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Simple array of two antennas Consider two identical parallel Hertzian dipoles separated by a distance d
z r2
r
i i 2
r1
2
I2
d 2
1
d 2
I1
x
64
Antennas
The dipole currents have the same amplitude and total phase difference
I1 ( t ) = Io cos( t + 2) I2 ( t ) = Io cos( t 2)
phasor
I1 = Io e j 2 I 2 = I o e j 2
phasor
E1 i 1 E2 i 2
j Io z e 4 r1
j r1 + j 2
sin 1 sin 2
65
j Io z e 4 r2
j r2 j 2
Antennas
r >> d 1 2 i 1 i 2 i d r2 r + cos 2
d r1 r cos 2
E1 i E2 i
Antennas
After applying the approximations, the two components can be combined to give the total electric field
E i
67
Antennas
sin
unit pattern
d cos + cos 2
group pattern
The unit pattern is proportional to the radiation pattern of the individual antennas, assumed to be identical. The group pattern is proportional to the radiation pattern the array would have with isotropic antennas. Note: on the xy plane, coincides with the azimuthal angle . Following are examples of twoantenna arrays with specific values of dipole distance and current phase difference.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 68
Antennas
d = /2
=0
Broad-side pattern z
z x x x
Unit Pattern
Group Pattern
Resultant Pattern
69
Antennas
d = /2
=0
Broad-side pattern
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern
70
Antennas
d = /2
= 180
End-fire pattern
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern
71
Antennas
d = /4
= 90
Cardioid pattern
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern
72
Antennas
d = /4
= 90
Cardioid pattern
Power Radiation Pattern
73
Antennas
d = /2
= 90
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern
74
Antennas
d=
=0
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern
75
Antennas
d=
= 180
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern
76
Antennas
CASE STUDY - 1) A radio broadcast transmitter is located 15 km West of the city it needs to serve. The FCC standard is to have 25 mV/m electric field strength in the city. How much radiation power must be provided to a quarter wavelength monopole? We consider =90 for transmission in the plane perpendicular to the antenna
E = i
/ 2 dipole
Imax = 6.25 A
In a monopole, the lower wire is substituted by the ground. The equivalent radiation resistance is half that of the corresponding dipole. Therefore, the total radiated power is half the power radiated by the half-wavelength dipole, for the same current.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 77
Antennas
Monopole
/4
GROUND PLANE
A perfect ground would act like a metal surface, reflecting 100% of the signal. The ground creates an image of the missing wire delivering to a given point above the ground the same signal as a complete dipole. The transmission line connected to the antenna sees only half of the radiation resistance, with total radiated power:
Antennas
2) Improve the design by using a twoantenna array. A good choice of array parameters is
d = /4
phase(antenna B) phase(antenna A) = = 90
which gives a cardioid pattern
d
A B
15 km
79
Antennas
P( t ) = i r
Imax
2 2 2
8 r sin
2
cos
cos 2
4 cos
d cos + 2
( array factor ) 2
cos 2
= ir
Imax
2 2 2
8 r sin
cos
4 cos
cos
( array factor ) 2
R cos
R sin cos
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
R sin sin
R sin
80
Antennas
2 2 2 Ptot = r sin d P( t ) d 0 0
2 2 Ptot = r 0
( array factor )2
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 81
Antennas
2 d = 2 0
82
Antennas
The total radiated power is proportional to the square of the current, and the integral over gives a factor 4 instead of 2 for the array. Overall, the total radiated power needed by the array, to produce the same electric field, is half that of the individual monopole
Antennas
For a monopole Radiated Power = 0.51428.3127 = 714.155635 [ W ] Rad. Resistance = 0.573.129616 = 36.564808 [ ]
84
Antennas
85
Antennas
N-Element Antenna Array Assume a uniform array of N identical antennas. The elements are fed by currents with constant amplitude and with phase increasing by an amount from one to the other. The spacing d between the antennas is uniform.
r ( N 1) d cos
1 23 d
I (1) = Io ; I (2) = Io e j ; ; I ( N ) = Io e j( N 1)
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 86
Antennas
N 1
We have used
n= 0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
e jn( d cos + ) =
1 e jN ( d cos + ) 1 e j ( d cos + )
87
Antennas
E( r, ) = Eo
1 e jN ( d cos + ) 1 e j ( d cos + )
1 e
jx
x jx 2 x = 2 j sin e = 2 sin 2 2
88
Antennas
We can rewrite
d cos + = 0, 2 , 4
for m = integer 0, N , 2 N ,
when N ( d cos + ) = 2 m
89
Antennas
2 dipoles
4 dipoles
90
Antennas
8 dipoles
16 dipoles
91
Antennas
2 dipoles
4 dipoles
92
Antennas
8 dipoles
16 dipoles
93
Antennas
2 dipoles
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
4 dipoles
94
Antennas
8 dipoles
16 dipoles
95