Du'a before sleeping:

Alllahuma bismika amuutu wa ahyaa. Oh Allah! With your name I die and I live.

Du'a after waking up:

Alhamdulillahillazi ahyaanaa ba'da maa amaata-naa wa ilaihinnushuur. All praise to Allah, who revived us to life after given us death, and to him we shall have to return. Du'a after having a good dream:
Alhamdulillahi rabbil aalamin. All praises be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds.

Du'a after having a bad dream:

Audhu billahi mina shaytan nir rajiim. I seek refuge of Allah from satan the accursed.

Du'a before entering the toilet:

Bismillahi allahumma innii audhu bika minal khubusi wal khabaais. Oh Allah! I seek protection in you from the filth and impurity.

Du'a after leaving the toilet:

Ghufraanaka alhamdu lillaahillazi azhaba 'annil azaa wa aafaanii. I seek Your pardon, all praises are due to Allah who has taken away from me discomfort and granted me relief.

Du'a when putting on a garment:

Alhamdulillah hillazii kasaanii haazaa warazaqaniihi min ghairi haulim minny walaa quwwah. All praises be to Allah who has clothed me with this garment, and has given it to me without difficulty.

Du'a when taking off a garment:

Bismillah hillazii laa ilaha illaa huwa. In the name of Allah that there is no god except Him.

Du'a when putting on a new garment:

Alhamdulillah hillzii kasaanii maa uwaarii bihii 'auratii wa atajammalu bihii fii hayatii. All praises be to Allah who has clothed me with that which I cover my body and with wich I attain beauty in my life.

Du'a when looking into the mirror:

Alllahuma anta hasaanta khalqii fahassin khuluqii. Oh Allah! You have made my physical shape beautiful, so beauty my character too.

Du'a before eating:

Bismillaahi wa'alaa barakatillahi. In the name of Allah and with the blessing of Allah.

Du'a after eating:

Alhamdulillah hillazi at'amanaa wa saqaanaa wa ja'alana minal Muslimiin. All praises are due to Allah who has provided us with food and drink and made us Muslims.

Du'a after taking milk:

Allahuma baarik lana fiihi wa zidnaa minhu. Oh Allah! Bless us with it and increase it for us.

Du'a when forgetting to say Bismillah:

Bismillahi awwalahuu wa aakhirahuu. In the name of Allah from the beginning until the end.

Du'a when leaving home:

Bismillahi tawakkaltu 'alallah laa haula walaa quwwata In the name of Allah, I depend on Allah, there is no power and might except from Allah.

Du'a when reaching at home:

Tauban tauban, lirabbinaa auban, laa yughaadiru 'alainaa huuban. We surrender before our Lord, surrender for our Lord, we bring back nor leave a single sin.

Du'a on returning from a journey:

Aaibuuna taaibuuna 'aabiduuna li rabbinaa haamiduuna. We are returners, penitents, worshippers and adores of our Lord.

Du'a when entering a vacant house:

Assalaamu 'alainaa wa 'alaa 'ibaadillahis saalihiin. May peace be upon us and on the righteous servants of Allah.

Giving the salaam:

Assalaamu 'alaykum. Peace be upon you.

Replying the salaam:

Wa'alaykum assalaam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuhu. And peace be upon you too, and mercy of Allah and His blessings.

How to reply to non-Muslims if they greet Muslims:

Assalamu 'alaa man ittab'a alhuda. Peace be upon those who follow the right path.

While waving goodbye to anyone:

Astaudi'uliaha diinaka wa amaanataka wa khawaatiima amalika. Unto Allah I commend your faith, your trust and the consequence of your work.

Du'a at the time of undertaking a journey:

A. At the time of boarding: Bismillah. In the name of Allah. B. After sitting down: Alhamdulillah. Praises be to Allah. C. At the time of taking off: Subhana lazi sakhkharalanaa haazaa wamaa kunnaa lahuu muqriniin wa innaa ilaa rabbinaa lamunqalibuun. Praised be Allah, Who has controlled this vehicle for us and we are unable to control it. And surely we will return to our Lord.

Du'a when entering the Mosque:

Allahummaftah lii abwaaba rahmatika. Oh Allah! Open for me the gates of Your mercy.

Du'a after leaving the Mosque:

Allahumma innii as-aluka min fazlika. Oh Allah! Verily I seek from You bounty.

At the time of beginning ablution (wuzu):

Bismillahi laziimi wa alhamdulillahi 'alaa diinil islaam.

In the name of Allah, the Exalted, and praise to Him for keeping me faithful to the religion of islam.

Du'a after performing wuzu:

Ashhadu anla illaha illallaahu wahdahuu laa sharikalahu wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan 'abduhuu wa rasuluh allahumma j'alnii mina ttawwaabiina waj'alnii min almutatahhiriin waj'alnii min ibaadika salihiin. I bear witness that there is none worthy of worship except Allah and that He is the absolute one, there is no partner. And I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His messenger. Oh Allah!, make me one of those who always purify themselves, and make me among Your virtuous servants.

