airtel is the largest cellular service provider in India and fifth largest in the world.
The Indian Subcontinent: Airtel Bangla, in Bangladesh Airtel, in India Airtel Sri Lanka, in Sri Lanka Airtel Africa, which operates in 16 African countries: Burkina Faso, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Niger, Nig eria, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. The British Crown Dependency islands of Jersey and Guernsey, under the brand name Airtel-Vodafone, through an agreement with Vodafone.
Airtel operates in the following countries: Country Site Remarks Airtel Bangladesh had about 3.2 million customers at the end of 2010.[7] Airtel Burkina Faso is the dominant player with
Bangladesh
bd.airtel.com
Burkina Faso
africa.airtel.com/burkina
1,433,000 customers representing 50% market share.[8] Airtel Chad is the no. 1 operator with 69% market share.[8] Airtel is the market leader with almost 5 million customers at the end of 2010. Airtel Gabon has 829,000 customers and its market share stood at 61%.[9] Airtel Ghana had about 1.76 million customers at the end of 2010.[10] Airtel is the market leader with almost 152.5 million customers at the end of 2010.[11]
Chad
africa.airtel.com/chad
Gabon
africa.airtel.com/gabon
Ghana
africa.airtel.com/ghana
India
airtel.in
Kenya
africa.airtel.com/kenya
second largest operator and has 4 million customers.[12] Airtel holds second place in the mobile telecom market in Madagascar, has a africa.airtel.com/madagascar 39% market share and over 1.4 million customers.[8] Airtel Malawi is the market leader with a market share of 72%.[8] Airtel Niger is the market leader with a 68% market share.[8]
Madagascar
Malawi
africa.airtel.com/malawi
Niger
africa.airtel.com/niger
Nigeria
ng.airtel.com Airtel Congo is the market leader with a 55% market share.[8]
africa.airtel.com/congob
Seychelles
comprehensive telecommunications services providers with over 55% market share of mobile market in Seychelles.[13] Sierra Leone africa.airtel.com/sierra Airtel Lanka commenced operations on 12 January 2009. It had about 1.8 million mobile customers at the end of 2010.[14] Airtel Tanzania is the market leader with a 38% market share.[8] Airtel Uganda stands as the no. 2 operator with a market share of 38%.[8]
Sri Lanka
airtel.lk
Tanzania
africa.airtel.com/tanzania
Uganda
africa.airtel.com/uganda
Zambia
africa.airtel.com/zambia
Airtel operates in the Channel Islands under the brand name AirtelVodafone through an agreement with Vodafone.
The proposals for optical communication via optical fibers fabricated from glass to avoid degradation of the optical signal by the atmosphere were made almost simultaneously in 1966 by Kao and Hock ham and Werts. Such systems were viewed as a replacement for coaxial cable system, initially the optical fibers exhibited very high attenuation and were therefore not comparable with the coaxial cable they were to replace. There were also problems involved in jointing the fiber cables in a satisfactory manner to achieve low loss and to enable the process to be performed relatively easily and repeatedly in the field. In coaxial system the channel capacity is 300 to 10800 and the disadvantages of the coaxial system are digging, electrical disturbance, in winter cable contracts and breaks mutual induction. The coaxial cable loss is 0.3db per every km. In microwave system if we double the distance the loss will be increased by 6db. For the shorter distance the loss is higher. In ofc system Optical wire is small size, light weight, high strength and flexibility. Its transmission benefits includes wide band width, low loss and low cost. They are suitable for both analog and digital transmission. It is not suffered by digging, electrical interference etc. problems.
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
DESTINATI ON
ELECTRICAL TRANSMIT
OPTICAL SOURCE
ELECTRICAL RECEIVE
OPTICAL DETECTOR
DESTINATION
For optical fiber communication system shown in fig b. information source provides an electrical signal to a transmitter comprising an electrical stage which drives an optical source to give modulation of the light wave carrier. The optical source which provides the electrical, optical conversion may be either a semiconductor laser or light emitting diode (LED). The transmission medium consist of an optical fiber and the receiver consist of an optical detector which drives a further electrical stage hence provide demodulation of optical carrier. Photodiodes and in some instances, photransistor and photoconductors are utilized for the detection of the optical signal and the opticalelectrical conversion. The optical carrier may be modulated either an analog or digital information signal. In the system shown in fig b. analog modulation involves the variation of the light emitted from the optical source in a continuous manner. With digital modulation, however, discrete changes in the light intensity are obtained (on/off pulses). Although often simpler to implement, analog modulation with an optical fiber communication system is less efficient, requiring a far higher s/n ratio at than digital modulation. Also, the linearity needed for analog modulation is not always provided by semiconductor optical sources,
especially at high modulation frequencies. For this reasons, analog optical fiber communication links are generally limited to shorter distances and lower bandwidths than digital links.
