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Real Time Water Allocation Modelling and River Ecosystem

Waluyo Hatmoko Research Institute for Water Resources Bandung, Indonesia

ABSTRACT
Population growth and socio-economic development in Indonesia increase the demand of water for various purposes such as agriculture, domestic, municipal, industry, and energy. On the other hand, the amount of water available is constant and tends to be deteriorated. For some places in Java, the water demand is so high compared with the available. In these cases, real-time water allocation is needed to solve the problem of distributing the water to different users, in a fair and efficient manner. In the framework of a World Bank funded project, Java Irrigation and Water Management Project - Basin Water Resources Management (JIWMP-BWRM), some river basins in Java (Ciujung-Cidurian, Cisanggarung, Jragung-Tuntang, Progo-Opak, and Sampean) are selected as pilot basins for real-time water allocation. In each of these five basins, the real-time water allocation has been carried out with the help of computer models as a decision support system. Originally, a Fortran based linear-programming model WRMM (Water Resources Management Model) was operated, together with MapInfo as a user interface. Recently a simpler alternative model using spreadsheet has been introduced. In the existing water allocation model, the water users identified are mostly irrigation, domestic and municipal, and industry. Although it is understood that fishery and wildlife preservation depends on an adequate water supply in lakes, reservoirs, streams and estuaries, but in reality the water requirement for maintaining river ecosystem does not yet included in system of water allocation. This paper reports the current modelling techniques and applications of real-time water allocation in Java. Furthermore, it suggests improvements to include river ecosystem maintenance in the water allocation model. It is concluded that water allocated for river ecosystem is a maintenance flow to achieve a range of normal water levels needed for living organism. Penalty system in a linear programming scheme as well as an optimal control approach of tracking the nominal path are some of the computational techniques seem to be suitable for the modelling of the real-time water allocation, which include river flow maintenance for sustainable river ecosystem. Keywords: Real-time Water Allocation, Modelling Techniques, River Ecosystem, Maintenance Flow

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INTRODUCTION
Background As in other developing countries, population growth and socio-economic development in Indonesia increase the demand of water for various purposes such as agriculture, domestic, municipal, industry, and energy. On the other hand, the amount of water available is relatively constant and even tends to be deteriorated in some rivers. For some irrigation and industrial region in Java Island, the water demand is so high compared with the available. In these cases, real-time water allocation is needed to solve the problem of distributing the water to different water users, in a fair and efficient manner. However, among the other competing users for water, the water demand for ecosystem has not yet included in the list of the overall water demand. Water Allocation Priorities Existing Water Law The priorities in water use have been set down in Law No. 11 of 1974, elucidation of Article 8. The order of priority as set out in this law is given as follows: Priority A: drinking water, domestic, national defence, religion, and municipality. Priority B: agriculture, husbandry, plantation, and fishery. Priority C: energy, industry, mining, navigation, and recreation. It is a pity that this water law does not specifically mention the water demand for maintaining river ecosystem. However, it should be noted that the next article states that priorities given in Article 8 of Law No.11/1974 can be made flexible and can be varied to suit particular situations by the stakeholders in the river basin. Draft of the Proposed Water Law Along with reformation and the changing paradigm of water management, people realised that the existing water law can no longer accommodate the reformation spirit such as holistic and integrated approach, transparency and public involvement. The draft of the new law on water resources made by working group for policy reformation in water resources sector has been discussed in various seminars and workshops. The priority ranking for water uses in the new proposed water law be as follows: Drinking water Domestic Religion Municipal Sanitation Agriculture Energy Industry Mining Navigation Forestry and bio-diversity Sport, recreation and tourism Ecosystem Aesthetics Although as in the existing water law, the next clause mentions that the priority ranking can be re-established in the river basin by local government, but it shows that water availability for ecosystem is considered still as at a very low priority.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n)