When the adhan is being called:

Reply whatever being said the Muazzin, except for these; Hayya alal saalah (2 times) Come to the prayers (2 times) Hayya alal falah (2 times) Come to success (2 times) To these calls you are to reply: Laa haula wa laa quwwata illaa billah. There is no power and might except from Allah.

Du'a after the adhan:

Allahuma rabba haazihid da' watittaammati wassalaatilqaaimati, aati Muhammada niwasiilata walfaziilata, wab'as-hu maqaamam Mahmuuda nillazi wa'adtahu innaka laa tukhliful mii'ada. Oh Allah, the Lord of this perfect call, and the present salaat, bestow upon Muhammad (s.a.w.) the means to access excellence, the dignity. Raise him to the praise- worthy position that You have promised him. Surely You are the one that not deny the promised.

Du'a at the time of fasting:

Wa bisaumi ghdin nawaitu min shahri ramadhan. And I observe fast for tomorrow for the month of ramadhan.

Du'a at the time of breaking fast:

Allahumma laka sumtu wa bika amantu wa'alaa rizqika aftartu. Oh Allah! It is for You that I observed the fast, faith in You and on Your nourishment that I break my fast.

Du'a when breaking fast in someone else's place:

Aftara 'indakumu ssaaimuuna, wa 'akala ta'aa makumul abraaru, wa salaat 'alaikumul malaaikatu. May the observers of fast break it at your table, and the pious take meal at your house and Angels beg mercy for you.

Du'a after salaat:

Allahumma ainii 'alaa zikrika wa shukrika wa husni 'ibaadatik. Oh Allah! Help me at Your remembrance, thanks and your good worship.

Du'a when giving zakat:

Rabbanaa taqabbal minna innaka antas samii'ul'aliim. Oh our Lord! Do accept from us our zakat, verily You hear and know everything.

Du'a in the night of lailatul Qadar:

Allahumma inaka 'afuwwun tuhibbul 'afwa fa'fu'annii. Oh Allah! Verily You are Most Forgiving, You love forgiving, therefore do forgive my sins.

Du'a in the month of Rajab:

Allahumma baarik lanaa fii rajabin wa sha'baana, waballighnaa Ramadhan. Oh Allah! We request of your blessings in these months of Rajab and Sha'ban and may we also reach Ramadhan.

Du'a upon sighting the new moon:

Allahumma ahillahu 'alainaa bil yumni wal iimani wa salaamati wal Islami wattaufiiqi limaa tuhibbu wa tarzaa rabbii wa rabbukal laahu.

Oh Allah! Let this new moon appear unto us with good luck and prosperity with faith, with safety and with Islam and with hope of success to do deeds, which my Lord likes and approves.

Du'a for pilgrimage (Hajj):

Labbaika allahumma labbaika, labbaika laa shariika laka labbaika, innal hamda wanna'imata laka, wal mulka, laa shariika laka. Here I am at Your service, Oh Allah! Here I am at Your service! Here I am at Your service! You have no partner, Here I am at Your service! Verily unto You belong all praises, and the bounty, and also the sovereignty, You have no partner.

Dua when going to the market:

La ilaha illallahu wahdahuu laa shariika lahu, lahul mulku walahul hamdu yuhyii wa yumiitu wahuwa hayyul laa yamuutu biyadihil khairu wahuwa 'alaa kulli shai in qadiir. There is no God except Allah, there is no ally for Him, the kingdom is for Him and all praises are due to Him. He gives life and death, He is alive and never dies, He controls goodness and He can do everything.

Du'a for a couple's marriage:

Barakallahu laka wa baraka llahu 'alaika, wa jama'a bainakuma fii khairin. May Allah shower you with His blessings and may both of you live in harmony and in happiness.

Du'a after sneezing:

Alhamdulillah. All praises be to Allah.

Du'a when one hears another sneezing:

Yarhamukallah. May Allah have mercy on you.

Du'a for protection against all type of diseases:

Bismillahi 'audhubillahi wa quddratihii min sharri maa ajidu wa uhaaziru.

In the name of Allah, I seek refuge with Allah and with His power from every evil that I may find or the fear of which ever hunts me.

Du'a when visiting a sick person:

Allahumma azhibil baasa rabban naasi ishfihi wa antash shaafii, laa shifaa-aillaa shifaa-uka, shifaa-ul laa yughaadiru saqmaa. Oh Lord of mankind, cure his illness; You are the Healer and nothing can be cured except by You, through a painless cure.

Du'a at the time of condolence:

Inna lilahi maa akhaza wa lillahi maa a'ataa wa kullun indahu bi ajalim musamman faltasbir waltahtasib. Verily everything belongs to Allah that He has taken away, and belongs to Allah that He has given. Allah is with him for an appointed time; forbear and except reward.

Du'a whenever a dead body is seen:

Ashhadu an lailaha illa allahu. I bear witness that there is no god but Allah.

Du'a when a body is lowered into the grave:

Bismillahi wa'ala millati rasulillah. In the name of Allah, and in accordance with the ritual of the messenger of Allah.

Du'a when visiting the graveyard:

Assalaamu 'alaykum yaa ahlal qubuuri, yaghfirullahu lanaa wa lakum wa antum salafnaa wa nahnu billisri. Peace be upon you. Oh ye dwellers of these graves! May Allah forgive us and you! You are out forerunners and we are at your heels.