FEATURES
The fiber optics has become a preferred medium due to its some important features like: The bandwidth of the fiber and light beam is extremely wide. It is possible to handle signals which turn on and off at gigabit per second rates (1 gigabit, gbit =1000 Mbitts). The fiber itself is very thin and not expensive. The thinness means that it is easy to handle, and many fibers can be put in the trenches or narrow conduits. The light signal is absolutely immune to electrical noise from any sources. Even if there are sources of electrical noise directly touching the cable, the electric fields of the noise source cannot affect the light beam in the fiber. The signal in the cable is secure from unauthorized listeners. It is relatively hard to tap into the cable without being noticed, and the entire light signal is confined within the fiber. No light escapes to the outside where someone else could see it. Since there is no electricity or electrical energy in the fiber, it can be run in hazardous atmospheres where the danger of explosion from spark may exist. Also, the fiber itself is immune to many types of poisonous gases, chemicals, and water.
transmission cables in order that they may be handled in the same manner. These mechanical properties include tension, torsion, compression, bending, squeezing and vibration. Hence the cable strength may be improved by incorporating a suitable strength member and by giving the cable a properly designed thick outer sheath. 4. Identification and jointing of the fibers within the cable. This is especially important for cables including a large number of optical fibers. If the fibers are arranged in a suitable geometry it may be possible to use multiple jointing techniques rather than jointing each fiber individually.
JOINT OF FIBER
Optical fiber links, in common with any line communication system, have a requirement for both jointing and termination of the transmission medium. The number of intermediate fiber connections or joints is dependent upon the link length, the continuous length of the fiber cable that may be produced by the preparation methods and the length of the fiber cable that may be practically installed as a continuous section on the link. It is therefore apparent that fiber to fiber connection with low loss and minimum distortion (i.e. modal noise) remains an important aspect of optical fiber communication system. Before optical fibers splicing and joining are done certain preparations are made with fiber or fiber cables as case may be to achieve best results at the end surface. First of all the protective plastic that covers the glass cladding is stripped from each fiber end, which is then cleaved with a special tool, producing a smooth and flat end. 1. Fiber splices: these are semipermanent or permanent joints which find major use in most optical fiber telecommunication system (analogous to electrical soldered joints). 2. Demountable fiber connectors or simple connectors: these are removable joints which
allow easy, fast, manual coupling and uncoupling of fibers (analogous to electrical plugs and sockets). The above fiber to fiber joints are designed ideally to couple all the light propagating in one fiber into the adjoining fiber. By contrast fiber couplers are branching devices that split all the light from main fiber into two or more fibers or, alternatively, couple a proportion of the light propagating in the main fiber into main fiber.
be achieved by transmitting several optical signals, each at different centre wavelengths, in parallel on the same fiber. This wavelength division multiplexed operation, particularly with dense packing of the optical wavelengths ( or, essentially, fine frequency spacing ), offers the potential for a fiber information carrying capacity which is many orders of magnitude in excess of that obtained using copper cables or a wideband radio system. Small Size and Weight: - Optical fibers have very small diameters which are often no grater than the diameter of a human hair. Hence, even when such fibers are covered with protective coatings they are far smaller and much lighter than corresponding copper cables. This is a tremendous boon towards the alleviation of duct congestion in cities, as well as allowing for an expansion of signal transmission within mobiles such as aircraft, satellites and even ships. Electrical Isolation: - Optical fibers which are fabricated from glass, or sometimes a plastic polymer, are electrical insulators and therefore, unlike their metallic counterparts, they do not exhibit earth loop and interface problems. Furthermore, this property makes optical fiber transmission ideally suited for communication in electrically hazardous environments as the fibers create no arching or spark hazard at abrasions or short circuits. Immunity To Interference And Crosstalk :- Optical fibers form a dielectric waveguide and are therefore free from electromagnetic interference (EMI), radiofrequency interference (RFI), or switching transients giving electromagnetic
pulses (EMP). Hence the operation of an optical fiber communication system is unaffected by transmission through an electrically noisy environment and the fiber cable requires no shielding from EMI. The fiber cable is also not susceptible to lightning strikes if used overhead rather than underground. Moreover, it is fairly easy to ensure that there is no optical interference between fibers and hence, unlike communication using electrical conductors, crosstalk is negligible, even when many fibers are cabled together. Signal Security: - The light from optical fibers does not radiate significantly and therefore they provide a high degree of signal security. Unlike the situation with copper cables, a transmitted optical signal cannot be obtained from a fiber in a noninvasive manner (i.e. without drawing optical power from the fiber). Therefore, in theory, any attempt to acquire a message signal transmitted optically may be detected.This feature is obviously attractive for military, banking and general data transmission (i.e. computer network) application. Low Transmission Loss :- The development of optical fibers over the last twenty years has resulted in the production of optical fiber cables which exhibit very low attenuation or transmission loss in comparison with the best copper conductors. Fibers have been fabricated with losses as low as 0.2 dB km-1 (see Section 3.3.2) and this feature has become a major advantage of optical fiber communications. It facilitates the implementation of communication links with extremely wide repeater spacing ( long transmission distances without intermediate electronics), thus reducing both system cost and complexity. Together with the already proven modulation