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Water Allocation Planning According to the time span of planning, the water allocation planning in Indonesia can be divided into two stages: 1) Long-term planning, which is an annual water allocation planning in RTTG (Rencana Tata Tanam Global) or Global Annual Planting Plan. This kind of planning is based on dependable availability of water, usually is taken reliability of 80%. This annual plan is prepared by Dinas Pengairan Kabupaten (District Water Resources Agency) and issued by Bupati. 2) Real-time planning is a water allocation planning on the latest data available. This is required in some region because experience shows that in reality RTTG might be different with the implementation. Real-time Water Allocation Process Real-time water allocation process is a continuous feedback process of controlling the water resources; consist of four steps as follows: a) Measurement of the system status: is the data collection phase. It gives the water level, which is converted into river-flows; water available in reservoirs; area, cropping status and water demand of irrigation; etc. b) Forecasting phase: forecast the system status in the period (e.g. next half-month), concerning river-flow, and water demand for irrigation as well as non-irrigation. c) Water allocation planning: is the determination or decision to allocate the water. Basically it is an optimisation phase based on the present and the next system status. In this phase, various optimisation techniques such as linear programming, dynamic programming, and non-linear programming could be applied. However, experience and compromise among the stakeholder might give better solution. d) Execution of water allocation: is the action to control the system according to the planned allocation. This phase is carried out by adjusting the gate setting in the field. The water allocation execution changes the system status, measured, planned and executed repeatedly as a continuous process.
System Status Measurement: - Water available - Water demand Forecasting: - River-flow - Water demand

Water allocation execution - Adjust gate setting - By gate operator

Water allocation planing: - Compromises - Water allocation model

Figure 1. Real-time Water Allocation Process

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Basin Water Resources Management In the framework of a World Bank funded project, Java Irrigation and Water Management Project - Basin Water Resources Management (JIWMP-BWRM), some river basins in Java (Ciujung-Cidurian, Cisanggarung, Jragung-Tuntang, Progo-Opak, and Sampean) are selected as pilot basins for real-time water allocation. The main objective of the project is strengthening the water resources management in the river basin, especially in the following aspect: institution, database management, water allocation, hydrology, water quality, river maintenance, and irrigation. In each of these five basins, the real-time water allocation has been carried out with the help of computer models as a decision support system. The computer models have been installed in the five Balai PSDA (Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air), river basin management agencies. In the existing water allocation model, the water users identified are mostly irrigation, domestic and municipal, and industry. Although it is understood that fishery and wildlife preservation depends on an adequate water supply in lakes, reservoirs, streams and estuaries, but in reality the water requirement for maintaining river ecosystem does not yet included in the system of water allocation.

REAL-TIME WATER ALLOCATION MODELLING

Real-time Water Allocation Model A water allocation model is used to assist the process of real-time water allocation planning in the JIWMP-BWRM project. A public domain model WRMM (Water Resources Management Model) and ad hoc model based on Ms-Excel are applied. In general, the inputs of the water allocation models are: a) Schematisation of water resources: demand nodes; inflow nodes; infrastructures; river and canal reaches. b) Priority of water user c) Water demand for various water users d) Inflow at tributaries The last two data: demand and inflow need to be updated every period. Balai PSDA, every period collects these data, process, and sends real-time Water Allocation Plan to the Cabang-Dinas Pengairan (formerly Ranting Dinas Pengairan) a water resources agency at the district level in the basin area. Determinations of the real-time interval period for water allocation management has to take into account the actual conditions and infrastructures available in the basin. To be in line with the common irrigation practice, the real-time period is: a) Half-monthly for Pilot Basin in West Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta b) Ten days for Pilot Basin in East Java. Water Resources Management Model Model Description WRMM (Water Resources Management Model), a public domain water allocation model was selected and implemented in the five pilot basins. WRMM was developed by Alberta Environment Protection to serve as a river basin planning tool in Western Canada to analyze responses of a river basin to varying operating policies or structural developments. The model is available free of charge. The original version is running under DOS on any 386 (or better) based PC with minimum 4 MB of RAM.

