PAPER PRESENTATION ON

AUXETIC TEXTILE

SUBMITTED BY

M.NITHIYA (nithi.mano@gmail.com) M.PATCHIAMMAL (poornimurali_88@yahoo.com) 3rd year FASHION TECHNOLOGY SONA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, SALEM.

ABSTRACT
Auxetic fabrics behave in a way that you wouldn't expect. Usually, when a fabric is stretched in one direction, it gets thinner in the other direction (like an elastic band gets narrower as you stretch it). When you stretch an Auxetic fabric, however, it gets wider at the same time. Auxetics are extraordinary materials that become fatter when stretched and thinner when compressed. The word auxetics is derived from the Greek word auxetos meaning "that which grows". The auxetic effect is achieved through the interplay between the internal structure of a material and how it deforms. The classic example is to consider a honeycomb deforming by hinging of the walls of the honeycomb cells. Further, the auxetic effect is known to arise from material features acting from the molecular level, for example auxetic silica, all the way to the macro scale, such as the graphite the range of materials and structures that exhibit auxetic behaviour is, perhaps, greater than might be expected when first encountering the concept.

The breakthrough development of a continuous process to produce auxetic materials in fibrous form has created the opportunity to apply their unique characteristics in a wide range of applications previously not possible. Fibres can be used in single or multiple filament structures and can be used to produce a woven structure. The cost and performance benefits of Auxetic materials have the potential to displace many existing fabric technologies used for ballistic protection (body armour, blast curtains, armoured vehicle protection) with new, lighter weight, lower cost and improved performance solutions. With the current rate of progress in synthetic chemistry, and the increased understanding of mechanisms leading to auxetic behaviour at the molecular levelxxv", it is likely that the first synthetic molecularlevel auxetic material will be produced in the near future.

SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION HOW IS THE AUXETIC EFFECT ACHIEVED? AUXETIC FIBRES AUXETIC MULTI FILAMENT AUXETIC FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES APPLICATIONS MEDICAL FIELD POTENTIAL APPLICATION FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ADVANCEMENT RESEARCH COST AND PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES DISCOVERY FUTURE CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
Auxetics are extraordinary materials that become fatter when stretched and thinner when compressed. The word auxetics is derived from the Greek word auxetos meaning "that which grows" Auxetics are materials which, when stretched, become thicker perpendicularly to the applied force. That is, they have a negative Poisson's ratio. This occurs because they contain hinge-like structures which flex when stretched. Such materials are expected to have interesting mechanical properties such as high energy absorption and fracture resistance. Auxetics can be illustrated with an inelastic string wound around an elastic cord. When the ends of the structure are pulled apart, the inelastic string straightens while the elastic cord stretches and winds around it, increasing the structure's effective volume

HOW IS THE AUXETIC EFFECT ACHIEVED?

The auxetic effect is achieved through the interplay between the internal structure of a material and how it deforms. The classic example is to consider a honeycomb deforming by hinging of the walls of the honeycomb cells.In the conventional hexagonal honeycomb the alignment of the cell walls along the direction of stretch results in a narrowing of the honeycomb cells and, therefore, conventional (nonauxetic) behaviour However, converting the structure of the honeycomb from the conventional hexagon to a re-entrant (or bow-tie) hexagon clearly shows an opening of the cells as the honeycomb is stretched, leading to auxetic behaviour. Further, the auxetic effect is known to arise from material features acting from the molecular level, for example auxetic silica, all the way to the macroscale, such as the graphite the range of materials and structures that exhibit auxetic behaviour is, perhaps,greater than might be expected when first encountering the concept. In fact, a variety of naturally occurring auxetics are now known (including, for example, certain types of skin and auxetic forms of the four major classes of materials (metalse;,

ceramics, polymers and composites have been made or discovered core structures in

certain nuclear reactors. Examples of auxetic materials include:

y y y

Certain rocks and minerals Living bone tissue (although this is only suspected) Specific variants of polytetrafluorethylene polymers such as Gore-Tex

Comparative single-fibre tests on samples of auxetic and nonauxetic polypropylene filaments, having diameters and Young's moduli equal to within 2%, show that auxetic specimens can sustain more than twice the maximum load of the non-auxetic ones, as well as requiring more than three times the energy (denoted by the area under the curve) to extract the filament from the resin.