bandwidth capability of fiber cable this property provides a totally compelling case for the adoption of optical fiber communication in the majority of long-haul telecommunication applications. Ruggedness and Flexibility :- Although protective coatings are essential, optical fibers may be manufactured with very high tensile strengths. Perhaps surprisingly for a glassy substance, the fibers may also be bent to quite small radii or twisted without damage. Furthermore cable structures have been developed which have proved flexible, compact and extremely rugged. Taking the size and weight advantage into account, these optical fiber cables are generally superior in terms of storage, transportation, handling and installation to corresponding copper cables, whilst exhibiting at least comparable strength and durability. System Reliability And Ease Of Maintenance :- These features primarily stem from the low loss property of optical fiber cables which reduces the requirement for intermediate repeaters or line amplifiers to boost the transmitted signal strength. Hence with fewer repeaters, system furthermore, the reliability of the opticalcomponents is no longer a problem with predicted lifetimes of 20 to 30 years now quite common. Both these factors also tend to reduce maintenance time and costs. Potential Low Cost :- The glass which generally provides the optical fiber transmission medium is made from sand not a scarce resource. So, in comparison with copper conductors, optical fibers offer the potential for low cost line communication. Although over recent years this potential has largely been realized in
the costs of the optical fiber transmission medium which for bulk purchases is now becoming competitive with copper wires (i.e. twisted pairs), it has not yet been achieved in all the other component areas associated with optical fiber communication. For example, the costs of high performance semiconductor lasers and detector photodiodes are still relatively high, as well as some of those concerned with the connection technology ( demountable connectors, couplers, etc. ).
In these applications, although economics are important, there are usually other, possibly overriding, considerations such as size, weight, deployability, survivability (in both conventional and nuclear attack and security. The special attributes of optical fiber
communication system therefore often lend themselves to military use. MOBILES One of the most promising areas of milita5ry application for optical fiber communication is within military mobiles such as aircraft, ships and tanks. The small size and weight of optical fibers provide and attractive solution to space problems in these mobiles which are increasingly equipped with sophisticated electronics. Also the wideband nature of optical fiber transmission will allow the multiplexing of a number of signals on to a common bus. Furthermore, the immunity of optical transmission to electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the often noisy environment of military mobiles is a tremendous advantage. This also applies to the immunity of optical fiber to lighting and electromagnetic pulses (EMP) especially within avionics. The electrical isolation, and therefore safety, aspect of optical fiber communication also proves invaluable in these applications, allowing routing through both fuel tanks and magazines. COMMUNICATION LINKS The other major area for the application of optical fiber communication in the military sphere includes both short and long distance communication links. Short distance optical fiber systems may be utilized to connect closely spaced items of electronics equipment in such areas as operations rooms and computer installations. A large number of this system have already been installed in military installations in the united kingdom. These operate over distances from several centimeters to a few hundred meters at transmission rates
between 50 bauds and 4.8 kbits-1. In addition a small number of 7 MHz video links operating over distances of up to 10 m are in operation. There is also a requirement for long distance communication between military installations which could benefit from the use of optical fibers. In both these advantages may be gained in terms of bandwidth, security and immunity to electrical interference and earth loop problems over conventional copper systems. CIVIL APPLICATION The introduction of optical fiber communication systems into the public network has stimulated investigation and application of these transmission techniques by public utility organizations which provide their own communication facilities over moderately long distances. For example these transmission techniques may be utilized on the railways and along pipe and electrical power lines. In these applications, although high capacity transmission is not usually required, optical fibers may provide a relatively low cost solution, also giving enhanced protection in harsh environment, especially in relation to EMI and EMP. Experimental optical fiber communication systems have been investigated within a number of organizations in Europe, North America and Japan. For instance, British Rail has successfully demonstrated a 2 Mbits-1 system suspended between the electrical power line gantries over a 6 km route in Cheshire. Also, the major electric power companies have shown a great deal of interest with regard to the
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
INTRODUCTION
The main function of an exchange is to process call from a calling subscriber and make the connection to the called subscriber. This connection can be direct or via another exchange. This requires all parts of the exchange to work as a unit to ensure the call is properly handled. CALL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE The main function of the exchange is to process subscriber calls. The exchange does this by connecting an incoming line or trunk to another line or trunk. However call processing involves much more than simply connecting subscribers. In order to process the calls the exchange must perform four basic switching function. Supervision: Detects and reports service requests, acknowledgements and requests to terminate service. Signaling: Transmits information about lines and trunks and information about other aspects of call handling to control switching equipment. Routing: Converts address information to the location of the corresponding call line or to the location of a trunk on the way to that line.
