2006 6th Intermational Coference on ITS Teleconnnuiiications Proceedings

Receiving Signal Processing of0

M,IMO ada

Based

On

Transmitting Diversity
Liu Bo, He zishn, Zengjiankni Institute of Electronic Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of Clhina

Chengdu, China
e-mail:

sclibomail.sc.cminf.net

Abstract-Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radar is a new emerging radar technique developed recently. The principle of MIMO Radar based on transmitting diversity is described and the method of receiving signal processing also is presented. Simulation results show that the proposed receiving signal processing method can simultaneously form multiple receive beams and surveillance multiple targets. It also can improve Doppler resolution.

II.

THE PRINCIPLE OF MIMO RADAR BASED ON TRANSMITTINcG DIVERSITY

INTRODUCTION It has been recently shown that multiple-input mnltiple-output (MIMO) system has the potential to drmatically improve the performance of the cotimunications systems over single antenna system [1],[2]. Unlike the traditional beamforming approach, Which nses higly correlated signals of transmintting or receiving antenna arrays to steer a beam towards a certain direction in space, MIMIO makes use of the independence between signals from different transmitters and receivers to improve the more information received from the target and the robustness of the transmit-receiwe link. Motivated by the MIMO techniqne in comnmnmication systems, the two new concepts of MIMO radar are introdnced. One is transmitting diversity MIMO radar [3], anid other one is receiving and transmitting diversity MIMO rdar [4]. The proposed MIMO radar enj'Ovs the same benefits that MIMO commnication systems have. Specifically, the transmitting diversity MIMO radar cani greatly improve the radar's performance over traditional radar on anti-intercept of radar signal, weak target detection in strong clutter, and low velocity target detection, etc[3]. The renainder of the paper is organized as folloxvs. Section II introduces the pnrnciple of MIMO radar based on transmitting diversity. Sectiol III presents receiving signal processing methlod of MIMO radar based on transmi'tting diversity. Sinmnlation results are shown in Section IV. Finally, somne conclusions are drawn in section V.
I.

bnrng

power-aperture-gain (PAG) products. Unfortunately, this will some problems. First of all, these radars mnst operate in thed presence of strong clutter, resnlting in challenging reqnirements on system dynamic range fndamentally limited by the "state of the art"' Secondly, strong clutters also result in challenging reqnirements on phase noise, stability, isolation, spnrs, da other hardw7are-related specification. Thirdly, due to high peak power levels, radar signals will suffer more easily from harmfnl electromagnetic interkrence (EMI) and enemy Electronic Intercept (ELINT) system. To partially address these problems, radar arrays are being designed to nse Digital Beam Fonning (DBF) on receives [5]. [6]. In a DBF system, analog-to-digitization (AID) conversion is performed at each of the rceive elements in the array, so can reduce A/D dynamic range by V times (A is the nnber of receive snbarrays) and failitate the formation of mnltiple simultaneons receive beams (which enables faster search tes). Thongh such arrays offer many benefits, they still operate mnch like earlier phased array radar mode and can not resolve the signals anti-intercept problem. MIMO rdar based on transmitting diversity can solve well the problems described above. On surfice-based or ship-based phased array, on tranismiting, the array aperture would be subdivided into AI low-gain elements group (or subarrays) in elevation, each radiats a uniqune, orthogonally coded waveform (note that the various emitted signls will not be combined to form a single focnsed beam, instead, the radiated energy will cover a broad angular sector) shown in Fig. 1. Becanse the array

To detect small RCS ltgets, snch as cmise missile or stalth fghtr, snrface-based or ship-based phased radars are usnally designed for high peak power levels aind large

0-7803-9586-7/06/$20.00 C2006 IEEE.

12:24

is subdivided into Al subarrays, the transmit gain and the tramnsmitted power per channel are redtuced by Al times.

III.

RECEIVING SIGNAL PROCESSING OF MIMO RADAR BASED ON TRANSMITTING DIVERSITX

Si(t)
S.(t)
.

Broad Transmitting Beam

-cli
SA

l
.

According to the principle described above, the configuration of MIMO radar based on transmitting diversity is depicted in Fig.3. Now consider an MIMO system with Al transmiing eletments (or subarrays) and N receiving elements (or subays), transmitting orthogonal wavefoms S, (t) S2 (t), , SM (t),
I

.^.............................

Sm(t)

Fig. 1. The principle of MIMO radar based on transmitting diversity

On receiving the signal at each individual receiver is processed through a bank of M matched filters, see Figure 2. Each filter is matched to one of the transmitted wavefonus, thereby recovering the returns due to a single tmnsmit sigual. This produces a total of MN matched filter outputs. Since the locations of each transmit and receive element are known, these signials can be phased and combined (aialogous to nonnal tmnsmit and receive beanforming) to form high gain receive beams in oie or mo directions By digital time-delay or DBF technique, the beams will cover the volume of space illu'minated by the wide trnsmit beatm. Further integmtion (i.e., Doppler processing) is used tuo maintain sensitivity, and to achieve the same raWge, as desired.
Bank of Digital Matched Filters
Fron other Receive Elements