Du'a when you are going up a valley or upstairs.

Allahu akbar. Allah the greatest.

Du'a when going down a valley of downstairs.

Subhana Allah. Glory to Allah.

Du'a when lightning and thunder occurs:

Allahumma laa taqtulnaa bighadhabika, walaa tuhliknaa bi'azaabika, wa'aafinaa qabla zaalika. Oh Allah! May You not kill us out of Your anger, do not destroy us through Your punishment and bless us before it comes.

Du'a when rain falls.

Allahumma sayyiban naafi'an. Oh Allah! May this rain bring blessings.

Du'a when anger overtakes you.

Audhu billahi mina shaytan nir rajiim. I seek refuge with Allah from shaytan (the accursed).

Du'a for giving thanks.

Yaa rabbii lakal'hamdu kama yanbaghii lijalaali wajhika, wa 'aziimi sultaanik Oh my Lord, all praises be to You, as it should be due to Your might and the greatness of Your power.

Du'a for appreciation.

Jazaakallahu khairaa. May Allah return your kindness.

Du'a for parents.

Rabbighfir lii wa liwaalidayya wa lilmu'miniina yauma yaquumul hisaab, rabbir hamhumaa kamaa rabbayaanii shaghiraa. Oh Lord, forgive my parents and Muslims in the heareafter. Oh Lord, show mercy on them as they have nourished me when I was young.

Du'a before studying.

Allahuma infa'nii bimaa 'allamtanii wa 'allimnii maa yantfa 'unii. Oh Allah! Make useful for me what You had thought me and teach me knowledge that will be useful to me.

Some short suras that can be added to your du'as.

Sura Al-Fatiha (the opening).
Bismillah hi Rahma nir Rahim Alhamdulillahi rabbil 'alamiin, ar Rahmaa nir Rahim maaliki yaumidiin, iyaaka na 'ubudu wa iyaaka nastaiin ihdina siratal mustaqiim siraatal laziina an amta alay him ghairil maghdubi alay him wa lad daaalliim (Ameen). In the name of Allah, The Beneficent, The Merciful Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds. The Beneficent, The Merciful; owner of the Day of Judgement. You alone we worship; You alone we ask for help; show us the straight path; the path of those whom You have favored, not the path of those who earn Your anger neither of those who go astray.

Ayatul Kursi.
Bismillah hi Rahma nir Rahim Allahu la illaha illaahu alhayyul qayyumu laa taakhuzuhu sinnatun wa laa naum lahu maa fis-smawati wa maa fil ard man zallazii yashf'au indahu illaa bi iznihii y'a lamu maa baina aydihim wa maa khalfahum wala yuhiituuna bishaim min ilmihii illaa bimashaa wasi'a kursi yuhus samaawaati wal ard wala, yauduhu hifzu humaa wa huwal 'aliyul aziim. In the name of Allah, The Beneficent, The Merciful Allah! There is no God but HE, The Living, The Self Subsisting Eternal, slumber does not overtake Him nor does HE sleep, all the things in the heavens and on earth are His, oh who can intercede with Him, except by His permission, HE knows what is before them and what is behind them, and they cannot comprehend anything out of this knowledge, except what HE pleases, His throne extends over the heavens and the earth, and preserving them does not overburden Him, and HE is The Most High, The Great.

Sura Al-Kaafiruun.

Bismillah hi Rahma nir Rahim Qul yaa ayuhal kaafirun laa 'abudu maa ta' buduun walaa antum 'aabiduuna maa 'abud walaa ana 'aabidum maa 'a battuum walaa antum 'aabiduna maa 'aabud lakum diinukum wa liya diin. Say: O you that reject faith! Worship not that which you worship, nor will you worship that which I worship and I will not worship that which you have been wont to worship, nor will you worship that which I worship, to you be your way and to me mine.

Sura Ikhlaas.
Bismillah hi Rahma nir Rahim Qul hu wallaahu ahad allahu samad lam yalid walam yuulad walam yakul lahu kufu wan ahad. Say: HE is Allah, The One and Only, Allah the Eternal, The Absolute; HE begets not, nor is HE begotten and there is none like unto Him.

Sura Falaq.
Bismillah hi Rahma nir Rahim Qul 'audhu bi rabbil falaq min sharrimaa khalaq wa min sahrri ghasiqin izaa waqab wa min sahrrinnaffa sati fil uqad wa min sahrri haasidin izaa hasad. Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of the dawn from the mischief of all created things; from the mischief of darkness as it overspreads; from the mischief of those who practice secret arts and from the mischief of the envious one as he practices envy.

Sura Nass.
Bismillah hi Rahma nir Rahim Qul 'audhu birabbin naas malikin naas ilaahin naas min sharril was waasil khanaas, allazi yawas wisu fii suduurin naas minal jinnati wan naas. Say: I seek refuge with the Lord and Cherisher of mankind, the Ruler of mankind, The God of mankind, from the mischief of the whisperer of evil, who withdraws (after his whisper) (the same) who whispers into the hearts of mankind, among Jinns and among men.