where,

=normal stress, or tensile stress, pa P=force applied, N A=cross-sectional area of the bar, m2 =shearing stress, Pa As=total area in shear, m2

Strain

where, =tensile or compressive strain, m/m =total elongation in a bar, m =original length of the bar, m

Hooke's Law Stress is proportional to strain

where, E=proportionality constant called the elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus, Pa

Piosson's Ratio

where, v=Poissons ratio =lateral strain =axial strain

Unit Volume Change

where, =change in volume =original volume =strain =Poissons ratio

Elongation due to its weight

where, =total elongation in a material which hangs vertically under its own weight W=weight of the material

Thin Rings

where, =Circumferential or hoop Stress S=Circumferential or hoop tension A=Cross-sectional area =Circumferential strain E=Youngs modulus

Strain Energy

where, U=total energy stored in the bar or strain energy P=tensile load =total elongation in the bar L=original length of the bar A=cross-sectional area of the bar E=Youngs modulus

U=strain energy per unit volume

Thin Walled Pressure vessels

where, =normal or circumferential or hoop stress in cylindrical vessel, Pa =normal or circumferential or hoop stress in spherical vessel, Pa and longitudinal stress around the circumference P=internal pressure of cylinder, Pa r=internal radius, m t=thickness of wall, m

Mohr's Circle for Biaxial Stress

Pure Shear

where, =Shearing Stress, Pa =Shearing Strain or angular deformation G=Shear modulus, Pa E=Youngs modulus, Pa V=Poissons ratio

Torsion formula for Thin walled tubes

where, =maximum shearing stress, Pa a =Shearing stress at any point a distance x from the centre of section r=radius of the section, m d=diameter of a solid circular shaft, m =polar moment of inertia of a cross-sectional area, m4 T=resisting torque, N-m N= rpm of shaft

P=power, kW =angle of twist, radian L=length of shaft, m G=shear modulus, Pa do=outer diameter of hollow shaft, m di=inner diameter of hollow shaft, m

and

Torsion formula for Circular Shafts

where, =Ip, polar moment of inertia for thin-walled tubes r=mean radius t=wall thickness

Flexure Formula

where,

the

=Stress on any point of cross-section at distance y from neutral axis =stress at outer fibre of the beam c=distance measured from the neutral axis to the most remote fibre of the

beam I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the centroidal axis

Shear Stress In Bending

where, F=Shear force Q=statistical moment about the neutral axis of the cross-section b=width I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the Centroidal axis.

Thin-Walled Hollow Members (Tubes)

where,

=shearing stress at any point of a blue t=thickness of tube q=shear flow

T=applied torque R=distance between a reference point and segment ds =angle of twist of a hollow tube Stress Concentration

Curved Beam in Pure Bending

where,

=normal stress M=bending moment dA=cross-sectional area of an element r=distance of curved surface from the centre of curvature A=cross-sectional area of beam R=distance of neutral axis from the centre of curvature R1=distance of centroidal axis from the centre of curvature

Bending of a Beam (a) Bending of a Beam Supported at Both Ends

(b) Bending of a Beam Fixed at one end

where,

d= bending displacement, m F=force applied, N I=length of the beam, m a=width of beam, m b=thickness of beam, m Y=Youngs modulus, N/m2

Acceleration: It is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

Acceleration due to gravity:

Angular Displacement:

Angular momentum or moment of momentum L:

Angular velocity:

Coefficient of Friction:

Coefficient of Thermal conductivity k0:

Coefficient of viscosity: ( )

Force: Force =mass acceleration = m a

F = (M)

(LT-2) = (MLT-2)

So, dimension of mass is 1 and that of length is +1and that of time is 2 in force.

Gravitational constant: According to Newton universal law of gravitation.

Heat: Heat is a form of energy. Q = [ML2T-2]

Impulse:

Kinetic Energy (K.E.):

Latent Heat:

Heat absorbed per unit mass during changed of state.

Momentum:

Moment of a force of torque of moment of a couple:

Moment of Inertia: Moment of inertia = mass (length)2 = [ML2] I = [ML2] Plancks constant:

Power:

Potential Energy (P.E.):

Pressure:

Specific Heat: Thermal capacity for unit mass of the body.

Speed

So, dimension of length is +1 and of time is 1 in velocity and speed. Stress : =

Surface Tension:

Thermal Capacity: The amount of heat energy required by a body for unit rise of temperature.

Velocity:

Work of energy: Work = force displacement = F s W =(MLT-2) (L) = (ML2T-2) Young modulus (Y):