Alerting. Notifies a subscriber of incoming calls. BASIC CALL TYPES Subscriber calls are grouped in to categories that distinguish one call from another. These categories are referred to as call types. The basic call types are Intra exchange calls: - these are calls between two subscribers served by the same exchange. These calls are normally line to line calls. Inter exchange calls: - these are calls that involve two or more exchanges. Within a given exchange there are different types of inter exchange calls. An outgoing call is a call that goes out of the exchange via a trunk. If the call originated in the same exchange, it is called an originating outgoing call. An incoming call is a call that comes into the exchange via a trunk. A tandem call is a call that comes into the exchange on one trunk and leaves the exchange on another trunk. Thus a tandem call is both incoming and out going.
RINGING
IDLE
DISCONNECT SIGNAL
TALKING
ANSWER SIGNAL
FIG: BASIC CALL SAGES INTRA EXCHANGE CALL Idle Digit reception and analysis Ringing talking Inter exchange calls are more complex, and their call processing stages are somewhat different.
SERVICE CATEGORY Residence and business subscriber services: - Example of this category are individual, 2-party and multiparty lines, abbreviated dialing, call waiting, 3way calling all diversion, call barring and multi line hunting. Extended business services: - Examples of these services are PBX, indirect inward dialing and toll diversion. Public safety services: - Examples of this category are basic emergency service, out going call trace, and in-progress call trace and in progress call trace. Miscellaneous local system services: - it like loop-range services, integrated and universal pair gain interface and line signaling. Inter exchange services: - Various inter exchange signaling types. Call processing services: - Generalized screening, digit interpretation timing, routing and remote switching modules. Toll services: - Toll exchange trunks, auxiliary service trunks, and operator trunks. Of termination: trunk and line. The trunk termination involves selecting an idle member in the trunk group and out pulsing the received digits. For a trunk, the particular selected trunk group, the no. of members in the trunk group and the digits to be out
pulsed and the way the trunk group is selected, are of utmost importance. The line termination involves checking to find whether the line is busy and applying rin2ging to the line. DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS BLOCKS DP (Distribution Panel) Distribution point box commonly know as D.P. box is a terminal arrangement where under ground cable pairs are connected to overhead wires or drop wires for providing connections at subscribers premises. It is a cast iron box with a facility for termination of distribution cable on pins fitted on an insulating plate. The distribution cable pairs can be connected to these pins by soldering at the rear. The overhead wires are connected by means of screwing nuts provided on the front side of insulating plate. Types of D.Ps. There are two types of D.Ps. suitable for external/internal use. These are called internal D.P. and external D.Ps. and are generally available in 10 or 20 pair sizes. Location of D.Ps. External D.Ps. are fitted on posts by means of suitable size of U backs. Internal D.Ps. are fitted in side buildings on the wall at suitable location. In case of multi storied buildings
where the telephone demand is very high, the distribution cables or some times even the primary cabled are terminated on distribution frames at suitable location, from where the distribution cables of 20 pairs or 10 pairs sizes are taken to different floors or block and terminated on 10 or 20 pair subs D.Ps. Individual wire are further provided from the subs D.Ps. to the location of the telephone. Pillar Pillar is fabricated from steel or cast from casings enclosing a frame-work on which cable terminal boxes are mounted. The term "pillar" is used with reference to a flexibility point where MDF's cables and DP's cables are interconnected. MDF (Main Distribution frame) The Subscriber's lines enter an exchange through a number of large capacity U/G cables, each of which serves a different part of the exchange area. The numbers given to the subscriber's lines do not bear any relationship to the geographical location of the subscriber. Hence, the exchange numbers included in any one cable are entirely haphazard. Moreover, as subscribers cease to have telephones and new subscribers are connected, the exchange numbering of the external cable pairs is constantly changing. On the other hand, all lines within the exchange are in strict numerical order. It is, therefore,
necessary that some means must be provided for temporary connection between the two. This conversion from the geographical order of the external pairs to the numerical order within the exchange is carried out on a main distribution frame. MDF is separately explained in another section. Exchange Card is a basic functional unit of the exchange. Various cards are utilized for various purposes e.g. Subscriber cards are utilized for termination of subscriber's cables coming from MDF. PCM Various subscriber's cables coming out from the subscriber's cards (After processing) are terminated into the DDF (Digital Distribution Frame) located inside PCM in between these two PCM tag block is there, which provide connectivity between these two. Various DDF's cables combine together and terminated into the OFC module (which is combination of electrical to light converter (Multiplexer and Demultiplexer). PCM is separately explained in another section.
For mounting the protective devices connected to the incoming circuits. Providing the connection between the exchange side and the line side by the jumpers. An interception point for use in connection with fault locating tests.
EXCHANGE
LEN
VERTICAL
SUBSCRIBER
DP BOX
CONSTRUCTION OF M.D.F.
.
