Difference Between Intranet & Extranet

An intranet is an information portal designed specifically for the internal communications of small, medium or large businesses, enterprises, governments, industries or financial institutions of any size or complexity. Intranets can be custom-designed to fit the exact needs of businesses no matter where they are situated. Users of intranets consists mainly of: Members of the executive team. Accounting and order billing. Managers and directors. Sales people and support staff. Customer service, help desk, etc.. An extranet is somewhat very similar to an intranet. Extranets are designed specifically to give external, limited access to certain files of your computer systems to: Certain large or priviledged customers. Selected industry partners. Suppliers and subcontractors... etc.

Currency Data
Country Co. Code Currency Curr. Code

Afghanistan

AF

Afghani

AFA

Albania

AL

Lek

ALL

Algeria

DZ

Algerian Dinar

DZD

American Samoa

AS

US Dollar

USD

Andorra

AD

Euro

EUR

Angola

AO

Kwanza

AOA (replacement for AON)

Anguilla

AI

East Caribbean Dollar

XCD

Antarctica

AQ

Norwegian Krone

NOK

Antigua and Barbuda

AG

East Caribbean Dollar

XCD

Argentina

AR

Austral and Argenintinian Neuvo Peso (replacement for the Peso)

ARA, ARS (replacement for ARP)

Armenia

AM

Dram (Russian Ruble [RUR] was formerly in use)

AMD

Aruba

AW

Aruban Guilder (Florin)

AWG

Australia

AU

Australian Dollar

AUD

Austria

AT

Euro

EUR

Azerbaijan

AZ

Azerbaijani Manat (Russian Ruble [RUR] was formerly in use)

AZM

Bahamas

BS

Bahamian Dollar

BSD

Bahrain

BH

Bahraini Dinar

BHD

Bangladesh

BD

Taka

BDT

Barbados

BB

Barbados Dollar

BBD

Belarus (formerly known as Byelorussia)

BY

Belarussian Rouble (Russian Ruble [RUR] was formerly in use)

BYR

Belgium

BE

Euro

EUR

Belize

BZ

Belize Dollar

BZD

Benin

BJ

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XAF

Bermuda

BM

Bermudian Dollar

BMD

Bhutan

BT

Ngultrum (Indian Rupee also circulates)

BTN (also INR)

Bolivia

BO

Boliviano and Bolivian Peso

BOB, BOP

Bosnia & Herzegowina

BA

Convertible Mark

BAM

Botswana

BW

Pula

BWP

Bouvet Island

BV

Norwegian Krone

NOK

Brazil

BR

Real

BRL

British Indian Ocean Territory

IO

Pound Sterling (United Kingdom Pound), Seychelles Rupee

GBP, SCR

Brunei Darussalam

BN

Brunei Dollar

BND

Bulgaria

BG

Lev

BGL

Burkina Faso

BF

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XAF

Burundi

BI

Burundi Franc

BIF

Cambodia (formerly KH Kampuchea)

Riel

KHR

Cameroon

CM

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XAF

Canada

CA

Canadian Dollar

CAD

Cape Verde

CV

Escudo Caboverdiano

CVE

Cayman Islands

KY

Cayman Islands Dollar

KYD

Central African Republic

CF

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XAF

Chad

TD

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XAF

Chile

CL

Unidades de Fomento and Chilean Peso

CLF, CLP

China

CN

Yuan Renminbi

CNY

Christmas Island

CX

Australian Dollar

AUD

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

CC

Australian Dollar

AUD

Colombia

CO

Colombian Peso

COP

Comoros

KM

Comorian Franc

KMF

Congo, Democratic Republic of the (formerly Zare)

CD (formerly ZR)

New Zare

CDZ (formerly ZRZ)

Congo

CG

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XAF

Cook Islands

CK

New Zealand Dollar

NZD

Costa Rica

CR

Costa Rican Coln

CRC

Croatia (local name: HR Hrvatska)