AUXETIC FIBRES
The breakthrough development of a continuous process to produce auxetic materials in fibrous form has created the opportunity to apply their unique characteristics in a wide range of applications previously not possible. Fibres can be used in single or multiple filament structures and can be used to produce a woven structure. Woven structure applications could offer significant benefits. For example, by analogy with the filter de-fouling scenario of, biomedical fibrous drug-release materials could be made from auxetic fibres. Extending the fibres opens the micro pores and a specific dose of drug is released.

Auxetic (negative Poissons ratio) materials expand in width when stretched, rather than get thinner. This means that when the ply cools down, the constraining effect of high stiffness, low longitudinal CTE carbon fibres, causes the auxetic polymer to undergo tensile stress longitudinally and transverse expansion. This counteracts the contraction of the epoxy and of the carbon fibre normal to the fibre direction.

AUXETIC MULTI FILAMENT

The batch-processing route developed to produce auxetic micro porous polymers was based on powder metallurgical techniques of compaction, sintering and extrusion, and resulted in cylindrical specimens of the order of 1-1.5cm in diameter and a few centimeters in length.. The overall multifilament construction exhibits auxetic behaviour upon stretching due to straightening of the high-stiffness filament causing the lower stiffness filament to helically wrap around it. These multifilament constructions can be produced using existing textile machinery, such as wrap spinning, for instance.

Combining two of these multifilament in an appropriate manner leads to further development of an auxetic structure and the Exeter University team has used this approach to produce an aramid-nylon multifilament yarn that is now moving the technology towards load- bearing applications.

AUXETIC FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES

Auxetic fibre reinforcements should also enhance the failure properties of composites. Fibre pull-out is a major failure mechanism in composites. A unidirectional composite loaded in tension will undergo lateral contraction of both the matrix and fibre materials, leading to failure at the fibre/matrix interface. Auxetic fibres, on the other hand, allow the possibility of maintaining the interface by careful matching of the Poisson's ratios of the matrix and fibre. Nevertheless, we have been able to use the filaments to perform proof-of-concept studies to confirm, for example, the potential for auxetic filaments in sutures or fibrereinforced composites having enhanced resistance to the fibres being pulled out (Auxetic and non-auxetic PP filaments, having diameters and Young's moduli equal to within 2% between the filaments, were tested

APPLICATIONS

In the 21st century terrorism has become a constant threat to the way-of-life of people all around the world. One of the most common manifestations of the terrorist's threat is an explosive device, often detonated in the midst of a densely-populated civilian area.

Government and industrial experts are involved in the development of a new type of 'smart' blast curtain aiming to reduce death and injury caused by bomb blasts. This smart textile uses auxetic materials .Unlike conventional materials that get thinner when stretched; an auxetic material will get fatter. This may be useful in applications such as body armor, packing material, knee and elbow pads, robust shock absorbing

material, and sponge mops.This interesting and counter-intuitive property is also found in some natural materials such as cat skin and bone from human shins. The energy absorption enhancements of auxetics lead to the possibility of developing personal protective equipment and clothing (from bulletproof vests to equipment for sports) which are both lighter and/or stronger as a result of incorporating auxetic textiles. Not only that, but the novel double-curvature characteristics of auxetics would lead to increased comfort in these often cumbersome protectors, leading to improved wearer compliance, which can be critical in cases where the user is elderly or infirm.

