Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Yovanovich
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
The Laplace transform of f x; t is de ned as
L ff x; tg =
and its inverse is de ned as
Z
0
s 0
1 2i
Z c+i1
c,i1
L f cg =
Z
0
Z 1 1 ,st e c dt = c e,st dt =
0 1 1
c s
s 0
Therefore Similarly,
@ u = Z 1 e,st @ u dt = d L @x @x dx
2 2 0 2
2 2
Z
0
1 ,st e u dt =
d u x; s dx
2 2
The rst partial derivative of u with respect to the temporal time variable t can be transformed by application of the above de nition.
Z 1 L @u = e,st @u dt @t @t
0
dv0 = du v0 = u
Z
L @u @t
= u0v0 1 , 0
1
0
d u dt e,st
1 ,st e
= ue,st 1 + s 0 = s
Z
0
u dt
1 ,st e
u dt , ux; 0
L @u = sux; s , ux; 0 @t The second partial derivative of u with respect to time t can be transformed as well. " @ u = Z 1 e,st @ u dt = e,st @u 1 + s Z 1 e,st @u dt L @t @t @t @t Therefore, @ u = sL @u , @u x; 0 L @t @t @t or @ u = s sux; s , ux; 0 , @u x; 0 L @t @t
2 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 2 2
Finally we have,
PDE @ u = 1 @u @x @t
2 2
x0 t 0 0
IC
ux; 0 = 0
0
= L @ u , 1 L @u @x @t
2 2
=0
Therefore,
2 = d u , 1 su , ux; 0 = 0 dx2
+ C2e,
ps=
Because Thus,
ux; s ! 0 as x ! 1; therefore C = 0 :
1
ux; s = C e, s= x Applying the second boundary condition gives u0; s = C = u : s The solution in the transform domain is
2 2 0
, s= x ux; s = u e s To nd ux; t we must take the inverse Laplace transform of the above solution, i.e., L, fux; sg. Therefore, 9 8 p e, s= x = ux; t = u L, : s ;
0 1 0 1
L,1
ps
a = erfc p 2 t
Therefore,
At x = 0, u0; s = u0 s As x ! 1;
u0; t = u
u1; s = 0
u1; t = 0
0xa
@u a; t = 0 @x
d u = 1 sux; s , ux; 0 but ux; 0 = 0 dx d Therefore dxu = s u 0xa du a; s = 0 BCs u0; s = u dx s
2 0
u = C cosh s= x + C sinh s= x The rst derivative of ux; s with respect to the spatial parameter x is: du = C qs= sinh qs= x + C qs= cosh qs= x dx Applying the boundary condition at x = 0 gives: u0; s = u = C s and the boundary condition at x = a gives: du a; s = 0 = C qs= sinh qs= a + C qs= cosh qs= a dx q sinh s= a q From the last equation we have C = ,C cosh s= a Therefore, q 2 3 q q sinh s= a q sinh s= x5 ux; s = C 4cosh s= x , or cosh s= a
1 2 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 1 1
cosh s= a cosh s= x , sinh s= a sinh s= x 5 q ux; s = u0 4 s cosh s= a Thus the solution in the transformed s,domain is
2 q
cosh s= a , x 5 q ux; s = u0 4 s cosh s= a The solution in the physical domain x; t is obtained by the inverse Laplace transform: q 8 9 cosh s= a , x = q ux; t = L,1 fux; sg = u0L,1 : s cosh s= a ; 6
By means of Laplace Transform Tables see Spiegel Page 171 32.153 we have
L,
1
cosh x p s s cosh a s
Expanding the cosine function in the previous expression leads to the another equivalent form of the solution: 2 1 ux; t = 1 , 4 X 1 e,2n , 1 4 sin2n , 1 u 2n , 1 2
0
n=1
with = t=a2 and = x=a, the dimensionless time and dimensionless position respectively. Expanding the rst three terms of the summation gives:
u1; = 1 , 4 e, 2 , 1 e, 4 u 3
0
92 4
4 + 1 e,25 2 , : : : 5
:1 e 4
,
2 2
= 0:781344
1 e,9 4 :1 = 0:036179 When = 0:1 we nd that 3 1 e,25 4 :1 = 0:000419 5 For 3 decimal place accuracy we may use 2 terms because the higher order terms become negligible rapidly. More terms are required for short times, i.e., 0:1:
2
A short time solution can be obtained by setting m = s and y = a , x cosh my Now, uy; t = u0L,1 s cosh ma coshmy = emy + e,my = e,maemy + e,my coshma ema + e,ma 1 + e,2ma
h
+
1 X
n=0
Therefore,
L,1
cosh my s cosh ma
,1k
"
t Let a2 = and y = 1 , x = 1 , ; therefore a a uy=a; = 1 , erfc 1 , y=a + erfc 1 + y=a p p u 2 2 , y=a + y=a + erfc 3 2p + erfc 3 2p 5 , y=a + erfc 5 + y=a p , erfc 2p 2 At y=a = 0 the short time solution becomes
0
u0; = 1 , 2 erfc p , erfc p + erfc p , : : : 1 3 5 u 2 2 2 This series converges very quickly for small values of .
0