Kuna and Croatian Dinar

HRK, HRD

Cuba

CU

Cuban Peso

CUP

Cyprus

CY

Euro

EUR

Czech Republic

CZ

Czech Koruna

CZK

Denmark

DK

Danish Krone

DKK

Djibouti

DJ

Djibouti Franc

DJF

Dominica

DM

East Caribbean Dollar

XCD

Dominican Republic DO

Dominican Republic Peso

DOP

East Timor

TP

Timorian Escudo

TPE

Ecuador

EC

US Dollar (superseded Sucre in 2000)

USD (ECS)

Egypt

EG

Egytian Pound

EGP

El Salvador

SV

US Dollar

USD

Equatorial Guinea

GQ

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine and Ekwele

XAF, GQE

Eritrea

ER

Eritreian Nakfa, Ethiopian Birr

ERN, ETB

Estonia

EE

Kroon

EEK

Ethiopia

ET

Birr

ETB

European Community

Euro (formerly known as the ECU)

EUR (formerly XEU)

Falkland Islands (Malvinas)

FK

Falkland Pound

FKP

Faroe Islands

FO

Danish Krone

DKK

Fiji Islands

FJ

Fiji Dollar

FJD

Finland

FI

Euro

EUR

France

FR

Euro

EUR

France, Metropolitan

FX

Euro

EUR

French Guiana

GF

Euro

EUR

French Polynesia

PF

Franc des Comptoirs franais du Pacifique

XPF

French Southern and Antarctic Territories

TF

Euro

EUR

Gabon

GA

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XAF

Gambia

GM

Dalasi

GMD

Georgia

GE

Lari (Russian Ruble [RUR] was formerly in use)

GEL

Germany (West and DE (formerly DE for East) West and DD for East)

Euro

EUR

Ghana

GH

Cedi

GHC

Gibraltar

GI

Gibraltar Pound

GIP

Greece

GR

Euro

EUR

Greenland

GL

Danish Krone

DKK

Grenada

GD

East Caribbean Dollar

XCD

Guadeloupe

GP

Euro

EUR

Guam

GU

US Dollar

USD

Guatemala

GT

Quetzal

GTQ

Guinea

GN

Guinea Syli (also known as Guinea Franc)

GNS

Guinea-Bissau

GW

Guinea-Bissau Peso and Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

GWP, XAF

Guyana

GY

Guyana Dollar

GYD

Haiti

HT

Gourde

HTG

Heard and McDonald Islands

HM

Australian Dollar

AUD

Holy See (Vatican City State)

VA

Euro

EUR

Honduras

HN

Lempira

HNL

Hong Kong

HK

Hong Kong Dollar

HKD

Hungary

HU

Forint

HUF

Iceland

IS

Icelandic Krna

ISK

India

IN

Indian Rupee

INR

Indonesia

ID

Rupiah

IDR

Iran, Islamic Republic of

IR

Iranian Rial

IRR

Iraq

IQ

Iraqi Dinar

IQD

Ireland

IE

Euro

EUR

Israel

IL

Shekel

ILS

Italy

IT

Euro

EUR

Ivory Coast (Cte d'Ivoire)

CI

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XAF

Jamaica

JM

Jamaican Dollar

JMD

Japan

JP

Yen

JPY

Jordan

JO

Jordanian Dinar

JOD

Kazakhstan

KZ

Tenge (Russian Ruble [RUR] was formerly in use)

KZT

Kenya

KE

Kenyan Shilling

KES

Kiribati

KI

Australian Dollar

AUD

Korea, Democratic KP People's Republic of (North Korea)

North Korean Won

KPW

Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

KR

South Korean Won

KRW

Kuwait

KW

Kuwaiti Dinar

KWD

Kyrgyzstan

KG

Kyrgyzstani Som

KGS

Lao People's Democratic Republic (formerly Laos)

LA

Kip

LAK

Latvia

LV

Lats

LVL

Lebanon

LB

Lebanese Pound

LBP

Lesotho

LS

Loti, Maloti and South African Rand

LSL, LSM, ZAR

Liberia

LR

Liberian Dollar

LRD

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

LY

Libyan Dinar

LYD

Liechtenstein

LI

Swiss Franc

CHF

Lithuania

LT

Litas

LTL

Luxembourg

LU

Euro

EUR

Macao (also spelled MO Macau)