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WRMM is a deterministic, steady state, surface water allocation model (Ilich and Simonovic, 1996). It is a multi-purpose, multireservoir simulation model with a nested optimisation sub-program based on Linear Programming. The WRMM derives an optimal allocation of water over a discrete set of time intervals subject to physical constraints (limited water supply and specified water demands) and operational constraints (priority of use). The basic concept built into the model is to mimic an intelligent basin operator who would make a decision regarding reservoir releases and diversion flows typically once every several days based on the initial reservoir storage, a forecast of runoff and demands and a distribution policy which conforms to previously established allocation guidelines. The deterministic property means that the model relies on estimates of runoff and demands that are (assumed to be) known for each simulated time-step. Steady state implies average runoff and demand conditions over a simulated time-step, which can be any multiple of one day. Shorter time step tend to be better represent real-world system. The output is a time series of reservoir levels, regulated channel flows and water consumption within the basin. Each operational policy or structural alternative can be modelled using a distinct WRMM run. WRMM can be used as a planning tool that simulates multiple time-step, and for realtime operation with only one step ahead. For real-time water allocation, WRMM is implemented to allocate the water for the next time-step, which is half monthly in West and Central Java, and ten days in East Java. Model Input Data input for WRMM is an ASCII file called SCF (Simulation Control File), which contains physical system configuration, penalty system, water demand and water supply. The frequently changed data is entered into the model, using an interface of Ms-Windows based Geographic Information System (GIS) Mapinfo program. This provides the user with access to the schematisation map as a Mapinfo layer, which can be put together with other layer (geographic, administrative, etc.). Priority and Penalty The water allocation priorities in the model are set up by specifying the values of the penalties in the input of WRMM model. High penalties (or priorities) are usually applied for public water supply and industries; and lower penalties for irrigation areas. Modelling Formulation The objective function in the WRMM, as in any linear-programming penalty based model can be defined as follows: Minimize: X(i,j) C(i,j) Subject to: {X(i,j) X(j,i)} = 0 U(i,j) X(i,j) L(i,j) (conservation of mass constraints) (flow bound constraint)

Where: (i,j) = a component zone connecting node i to node j Xi,j) = the amount of flow (or storage) in zone (i,j) L(i,j) = minimum flow needed along zone (i,j) U(i,j) = maximum possible flow along zone (i,j) C(i,j) = cost (or penalty) applied to unit of flow in (i,j) This linear programming problem is then solved using SUPERK algorithm, which is faster than Out-of-Kilter algorithm.

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Model Output and User Interface Using the Mapinfo interface, the user can enter the frequently changed data easily using Mapinfo browser or info-tool. The data that are updated every half-month are: - Area: area of the irrigation area - Rate: water demand (litres/s/ha for irrigation; litres/s for others), inflow (m3/s), and water level in reservoirs (meters). After running the model, the user can analyse the results from: - Map window in Mapinfo: shows the schematisation map with the discharges in every river and canal reaches, water allocated, and k-factors. - Browser windows in Mapinfo, showing tables of water allocation results. - Thematic map of water demand fulfilment. - Bar graph of k-factor (supply/demand ratio)

Figure 2. WRMM Model for Jragung-Tuntang River Basin in the Central of Java Ad Hoc Ms-Excel Model For a simple water resources scheme, water allocation calculation is rather straightforward. Inflow from tributaries are summed up; river-flow is subtracted when there is water extraction; along the river from upstream to the sea. In this case a spreadsheet model such as Lotus-123 or Ms-Excel would be suitable (Hatmoko, 1998).

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Kab. Batang Cab.Din. Kupang Sambong DI. Bodri 606 397 Ha 0.8 L/dt/ha 0.318 m3/dt 83 % KR1-KDP7 605 427 Ha 0.8 L/dt/ha 0.342 m3/dt 83 % BPT7-BDr1-4,BKd3 601 480 Ha 0.8 L/dt/ha 0.384 m3/dt 83 %

0.265 0.318 0.265

0.000 0.285 0.659 0.550 BKdL4-MG2KA 602 674 Ha 0.8 L/dt/ha 0.539 m3/dt 83 % 0.450 0.996 0.457 0.381 PN1KA 603 571 Ha 0.8 L/dt/ha 0.457 m3/dt 83 % 0.381 K. Kuto

Kab. Kendal Cab.Din. Tuntang Hilir 0.000 K. Damar BPM.1-7 604 1998 Ha 0.8 L/dt/ha 1.598 m3/dt 94 %