Main distribution frame is mainly divided in two parts (1) Vertical Side or Line side (2) LEN side or Exchange side VERTICAL SIDE VERTICAL All the part from vertical side to the subscriber are generally called outdoor section. 1 vertical has 10 tag block. Each tag block has 10 rows and each row has 10 tags. So each tag block has 100 tags. Connection between vertical side & subscribers are provided by jelly filled cables. This wires are first terminated in cabinet box, then according to requirements the group of the wires (e.g. 200 wires, 100 wires etc.) are terminated in pillar box & from here connections are given to the subscribers via DP boX All the parts from LEN to the exchange is called indoor section. The connection of subscriber from exchange is terminated on this side of MDF. In 1 tag block there are 128 tags. Each tag block is divided in 4 segments. That is 0, 1, 2 & 3 and in each segments. There are sixteen tags. On the vertical side there is 100 tag in one vertical tag block where as on the LEN side there is 128 tags on each LEN block. The reason for this difference is that there is always a reserve of spare capacity in the external cables to cover fluctuations in the
distribution of the subscribers lines as between the different localities served by the cables.
These are the devices used to protect apparatus and wiring from excessive currents. A fuse is a small length of thin wire which melts if there is an excess of current and disconnect the equipment before possible damage. The rated current of fuse is the maximum current which it can carry without melting or fusing. Available at www.mindstien.net The types of fuses used for connecting line to equipment are: (1) Glass type (2) Gate type GAS DISCHARGE TUBE (GD TUBE) In case of heavy lighting discharges or induction of high voltages, gas discharge protectors are used as protective device to protect the communication lines and equipments from damages due to high voltages. The gas discharge protector essentially consists of two of three tungsten electrodes sealed in a special glass envelope or ceramic envelop[e containing a mixure of inert gases , mainly neon. In case of three pin G.D. tube, Two of the electrodes are for connections to the lines and third is the earth electrode and in case of two pin device, one electrode is connected to a limb of a line and other electrode is connected to earth. If the potential difference across the electrodes rises to a certain critical value, the gas is ionized and becomes conducting. This condition will
continue till the potential difference across the electrodes falls to the extinction voltage value. For voltages less than striking value, it will not conduct. For normal operating voltages on the lines, it offers extremely high impedance and thus does not introduce any transmission loss. APPLICATIONS MDF mainly provide connection between outdoor and indoor. MDF is basically the protection system for exchange. It uses Fuse as a protection device which prevents to reach the high current from outside to exchange. It uses Gas Discharge Tube (GD Tube) which provide protection against high excessive voltage.
C-DOT EXCHANGE
INTRODUCTION Center development of telematics was formed in year 1985 by an act of parliament under ministry of telecommunication with prime objective to develop indigenous state of art electronics switch suitable for indian network condition. Various products proposed to be developed by C-DOT include small RAX exchange of 128 ports for rural network to big C-DOT MAX-XL exchange for metropolitan applications. C-DOT DSS MAX is a universal switch and can be used as local, transmit or integrated local and transmit switch. It can have minimum capacity of 512 ports. And can grow upto 16000 ports without concentration. It has digital switching based on basic 64kpbs basic rate and 2mbps primary rate multiplexing structure. The development of C-DOT DSS MAX has taken place in family concept. It is fully integrated switch starting from smaller switches, bigger switches and can be built in a modular fashion by configuring hardware and software modules in variety of ways. The C-DOT DSS system can be used in telecommunication network at the various switching nodes for different type of services. Some of them are
C-DOT DSS as MAX This can be used as main automatic exchange which is expandable to large capacity of order of 2000 lines or beyond. The MAX may be here remote module(RM) and remote line concentrators(RLC) connected to it. C-DOT DSS as RAX This can be used as rural automatic exchange and is expandable upto 2000 lines capacity. Single base module configuration comes under the RAX category. Thus it is universal switch which can be configured as local, transit and integrated local and transit switch. It provides both local and centralized operation and maintenance. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE It can serve metropolitan, urban, rural environments. Its architecture is such that it is possible to upgrade a working C-DOT SBM( single base module) or MBM ( multi base module) exchange to provide ISDN service through RSU ( remote switching unit). RSU can provide switching facility locally even in case of failure of communication path to parent exchange. In uses TST(time space switching). C-DOT DSS MAX exchange can be configured from the following basic modules: 1. Base Module (BM) 2. Central Module (CM)
3. Administrative Module (AM) 4. Input Output Processor (IOP) 5. Alarm Display Panel (ADP) BASE MODULE (BM) Depending upon the capacity of the exchange either single BM or more BMs are used. In case of 512 ports, only one BM is used. However under low traffic condition, the capacity of the ports can be increased up to 2048 ports by using two line modules and adopting concentration mode. In multi module working of BMs will range from 2 to 32. Frames of BM One BM consists of 6frames inside it. The top four frames are called terminal units (TU). TU houses various types of cards in them e.g. Power Supply Card (PSU), Subscriber Line Card (SLC), Trunk Cards (TWT), Announcement Card (ANNC), Conference Card (CONF), Terminal Test Controller Card (TTC).The fifth frame of BM is called Base Processor Unit (BPU) which is the heart of the system. It consists controller and memory cards. The sixth frame of the BM is called Time Switch Unit (TSU). Power Supply To energize various cards in the BM, different DC Voltages are required. They are 48V,
