Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
The Irish Sea's Tidal Power Potential including the Dee Estuary
George A. Aggidis
Director Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group & Fluid Machinery Group
g.aggidis@lancaster.ac.uk
OVERVIEW
Introduction Tidal Resource Present state of the art, technology Tidal range projects Environmental implications UK and NW Tidal range projects including Dee Conclusions
Introduction
The Irish Sea's potential for electricity generation from tidal power is substantial, comparable with that of the Bristol Channel. The presentation will touch on all major schemes being considered and developed, including the potential for the Dee Estuary.
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
CENTRIPETAL
Neap Tide
Spring Tide
Evripos Straits
Atlantic Ocean
La Rance Tidal Barrage France Location: Saint Malo, Brittany D=5,350mm n=93.75 rpm H=11m
Prof Michael French Lancaster University
P=10 MW
24 Units (Alstom) Contract year: 1967
Worldwide tidal energy potential about 500-1000TWh/year UK is estimated to hold 50TWh/year UK represents 48% of the European resource Few sites worldwide are as close to electricity users and the transmission grid as those in the UK Department of Energy (DoEn) studies in the 1980s, identified 16 estuaries where tidal barrages should be capable of procuring over 44TWh/year The bulk of this energy yield would accrue from 8 major estuaries, in rank order of scale, the Severn, Solway Firth, Morecambe Bay, Wash, Humber, Thames, Mersey and Dee
8
UK Resource
Key to map
NW Resource
Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources: Atlas Pages A Strategic Environmental Assessment Report September 2004
Tides depend on position of moon and sun in relation to the earth provide a highly predictable source of power
18TWh/year technically extractable tidal current resource in UK could meet 3-5% of energy demand1 Power extracted from kinetic energy of flowing water: P= AU3
Marine Current Turbines Ltd (MCT) Seagen 1.2 MW
Water 800 times denser than air, so require lesser flow rates
1 Carbon 2 DTI.
Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources: Atlas Pages A Strategic Environmental Assessment Report September 2004
Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources: Atlas Pages A Strategic Environmental Assessment Report September 2004
Vertical Axis
Hydrofoil
Oscillating Translating
Open Hydro
This device extracts energy from moving water in much the same way as wind turbines extract energy from moving air. Devices can be housed within ducts to create secondary flow effects by concentrating the flow and producing a pressure difference
Rotech Tidal Turbine (UK) http://www.lunarenergy.co.uk/ Free Flow Turbine (USA) http://www.verdantpower.com
http://www.uekus.com
OCGen (USA)
http://www.oceanrenewablepower.com
CORMAT(UK) Cameron@esru.strath.ac.uk
This device extracts energy from moving water in a similar fashion to the horizontal axis turbines, however the turbine is mounted on a vertical axis.
Oscillating Hydrofoil
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
A hydrofoil attached to an oscillating arm and the motion is caused by the tidal current flowing either side of a wing, which results in lift. This motion can then drive fluid in a hydraulic system to be converted into electricity.
Hydrofoils
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Aquanator http://www.atlantisresourcescorporation.com
Venturi Effect
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
By housing the device in a duct, this has the effect of concentrating the flow past the turbine. The funnel-like collecting device sits submerged in the tidal current. The flow of water can drive a turbine directly or the induced pressure differential in the system can drive an air-turbine.
Venturi Devices
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Other Designs
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
This covers those devices with a unique and very different design to the more well-established types of technology or if information on the devices characteristics could not be determined.