0.320 1.043

1.500 1.598

0.000 0.000 1.500

0.870

0.830 2.039 Inflow Bd,Kd.Asem 1.700 m3/dt

Inflow Bd.Timbang 1.500 m3/dt

Figure 3. Ms-Excel Model for Kali Kuto River in the Central of Java The steps in setting-up an Ms-Excel based water allocation model are as follows: Draw the water resources schematisation, including river reaches and nodes. There are some different types of nodes: b) Irrigation withdrawal node, showing data on: irrigation name; irrigation area (planting area); unit water requirement (litres/s/ha), and gives calculated information on water demand (m3/s); allocated water (m3/s); and k-factors (supply/demand). c) Non-irrigation withdrawal node, showing data on water demand (m3/s) and gives calculated information on allocated water (m3/s). d) Inflow node, from upper catchment area, river tributaries, reservoir, and inter-basin transfer. e) Control node: diversion node and reservoir node. 2) Compute the accumulated water demands from the most downstream to upstream. 3) Allocate the water available from upstream to downstream. The allocation scheme decided in each diversion structures can use one of the following methods: a) First come first served. This simple method is unfair for the downstream users. b) Fixed proportion, for example since long time ago, Mataram canal takes 70% of the discharge in Kali Progo all the time. This provides rather fair method, but the water requirement in diversion structures may not always be the same all the time. c) Proportional to the water demand. This fair method requires computation of water demand from downstream. d) Trial and error. By adjusting the gate (in the model) by trial and error to achieve balance distribution value of the k-factor. 4) Compute the k-factor for the, the ratio of the allocated water and the water demand for each irrigation area. Ideally, the k-factor for irrigation areas should be the same over a river basin. 1)

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WATER ALLOCATION FOR RIVER ECOSYSTEM

Having low priority, in Indonesia the water allocated for ecosystem is depend on the other water users. When the water is adequate during the rainy season, there is no problem on river-flow maintenance. On the other hand when there are conflict of interest in water for irrigation, domestic and industry, which already happened in some river basin, then the water for ecosystem is in the low priority list as it is in the water law. No data is known on how much water is allocated for river ecosystem especially during the dry season. Next paragraphs describes the some theoretical information on water requirement for river ecosystem in Indonesia, environmental flow assessment, and suggestion on how to implement the water requirement for ecosystem in the real-time water allocation model. Water Requirement for River Ecosystem No specific formula yet available for the river ecosystem water requirement in Indonesia. However some studies suggest water requirement for river maintenance flow in urban area, and in general. Water Demand for River Maintenance in the Urban Area River maintenance in the urban area is also known as flushing water requirement. According to JICA (1997), the present per capita flushing water requirement of urban areas was estimated at 360 litre/day and in 2015 is expected to reduce to 300 litre/day since by then more people are expected to be connected to a sewerage system. River maintenance water demand is estimated by multiplying projected urban population by per capita flushing water requirement. River Maintenance in non-urban Area There are different methods on estimation of the flow for river maintenance. They are ranging from natural minimum flow, 98% probability of exceeding, and some fraction of the annual flow. Detailed assessment on water requirement for ecosystem is described in the Environmental Flow Assessment (King et al, 1999). Environmental Flow Assessment An EFA (Environmental Flow Assessment) is an assessment of how much of the original flow of a river should continue to flow down it in order to maintain specified valued features of the river ecosystem (King et al, 1999). It is used to assess how much water could be abstracted from a river without an unacceptable level of degradation of the river ecosystem or, for a highly modified river with much abstraction, how much of its original flow should be recovered in order to rehabilitate the ecosystem to some required condition. An EFA has two main areas of focus: 1) the different flow regimes that would maintain a river ecosystem at various levels of health condition and 2) the ways these different levels of river health will affect people. An environmental flow requirement (EFR) is the product of an EFA. It describes the flow regime required to achieve a specific river condition. EFAs have increased in importance during the last three decades, as it has become apparent that flow manipulations are causing serious degradation of river ecosystems. Four basic groups of EFA methodology are widely recognized, namely hydrological index methodologies; hydraulic rating methodologies; habitat simulation methodologies and holistic methodologies. 1) Hydrological index methodologies based on historical flow records for making flow recommendations. Most of this method is based on the duration curve.