+5V, +12V, -12V and 9V.for this purpose two types of power supply cards are employed: a) PSU-1: It caters various supplies to the four terminal units of the BM.In each TU, two PSU-1cards are there which work in load sharing mode i.e. in case of PSU-1card goes faulty, the other is capable of taking the full load of the terminal unit. b) PSU-2: Two cards are used each in BPU and TSU. PSU-1differs from PSU-2 in one respect i.e. PSU-1besides supplying various D.C. supplies, generates 75V AC ringing current. CENTRAL MODULE (CM) When in the system the number of BMs exceeds one ,the CM is used. The purpose of CM is to provide setting up of calls between a subscriber of one BM and a subscriber of the other BM. For this purpose one CM is sufficient up to 32 BMs. ADMINISTRATIVE MOFULE (AM) Like CM, AM also used when the number of BMs in the system exceeds one. The AM is housed along with CM in one cabinet called CM.AM performs administrative and maintenance function. INPUT OUTPUT PROCESSOR (IOP) The IOP performs following function:
1) Serves as a media for man machine communication. 2) Keeps the data concerning system. 3) Does system initialization. IOP is connected to the following peripheral units for the purpose noted against each, Visual Display Unit: This is used for giving command to establish communication with the system. VDU gives the display of the reports as a result of the command execution. Printer: For the printed reports. ALARM DISPLAY UNIT (ADP) This is basically used for displaying the alarms raised in the system. The alarm gives both audio and visual indication. However, the audio alarm can be stopped by pressing acknowledge button on the ADP. The alarms raised are of three types, Critical: indicated by red LED. Urgent: indicated by orange LED. Non-urgent: indicated by green LED. SYSTEM FEATURES The C-DOT is a fully digital system with stored program control. In non-concentration mode of working, the switch is nonblocking i.e. calling party gets the called party if it is free. System environment
a) Temperature = 17C to 27C Relative Humidity = 45% to 65% The application of C-DOT can be either new exchange or a replacement of the existing exchange. The C-DOT can be used as a local or transmit exchange. The system has a modular growth i.e. for expanding the capacity of the exchange additional modules are to be installed. The system provides for detailed billing in case of STD and ISD calls. However billing for local calls can also be arranged. The C-DOT employs distributed control system. SUBSCRIBER FEATURES The subscriber can make local, national and international calls. The system provides for automatic selection of a free line from a group of lines serving a subscriber i.e. PBX hunting. The system enables the subscriber to make a call to a fixed destination just by lifting his hand set. When a subscriber is busy, there is a possibility of losing incoming calls. With the queue service system such call are not lost and on the contrary these calls are placed in the queue with appropriate announcement to the caller.
The subscriber can lock his outgoing calls. The subscriber can divert his calls. The trunk offer service enables the operator to interrupt a call in progress so that another incoming call could be offered to the concerned subscriber if he agrees to accept the call. The Coin Collection Box (CCB) allows installation of a special telephone permitting outgoing calls after insertion of adequate coins. BASIC SERVICES SUBSCRIBER DIALED CALLS A subscriber can make local, national and international calls. These calls can be made using push button telephone sets employing dual-tone multifrequency ( DTMF ) signals or dial pulses. PBX facilities : Facilities available on PBX lines include Direct inward dialing (DID) : Calls can be dialed from a telephone line connected to the public network directly to extensions of a PBX using the CDOT exchange Line hunting The CDOT exchage provides for automatic selection of a free line from a group of line
serving a subscriber on receipt of a call to that subscriders general directory number. RAPID CALL SET-SERVICES Hot line The system provides the possibility for a subscriber to make a call to a fixed destination by just lifting his handset. CALL BOOKING SERVICES Alarm call The possibility for a subscriber to cause an alarm call or calls to be made to his line at a time or times specified in advance by him and to hear APPROPRIATRE announvement when the call answered. The alarm call service may be offered on a manual, semiautomatic or automatic basis. CALL RESTRICTION SERVICE A subscriber can have his incoming/outgoing calls barred. These includes denying all calls to a line, While allowing it to originate call denying various category of originations from a line while allowing incoming calls to terminate normally on it. CALL COMPLETION SERVICES AUTOMATIC CALL BACK It provides the the subscriber to be rung and get connected to the wanted subscriber if an earlier attempt was not successful on account of called subscriber being busy. Automatic
call back is possible for An intra exchange call and An inter exchange call DIVERSION ON BUSY It provides the po0ssibility for a subscriber, who cannot receive a call because he is busy, to have the call diverted to another subscribers number. CALL WAITING A subscriber engaged on an existing call is given an indication that a caller is that a caller is attempting to obtain connection to his number. When the warning tone is fed to the engaged subscriber, he must respond either by flashing the hook switch or by terminating the call within t seconds. Otherwise the calling party is fed busy tone. PRIORITY LINES It provides the possibility of having some line in the exchange which get preference in being served in case abnormal condition like, overload or route congestion developed in the exchange. TRUNK OFFER It makes it possible for the operator to interrupt a call in progress, in order to allow another incoming call to be offered.