Generic Research
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
response
WS3: Combined wave and tidal effects WS4: Arrays, wakes and near field effects WS5: Power take-off and conditioning WS6: Moorings and positioning WS7: Advanced control of devices and
network integration
WS8: Reliability WS9: Economic analysis of variability and
penetration
MARINE II
30
UK marine energy
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
infrastructure
At NaREC in NE England there is a 1/10th scale wave and tidal test facility
EMEC
We have moved from artists impressions to devices at sea generating into the electricity network
Device Development
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Open Hydro 250 kW open flow tidal current turbine in Orkney connected to the network
OpenHydro Marine Current Turbines SeaFlow has been operating for three years and is rated 300 kW Marine Current Turbines installed SeaGen a twin propeller device rated 1200 kW and connected to the network
MCT
MCT
/MW
R
MARINE
The UK commitment to the marine energy provides this type of support for sectoral development
Scottish Enterprise
Research/Development/Demonstration/Deployment
MW to market
The UKERC Road Map identified research priorities to establish the industry as: Test facilities Moorings and Foundations Resource modelling Device modelling PTO and control Installation and O&M Survivability Electrical Power infrastructure and technology Economics & Policy Standards & Life cycle analysis
UK Energy Research Centre
Tidal Stream
The Northwest of England has the capability to provide at least 5% of UK power through renewable energy tidal schemes; around half the Northwests total energy needs
The NWTEG brings together the Northwests four pipeline tidal energy projects & key stakeholders to raise the profile of the sector and disseminate best practice
95 plus members Chaired and facilitated by NWDA
Across Estuaries/Rivers/Islands
Manmade pools
The energy available from a barrage is dependent on the volume of water. The potential energy contained in a volume of water is: where: h is the vertical tidal range, A is the horizontal area of the barrage basin, is the density of water = 1025 kg per cubic meter (seawater varies between 1021 and 1030 kg per cubic meter) and
g is the acceleration due to the Earth's gravity = 9.81 meters per second squared.
The factor half is due to the fact, that as the basin flows empty through the turbines, the hydraulic head over the dam reduces. The maximum head is only available at the moment of low water, assuming the high water level is still present in the basin.
Terminology
The relative scale of turbine installation adopted from the Severn Tidal Group studies formed the basis of the DoEns follow-up studies, namely ebb mode being favoured with turbine numbers roughly compatible with extracting about 50% of the available ebb-phase energy.
This results in tidal levels in the estuary basins dropping only to mean sea level or thereabouts, and in this respect is consistent with the theoretical approach put forward by Prandle.
Schemes with these characteristics are referred to as 1xDoEn turbine installations.
41
Delay the natural motion of the tidal flux as sea level changes: Holding back the release of water as tide level subsides under ebb generation so that head (water level) difference is sufficient for turbine operation Deferring the entry of rising tidal flow to the inner estuary basin for flood generation
43
La Rance, France,
Alstom
1967
Annapolis, Canada,
Andritz VATECH Hydro
1980
2005
Bird's eye view of Sihwa, South Korea tidal power plant to be completed in 2010 DAEWOO
D=5,350mm
n=93.75 rpm H=11m P=10 MW 24 Units Contract year: 1967
H=7.1m
P=19.9 MW
1 Unit
Contract year: 1980
D=7,500mm
n=64.3 rpm H=5.8m P=26 MW 10 Units Contract year: 2005
Bird's eye view of Sihwa tidal power plant to be completed in 2010 DAEWOO
Purpose of Sihwa power plant Improve water quality inside the lake
Power generation
Plant Data Mean Tidal Range : 5.6m Spring Tidal Range : 7.8m Basin Area : 43km2 Generation Method : One-way during flood tide Installed Capacity : 250MW (Horizontal Axial Bulb Unit) Estimated Annual Output : 553 GWh
Other Systems
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Environmental Issues
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Modification of resource
Terrestrial impacts
Anglersnet.co.uk
Environmental Issues
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Geographic variability
Barriers
Economics
Environmental change
Social disruption
Electricity grid connection
Environmental Issues
Siltation
Change in tidal regime
Environmental constraints
Habitats
EU Habitats Directive Designated landscapes (RAMSAR, SAC, SPA, etc)
Species
Birds Fish Others (marine mammals, terrestrial plants and animals)
Environmental Overview
A degree of environmental modification is, therefore, inevitable, but this does not necessarily imply serious degradation from a physical or ecological perspective, though
57
58
59
60
Demonstration Scheme
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Solway
11 hours
7.46m
Irish Sea
?
8.5m
Morecambe
Wyre Ribble
10 hours
5.5m
Mersey Dee
The Northwest of England has a significant tidal energy resource, with capability to provide at least 5%of UK power through tidal energy.