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2) Hydraulic rating methodologies use the relationship between simple hydraulic variables and discharge to develop environmental flow recommendations. The hydraulic variables, such as wetted-perimeter or maximum depth, are usually measured along a single cross-section, across the target river section. 3) Habitat simulation methodologies, also known as habitat modeling also make use of hydraulic-discharge relationships, but with more detailed analyses of the quantity and suitability of instream physical habitat available to target biota under different flow regimes, on the basis of integrated hydrological, hydraulic and biological response data. Example of this method is IFIM (Instream Flow Incremental Methodology). 4) Holistic methodologies may incorporate the first three type methodologies. However more attention is paid for identifying the flows linked to issues of human use and interest, such as maintenance of aesthetic quality, social dependence on the river ecosystem, economic costs and benefits of changing flow regimes, protection of features of cultural or scientific interest, and river-related recreation. River Ecosystem in Real-time Water Allocation Model There are four different kind of real-time water allocation models are identified as follows: 1) Purely Simulation Model, such as River Basin Simulation Model or Ribasim (Delft Hydraulics, 1998). 2) Formula Based Model, for example ad hoc spreadsheet model (Hatmoko, 1998), allocate the water according to the designed formula. 3) Penalty Based Model, for example: WRMM and MODSIM, which minimize the system (total) penalty subject to water availability and river basin configuration. 4) Optimal Control model, tracks the nominal (or normal) path of water operation. This kind of model is inspired from missiles control, autopilot in ships and airplanes, etc. It tries to maintain the smallest overall deviation from the designed water operation rule-curve (Hatmoko, 1990). For the first two models, purely simulation and formula based model, everything is depend on the decision maker, and the model just shows the consequences of the water allocation policy simulated on different water users including river ecology. By analyzing the simulation results the decision-maker might select a suitable water allocation policy. In the penalty based water allocation model such as WRMM, the importance or priority of the water users can be represented as the penalties when the corresponding water demand is not fulfilled. To stress the importance of river ecosystem, the penalty of the river-flow for ecosystem should be taken as high enough to compete with other users (irrigation, domestic and industry). However the water law in Indonesia still gives the water requirement for river ecosystem at a very low priority. This could dry the river-flow to fulfill the irrigation, domestic and industrial water demand. Optimal Control model preserve the rule curve, hence the deviation from the normal condition would be minimized. This is might be suitable for river ecosystem, but on the other hand might sacrifice other important water users. If we really concern with the ecological river-flow, then in any optimization model for water allocation, the river maintenance requirement should be put as boundary conditions rather than objective function. This would ensure the flow maintenance is fulfilled before satisfying the other water users. However this is subject to discussion among the water resources stakeholders.

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions 1) River ecosystem need a maintenance flow to achieve a range of normal water levels needed for living organism. 2) The water allocation priority system in Indonesian law put the water allocation for ecosystem at very low priority. This might results drying out of river-flows for more important user such as domestic, irrigation and industry. 3) Methods of computation for water requirement for river ecosystem are still in the state of the art, some method based on hydrology, hydraulics rating, habitat simulation and holistic approach. But no application of these methods in Indonesia has been reported. 4) The water requirement for river ecosystem has not yet identified well in the recent water allocation project. 5) Penalty system in a linear programming scheme as well as an optimal control approach of tracking the nominal path are some of the computational techniques seem to be suitable for the modelling of the real-time water allocation, which include river flow maintenance for sustainable river ecosystem. Recommendations 1) Socialisation on the importance of water allocated for river ecology, for the stakeholder in water resources management, especially for the smallest water forum in the village. 2) Research and development on how much water is required for river ecosystem in the tropical countries, especially in Indonesia. 3) Application of the flow maintenance in the real-time water allocation in the pilot basin. 4) Incorporate the priority system for river ecology in a water allocation model not only as objective function, but rather as boundary conditions whenever possible.

REFERENCES
Alberta Environment Protection, Planning Division, 1987. Water Resources Management Model, Computer Program Description, User Manual, Canada. Delft Hydraulics, 1998. Ribasim, User Manual, Netherlands Hatmoko, W., 1990. Real-time Control of Reservoir Systems, a Stochastic Optimal Control Approach, MSc. Thesis, IHE Delft, Netherlands. Hatmoko, W., 1998. Simulation Model for Water Allocation using Lotus-123, Proceeding The Tenth Afro-Asian Regional Conference", ICID, Bali. Ilich, N. and S. Simonovic, 1996. Optimization of Water Allocation for Sustainable Development, Proceeding of Joint Seminar on Optimization of Water Allocation for Sustainable Development, Ministry of Public Works in cooperation with JICA and INACID, Jakarta. JICA et al, 1997. The Study for Formulation of Irrigation Development Program in the Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of Public Works, Jakarta. King, J. et al, 1999. Thematic Report, Definition and Implementation of Instream Flows, Final Report, World Commission on Dams, Cape Town, South Africa. Virama Karya PT. et al, 2000. Basin Water Resources Management Project (BWRM) Phase II, Final Report, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Development, Jakarta.

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