(t) S~

Sm-(t)

Si (t)

A r(I) F

f~~~~J'~~ A
(1)
(2)

Fig. 3. The configuration of MIMO Radar based on transmiitting diversity

Assuming narrow signals (this is not a necessary requirement, but simplifies the discussion) and isotropic elemental radiators, the aggregate waveform incidents upon any target can be represented as

p(t) = a1, S0f Qt

n0 l

M)

(m 1)d sin H
Tm
C

El,

transsmitters,
2

Where V01 is the time for the m-th waveform to propagate from m-tb transmitter to the target's position, and a1 is an overall attenuation fator, which is assunied to the same for all
for the sake
is

then:

of simplicit. The aggregate waveform

m

pQt)
Fig. 2. Matched filter processing of receive signal

a,ZSm@ ()am (0)

m=l1
target's
direction
of

(3)

System above cani be in either the MIIMO or the contentioml transmit modes (all subarrays transmit the same signal), as needed, a great deal of flexibility is provided.

usual MA the in-th elenents.

represents
the

Where

is

the

x1

"transmit array response vectofr of

arrival,

a, (0)

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The waveform p(t) then propagates back to the array, here it is received. The n-th subay received wavefonn is then:

x?

(t) = a2 pQ(t -T ) = a, . p(fle- j

2frdsin0
n

When multiply different 0 , we can form simultaneously multiple beams outputs y8 (t) , y2 (t) ,.... y (t) in the 0 1,02 , ... 0 directions.

(4)

ON

IV.

SIMWLATION

1 (n-1)

Where a2 is the sum of the propagtioni attenuation and scatter coefficient, the received sigmi vector is then:

X(t) =a b() -p(t) + V/)

Where

(5)

t) [x ((V x (4. , X,F (t)]T b(0) = [1,e ie

e

The simulation is based on MIMO processing descnibed in the section III. Now consider an monostatic MIMO system with 16 transmit and receive elements, which transmit orthogonal eJ2ff(o 4 e waveforms eJ f9t where fo 1.2GHz, f 1Mz. Assurming 4 targets locating at -20, 10, 30, 50 degree angles. The fig. 4 shows the results of receiving signal processing. It is shown that the MIMO radar can simultaneously fionns multiple receiving beams and surveillanes multiple targets.
55
50

J(NQI)\IT
,3 (0,
lm

V(t) = [IVI(t), j v2(t)4

Substitute (3) inito (5), we get

45
40

35

X(t)

a a

b(0)Z Sm (i)am (0) + VQ)

in 1

(6)

30

25 201
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20
20 0 u (degree)

Where a is a complex scalar, b(0) is the usual N x 1 "receive array vector," and V(t) is an 1Vx I vector of noise at time t. For simplicity, (6) makes implicity an assumption of monostatic or pseudo monostatic aperture configuration; this is not strictly required. The match filters produce a total of 7V matched filter outputs. Stacking the results into a vector, the signal is expressed
as

40

60

80

100

Fig. 4. 'The targets' atigle

x 10

Z(t) = a [b() O a()]6 V+(t)

15

(7)
10
----.

Where (S is the Kronecker product and V(t) is an (M N) x 1 noise vector. a(0) is the usual Alf x 1 trsmit array vector. To form an unweighted beam in directionO, we

m 0

multiply

--

y6 (t) = [b(0) 0 a(0)]H Z(t)

100

(8)

150

Direction(degrees) 0

[L

denotes conjugate transpose operation.

Fig. 5. The restults of two dimensions search

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The fig. 5 shows the results of two dimensions search of all targets locating at distance 50km.
V. CONCLUSIONS This paper describes the pnrnciple of MIMO radr based on trsmitting diversity and presented the receive signal processing method. On receiving; the signal at each individual receiver is processed through a bank of matched filters to separte the different signals. From simulations in section V, they show that MIMO rdar can forn multiple receive beams to survellance simultaneously multiple targets. Due to lower transmit gainR longer integration time is needed. This, thus, can improve Doppler resolution.
REFERENCES
[1]
C. J. Foschini, I"Layered space-time architechtture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multiple antennas," Bell labs Technical Journal, vol. 1, pp. 41-59,1996. G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, "On the limits of wireless communications in a fading environment wheni using multiple antennas," Wireless Pers Commuln, vol. 6, pp. 3 11-335, 1998. D. J. Rabideau. P Parker. Ubiquitous MIMO digital array radar [Z].Conference Record of the 37th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers., 1057- 1064, 2003. E. Fishler, A. Haimowich, R. Blum, L. Cimini, D. Chizhik, and R. Valenzuela, "Statistical MIMO radar." in 12th Conf on Adaptive Sensor Array Processing, 2004.Philadelphia, PA, April 2004. D. J. Rabideatu, L.C. Howard, "Mitigation of digital array nonlinearities" 2001 Proc. IEEE Radar Conf., pp. 175-180, 200 1. M. Zatmatn, "Digitizatiotn requirements for digital array radar," 2001 Proc. IEEE Radar Conf 163-168,2001.

[2]
[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]

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