River Dee flowing into Liverpool Bay The estuary starts near Shotton after a five miles (8 km) 'canalised' section The river soon swells to be several miles wide forming the boundary between the Wirral Peninsula in north-west England and Flintshire in north-east 66 Wales
(Burrows, 2009)
68
Operating Modes
(Burrows, 2009)
70
71 (Burrows, 2009)
Estimated unit cost (p/kWh) for Dee schemes with different number of turbines
(Burrows, 2009)
72
73
(Burrows, 2009) 74
Mersey
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Hatton, 2009
Hatton, 2009
The feasibility study is being led jointly by a consulting team comprising Scott Wilson, Drivers Jonas and EDF, on behalf of Peel Energy and the Northwest Regional Development Agency (NWDA). The study aims to identify a tidal power scheme that meets three prime objectives: The tidal power scheme has to be capable of generating a meaningful amount of electricity at a price that the country can afford; The direct impacts on the environment, shipping, local businesses and communities must be kept to acceptable levels (in determining their acceptability, measures may need to be provided to mitigate or compensate for the impacts); and The tidal power scheme should be to the maximum possible benefit of the region in a socio-economic and environmental sense.
77
The four technologies selected are: A tidal barrage incorporating conventional tidal turbines similar to those routinely used in low head hydroelectric power applications; A tidal power gate which could perform as a very low-head barrage containing a grid of specially designed, smaller tidal turbines This is the kind of technology used to produce power from, for example, reservoir spillways and sluices; A tidal fence a means of capturing energy from the natural or constrained velocity of the tidal flow with either horizontal- or vertical-axis turbines designed for generating electricity in open streams; and An alternative tidal fence based on a new proprietary device that concentrates the energy contained in a large body of slow-moving water into a smaller body of fast-flowing water using the Venturi effect. The developers warn that the list may be revised and developed 78 the as study proceeds and further information becomes available.
The Mersey Tidal Power project has completed in March 2010 the first stage (shortlist down to four technologies) of a major feasibility study designed to select a preferred tidal power scheme for Mersey Estuary, North West England. Next step in the progress of the feasibility study is to formulate an acceptable scheme on which to base a planning application by the end of 2011.
79
In the next stage of the feasibility study, indicative sites within the estuary where the different tidal power technologies could be best deployed will be identified and possible scheme layouts established. There will be an economic analysis that looks at the likely energy yields of the different tidal power schemes set against their anticipated construction and operating costs.
80
Wyre
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
River dredged to form access harbour to the lagoon Material dredged out for power generating barrages is used to reclaim land and make a deep water FLEETWOOD shipping terminal
Edward Greenwood, Wyre Tidal Energy A barrage on the River Wyre has a potential output of 90MW. Due to its unique location the opportunity exists for a Compressed Air Energy Storage Plant (CAES) by injecting compressed air into some of the redundant salt caverns in the area. The system can eliminate the problems associated with an intermittent power source and add to the economic viability of the project.
Morecambe Bay
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Tidal, wind and solar being investigated Free stream vertical axis tidal turbines favoured
Solway
Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Solway Firth Energy Feasibility Study 2010 Halcrow RSK Mott MacDonald
86
Catterson, 2009
Barrage schemes are unique amongst power installations, being inherently multi-functional infrastructure, offering flood protection, possible road and rail crossings and significant amenity/leisure opportunities, amongst other features. Thus, a fully holistic treatment of overall cost-benefit is imperative for robust decision-making. It is suggested that, to date, this position has been inadequately addressed in the formulation of energy strategy, especially in respect of barrages potential strategic roles in flood defense and transportation planning. It follows, therefore, that apart from the direct appraisal of energy capture, other complementary investigations must be sufficiently advanced to enable proper input in decision-making in respect of these secondary functions, as well as the various potentially adverse issues, such as sediment regime change, impact on navigation and 87 environmental modification.
Cultural Heritage
Water
Conclusion
The UK has substantial potential of tidal renewable energy generation, to about 20% of present UK demand Eight major estuaries capable of meeting at least 10% of present electricity demand, employing fully proven technology
The UK has tidal stream practicable potential to about 5% of present electricity demand
NW potential from barrages at least 5% of present electricity demand Tidal barrages in the estuaries of the NW capable of meeting about 50% of the regions electricity needs The Challenge is for engineers and scientists to deliver UKs marine renewable energy targets
The Opportunity is for the UK to deliver renewable energy with minimal 89 environmental impact
The Irish Sea's Tidal Power Potential including the Dee Estuary
Thank you
George A. Aggidis
Director Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group & Fluid Machinery Group
g.aggidis@lancaster.ac.uk