DIGITAL SWICHING In Digital switching system signals are switched in digital form. These signals can be speech or data. For this Time Division multiplexing and pulse code modulation (PCM) techniques are used. Time Division multiplexer involves sharing of same transmission medium by a number of circuits or channels during a sequence of time periods. Thus the medium is periodically available to each channel. The principle of T.D.M is illustrated in fig.1. The channels are connected to individual gates which are opened one by one in fixed sequence. At the receiving end also. Similar gates are opened in unison with the transmitting g end. Before transmitting these samples of individual channel signals are coded in binary form and pulses corresponding to the digits are transmitted. This is called pulse code modulation. These pulses are decoded at receiving end and combines to reproduce the original signal. In Digital switching the digital signals of several speech signals are multiplexed on common media. Therefore same path is shared by different calls for fraction of time. This process is repeated periodically at a suitably high rate. This type of path is called PCM highway.
Step1 Input Time Stage(IT) TS4 Hwy0 to TSx Hwy0 Step2 Space Stage(S) TSx Hwy0 to TSx Hwy3 Step3 Output Time Stage(OT) TSx Hwy3 to TS6 Hwy3 The in connection of time slots i.e. switching of digital signal is normally achieved using a combination of two different modes of operation. These modes are (1) Space switching (2) Time switching In space switching mode, corresponding time slots of I/C and O/G PCM highways are interconnected. A sample in given time slot in an incoming highway is connected (switched) to same time slot of an outgoing highway. For e.g. in fig.2 the time slot 5 of incoming highway 2 is switched to time slot 5 of outgoing highway say highway 3. In this case there is no delay in switching of the sample from one highway to another highway. Since the sample transfer takes place in the same time slot of the PCM frame. In Time switching different time slots on the incoming and outgoing highways are interconnected by re-assigning the channel sequence. For e.g in fig,2 the time slot TS5 of incoming Highway2 can be connected to a different time slot TS6 of the O/G Highway2. In other words, a time switch is basically a time slot changer. TWO DIMENSIONAL SWITCHING
Using one type of switch for large network is uneconomical. Hence to build a large network a number of stages are employed using small switches as building blocks. Such a network requires changing both the time slot and highway. Therefore the switching network usually employs both types of switches. Viz.space and time switch. This type of network is known as two dimensional networks. These networks can have various combinations of the two types of switches and denoted as TS. TST. TSST etc. TST Network As the name suggests .in a TST network there are two time stages separated by a space stage. The function of time slot changing where as the latter performs highway jumping. Let us consider a network having 4 input and 4 output highways. Each of the input and output time stages will have n time switches and the space stage will consist of an nxn crospoint matrix. Thus it is possible to connect any time slot in incoming PCM to any time slot in outgoing PCM. For example let us take only four I/C and outgoing PCM highways as shown below. There will be four time switches in each T-stages and space switch will consist of 4x4 matrix. let us consider connecting two subscribers through this network. Let us assume
central processor assigns TS4 on Hwy0 to the calling party and TS6 on Hwy3 to the called party. The central controller establishes the paths in 3 steps. To introduce greater flexibility it uses an intermediate time slot. TSX which is also known as internal timeslot. The three switching steps for transfer of speech sample of the calling party to the called party are as under:To connect any two subscriber, it is necessary to interconnect the time slots of the two speech samples which may be same or different PCM highway. For e.g. PCM samples appearing in TS3 of incoming PCM Highway 1 are transferred to TS6 0f outgoing PCM Highway 2 via a digital switch as shown in fig.2
As the message can be conveyed only in one direction through this path another independent path to carry the message in other direction is also established as shown in fig.3. The internal time slot for other direction is Tsy.