MEDICAL FIELD
What might you do with a textile that, rather than becoming thinner, exhibits the unusual behaviour of increasing in thickness when stretched or becoming thinner when compressed? Perhaps it could be a medical suture or a fibrous reinforcement in a composite-in both cases it could be envisaged that this unusual property would lock the fibre, filament or yarn into place when it's placed under a tensile such as an antiinflammatory, anti-odour or anti-bacterial) agent from within the load .It might be made into a so- called "smart" bandage-capable of releasing a useful (s pores of the filaments making up the structure or a breathable fabric demonstrating increased porosity variation due to the high volume change associated with this unusual behaviour.

POTENTIAL APPLICATION
Consequently, potential applications for auxetics include
y y y y y y y

civil engineering applications (seismic structures) aerospace, automotive marine applications (lightweight curved body parts), chemical engineering pharmaceutical applications, and exploiting the porosity variation to entrap and/or release material (such as drug molecules and volatile compounds) within the pores of the auxetic.

Stretching into the future the developments in auxetic monofilaments and multifilaments clearly demonstrate potential in a host of applications. The suture and fibre-reinforced composite applications have already been referred to above. However, imagine what might be achievable if we can produce auxetic yarns having other useful properties; for example, a conductive auxetic yarn would have sensor and actuator potential for use in monitoring aerospace and civil engineering structures, and as a synthetic biomaterial where a high volume change stimulated via electrical signals is required (such as muscle tissue). So what does the future hold for auxetics? Despite the very significant developments to date we have only scratched the surface of this exciting and multi-disciplinary field. The successful synthesis and development of molecular and multi-functional auxetics represent key opportunities for the future. In addition to leading to materials with extreme properties such as high modulus and strength, these advanced materials will have potential in sensor, drug-release and separations applications. By accepting a

negative Poisson's ratio as a positive property we are truly expanding the applications of these fascinating materials

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Auxetic fibres, an exciting development in fibre technology is the advent of auxetic fibres, which, in contrast to conventional fibres, swell on stretching, with consequent increase in their internal void volume. The processing of auxetic fibres from polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene and nylon into knitted and woven textile constructions has been demonstrated .One application envisaged for auxetic fabrics is in wound bandages that contain a wound-healing agent. As the infected wound swells, so does the auxetic bandage. The internal voids in the bandage expand and release the wound-healing agent. Once the wound starts to heal, the swelling goes down, the bandage contracts, and release of the wound-healing agent ceases. Thus, the auxetic fibres provide a means of controlled drug delivery. Auxetic fabrics are also envisaged in compression bandages and arterial prostheses. .

ADVANCEMENT
Advanced auxetic fibres will include multi-filament yarns in which an auxetic filament is wrapped with one or more other yarns, perhaps high stiffness/strength, dyeable or conductive filaments, so that the benefits of the auxetic material are combined with other beneficial properties for smart technical textiles applications. This will lead to the possibility of hierarchical composites displaying auxetic behaviour at more than one length scale.

RESEARCH
Current research on auxetic composites is concentrated on the use of nonauxetic constituents and so benefits due to the auxetic effect occur at a macrostructural level. Employing auxetic fibres as the reinforcement will enable benefits, such as impact energy and acoustic energy absorption, to be achieved at the microstructural level. Also it is possible to consider employing one of the monofilaments within the multifilament yarns to produce a hierarchical structure in which the benefits due to auxetic functionality exist at two different length scales viz monofilament microstructure and multifilament macrostructure).

COST AND PERFORMANCE

The cost and performance benefits of Auxetic materials have the potential to displace many existing fabric technologies used for ballistic protection (body armour, blast curtains, armoured vehicle protection) with new, lighter weight, lower cost and improved performance solutions. These materials have an interesting reaction to impact stress and shear strain. Where normal materials will stretch away from the point of impact, becoming thinner as they do, auxetic materials compress towards the impact, becoming denser.