Digital switching has become a synonym for time division multiplex digital switching system. Digital signals are switched in two modes. Viz. time switching and space switching. In a practical digital switch a combination of both is employed to increase the traffic handling capacity of the switch at minimum cost. Among the various possible combinations TST structure is most commonly used. SERVICES INTELLIGENT NETWORK (IN) SERVICES What is "IN" Services? Bhavnagar Telecom network includes "Intelligent Network" or "IN" SERVICES for its valued subscribers. This services is so intelligent in giving instant solutions to the needs of the customers, that it is called "INTELLIGENT NETWORK" (a) Free Phone Service (FPH) (b) India Telecom Card (ITC) (c) Account Card Calling (ACC) (d) Premium Rate Service (PRM) (e) Virtual Private Number (VPN) Free Phone Service (FPH) As the name suggests, the caller can make toll free calls by dialing and advertised Free phone Number. The called number pays full cost of the call. Variously known as "Green Number Services" and "Toll Free Service", it is probably the most popular IN service. It
is widely used by business enterprises around the world for providing free product information and help lines. This service becomes all the more powerful when features such as Origin Dependent Routing and Time Dependent Routing are utilized. This means that the calls can be routed to different numbers depending upon the caller's location, calling time. Free phone service is provided to the IN subscriber on existing telephone connection. India Telephone Card (ITC) The service allows the subscriber to place calls from any DTMF telephone (presently) to any destination number. Local / STD / ISD calls be made from a STD barred telephone also. The cost of these calls is charged to the account specified by ITC number. The telephone number from which the call originated is not charge. The user invokes the service by dialling Account Number after authentication, the allows to dial any destination local or national or international. Account Card Calling (ACC) The customer, who may be a normal telephone subscriber, is given an account number to which all the calls made are credited to a pre determined "credit limit". Call can be made from any telephone after passing the authentication check. The caller is warned of the
impending expiry of the credit limit. As opposed to the India Telephone Card Calling Service, which is a debit :Card: service, this is a "Credit" service. Premium Rate Service (PRM) Value added professional information or advice can be accessed by any telephone subscriber but the calls are charged according to a pre determined premium rate. This service can be used by stock analysts, doctors, astrologers, NGO's help lines and certain Available at www.mindstien.net government agencies in Jamnagar Telecom District. This number can be accessed from any point in the network. For the same PRM service, the subscriber can opt for multiple destination numbers. Virtual Private Network (VPN) This service allows the subscriber to have his own private network by utilizing the pubic network resources. It is like having PABX with Closed Groups (CUG) and class of service restrictions. A VPN subscriber can define his own dialling and routing plan between all his destination locations and configure them as if they were on a PABX, using the PSTN resources. The VPN locations (PSTN Numbers) can be a part of a CUG or outside it. The CUG members call each other by short codes which are defined in the VPN's Private Numbering Plan.
VPN user can originate calls to other members of their own group (On net to On net) and calls to external public numbers (On net to Off net). They can also make calls into the VPN from external public numbers (Off net to On net) and also use VPN resources from any external public number in the network to call any other external public number (Off net to Off net). Authorization when be required for all the above cases except on net to on net calls. The service allows online modification of authorization code by the user. PHONE PLUS FACILITIES Phone Plus Facilities are the value added conveniences that electronic exchange offer over and above plain vanilla telephone service. No more unaccounted calls at your expense. Prevent misuse and excess billing by locking the STD / ISD / Local facility in yo8ur phone through a number code of choice. Steps for registering the code, opening and closing the STD / ISD local are given below. Use Dynamic Lock to Avoid Misuse of Your Telephone e.g. : For an E-10B Exchange at Ahmedabad ; Purpose Dial as under (ABCD as password) To Register the Password 120 ABCD ABCD To Open NSD, RSD And ISD Calls 121 ABCD O To bar ISD, NSD, RSD calls 121 ABCD 1 To bar ISD, NSD, RSD 95 Lev. and Manual trunk Services calls
121 ABCD 2 To bar ISD Calls 121 ABCD 3 To bar outgoing Calls including Local except emergency service (10x) calla 131 ABCD 4 To bar ISD and NSD calls 121 ABCD 5 To change the Password 120 ABCD WXYZ (WXYZ is new password)
HOT LINE
This facility provides instant calling, especially for the aged, young, or infirm. Call a preset number without dialling. Just lifting the handset and waiting for 5 seconds gets you automatically connected to the number. Within those 5 seconds, you can dial any number of choice. Hot Line calls are charged at local call rates only. You can choose to have either a one way or both ways Hot Line between any to numbers. Short cut to important Numbers Now, upto 16 digit numbers can be dialled using just 2 digits. Assign 2 digit short codes for frequently called numbers, and then get connected by dialing just these. Upto 20 numbers can be called this way. Activate and use the facility in the following manner:To enter a phone number in the short code list, dial 110 xx yyyy (xx is the 2 digit numeric of choice for phone number yyyyy). To call the phone number using your short code, dial 111-xx. To delete a phone number and enter a new one in the list, dial 110-xx-zzzzz (zzzzz is the new number in place of the old yyyyy). Be away from your phone, not from your calls While away from your phone, all incoming calls on it can be directed to another local phone where you can be reached. Bring this facility into operation by dialing 114-yyyyy
(yyyyy : phone number where you wish to divert your calls). Dialing 115 cancels the facility. Handle upto two calls at a time If another call happens to come through while you are already busy with a call, a typical pip-pip tone will alert you to it. You can then choose to put the first caller on hold by lightly tapping the phone hook switch or pressing flash button. This brings on the dial tone, whereupon you have to dial 2 to connect the second caller. Switching back to the first caller requires you to dial 1. This facility is activated by dialling 118, and deactivated by 119. Make sure you don't forget important moments This service helps you wake up at down, or at any other time, and remember important schedules, appointments, engagements, etc. Dial 116, and subsequently, the hours and minutes of the desired time. E.g. 116-0417 for 4:17 a. m. or 1162115 for 9:15 p.m. at the time entered by you, the phone rings and delivers a recorded message of the time on being lifted. If there is no reply, the phone rings again after 5 minutes, and if no one picks it up the second time, the entry gets automatically cancelled. Dialling 117 also cancels the entry. Each activation of his facility is charged at the rate of two local calls.