PROPERTIES
High tenacity and strength High melting temperature Poor tractability High elasticity Low density

DISCOVERY
some auxetics have been discovered in nature (cork, select skins , bone , -

cristobalite and such a fundamental property, a negative Poisson ratio (NPR) can give a material with many exceptional benefits: increased stiffness, increased indentation resistance , and an ability to form synclastic doubly curved surfaces . Although some auxetics have been discovered in nature (cork, select skins bone -cristobalite and man-made (foams , certain microporous polymers , Gore-Tex

, and nodular PE an NPR is still a very rare feature for conventional materials. Materials with a negative Poisson ratio (auxetic) display the unexpected property of lateral expansion when stretched, rather like a Hoberman sphere, with an equal and opposing densification when compressed . Besides the elementary scientific importance of imparting Everyday experience shows us that when a material is stretched there is an accompanying reduction in width. A measure of this dimensional change can be defined by Poissons ratio, = - x / y ; lateral contractile strain over the induced longitudinal tensile strain. For many materials this value is positive and reflects a need to conserve volume. Common to many of these fibrillating structures or artificial foams is a microscopic porous structure consisting of fibular nodes, or pores that are crushed or inverted. Then, when stretched, they expand to form an open porous structure. Although some auxetic metal foams can be strong, the tensile strength and modulus of both the foams and polymers is poor. The problem here is one of scale: an open microscopic structure confers inferior mechanical properties. To impart superior mechanical properties, auxetic structure must exist at the molecularlevel for the

material to be strong enough for practical purposes . A few inorganic single crystals have been found to show auxetic properties due to atomic scale mechanisms without the need for microscale porosity The highly cross-linked honeycomb structure would lead to a high melting temperature and poor tractability. In addition to these bond flexing mechanisms, molecular auxetics have been proposed based on low-barrier rotational changes that would lead to polymorphic solids having significantly different volumes under strain.

FUTURE
Practically, it is possible to envision single or multi-filament auxetic fibers of this kind woven or knitted into unique fabrics with a wide range of applications presently unattainable from fibers with conventional elastic properties .It also follows that any future for advanced fibers may include multi-filament yarns where the auxetic fibers are wrapped with one or more conductive or dyeable yarns so that auxetic benefits can be incorporated with other beneficial properties for smart textiles. Woven or knitted auxetic filaments or fibers may be used as reinforcements in upholstery .Already auxetic foams have demonstrated an ability to reduce peak pressure points by distributing weight more evenly in cushioning material because of their ability to better deal with stress and strain properties .The same compression induced densification response also improves the performance of seals. Under the same compression forces composite materials made with auxetic fibers gain from enhanced energy absorption, and when subjected to tensile forces they resist fiber pull-out . Other woven auxetics have been recommended as advanced self-cleaning (defouling) filters; here tensile control over effective pore size and shape would allow clogged particulates to be washed free, this ability has already been demonstrated for filter membranes fabricated using femto-second laser ablation methods . Climbing ropes that expand when they stretch, or improve grip to camming devices used in mountaineering activity, are also possible. Some other proposed uses include snaplike fasteners that are easy to connect but difficult to disconnect,an application suitable for garment assembly (i.e. auxetic rivets for workwear).

Employing auxetic fibers as reinforcement should confer impact and indent resistance and superior energy absorption in a textile. Such foresight comes easily from local densification effects already demonstrated in auxetic microstructural foams. This property has important scope in protective clothing where enhanced indentation and velocity resistance is advantageous and potentially lucrative for military uses. The U.K.s Defence, Clothing and Textile Agency (DCTA) predicts that auxetic fibers will lead to superior performance outfits, combat jackets and body armor (i.e. bullet-proof vests, helmets). At present, protective materials of this type need to be ~1cm thick making them stiff, heavy and inflexible. Auxetic body armor could give the same safeguard but be thinner, lighter, and conform better to the synclastic double curvatures of the human body. Typically, auxetic materials have low density, which is what allows the hinge-like areas of the auxetic microstructures to flex.

CONCLUSION
With the current rate of progress in synthetic chemistry, and the increased understanding of mechanisms leading to auxetic behaviour at the molecular levelxxv, it is likely that the first synthetic molecular-level auxetic material will be produced in the near future. It is clear then that the efforts described here should ensure that we are driving towards the realization of truly intelligent and technical textiles for the near future.