Pataca

MOP

Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of

MK

Macedonian Dinar

MKD

Madagascar

MG

Malagasy Franc

MGF

Malawi

MW

Malawian Kwacha

MWK

Malaysia

MY

Ringgit (Malaysian Dollar)

MYR

Maldives

MV

Rufiyaa

MVR

Mali

ML

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine and Malian Franc

XAF, MLF

Malta

MT

Euro

EUR

Marshall Islands

MH

US Dollar

USD

Martinique

MQ

Euro

EUR

Mauritania

MR

Ouguiya

MRO

Mauritius

MU

Mauritius Rupee

MUR

Mayotte

YT

Euro

EUR

Mexico

MX

Mexican New Peso (replacement for Mexican Peso)

MXN (replacement for MXP)

Micronesia, Federated States of

FM

US Dollar

USD

Moldova

MD

Moldovian Leu

MDL

Monaco

MC

Euro

EUR

Mongolia

MN

Tugrik

MNT

Montenegro

Montserrat

MS

East Caribbean Dollar

XCD

Morocco

MA

Moroccan Dirham

MAD

Mozambique

MZ

Metical

MZM

Myanmar (formerly MM (formerly BU) Burma)

Kyat

MMK (formerly BUK)

Namibia

NA

Namibia Dollar and South African Rand

NAD, ZAR

Nauru

NR

Australian Dollar

AUD

Nepal

NP

Nepalese Rupee

NPR

Netherlands

NL

Euro

EUR

Netherlands Antilles AN

Netherlands Antilles Guilder (Florin)

ANG

New Caledonia

NC

Franc des Comptoirs franais du Pacifique

XPF

New Zealand

NZ

New Zealand Dollar

NZD

Nicaragua

NI

Crdoba

NIC

Niger

NE

West African Franc and Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XOF, XAF

Nigeria

NG

Naira

NGN

Niue

NU

New Zealand Dollar

NZD

Norfolk Island

NF

Australian Dollar

AUD

Northern Mariana Islands

MP

US Dollar

USD

Norway

NO

Norwegian Krone

NOK

Oman

OM

Rial Omani

OMR

Pakistan

PK

Pakistani Rupee

PKR

Palau

PW

US Dollar

USD

Panama

PA

Balboa and US Dollar

PAB, USD

Papua New Guinea

PG

Kina

PGK

Paraguay

PY

Guarani

PYG

Peru

PE

Inti and New Sol (New Sol replaced Sol)

PEI, PEN (PEN replaced PES)

Philippines

PH

Philippines Peso

PHP

Pitcairn Island

PN

New Zealand Dollar

NZD

Poland

PL

New Zloty (replacement for Zloty)

PLN (replacement for PLZ)

Portugal

PT

Euro

EUR

Puerto Rico

PR

US Dollar

USD

Qatar

QA

Qatari Riyal

QAR

Runion

RE

Euro

EUR

Romania

RO

Romanian Leu

ROL

Russian Federation

RU

Russian Federation Rouble

RUB (formerly RUR)

Rwanda

RW

Rwanda Franc

RWF

Saint

Saint Kitts (Christopher) and Nevis

KN

East Caribbean Dollar

XCD

Saint Lucia

LC

East Caribbean Dollar

XCD

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

VC

East Caribbean Dollar

XCD

Samoa

WS

Tala

WST

San Marino

SM

Euro

EUR

So Tom and Prncipe

ST

Dobra

STD

Saudi Arabia

SA

Saudi Riyal

SAR

Senegal

SN

West African Franc and Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XOF, XAF

Serbia and Montenegro (formerly Yugoslavia)

CS

Serbian Dinar (Serbia), Euro (Montenegro), Euro (Kosovo and Metohia)

CSD, EUR

Seychelles

SC

Seychelles Rupee

SCR

Sierra Leone

SL

Leone

SLL

Singapore

SG

Singapore Dollar

SGD

Slovakia (Slovak Republic)

SK

Euro

EUR

Slovenia

SI

Euro

EUR

Solomon Islands

SB

Solomon Islands Dollar

SBD

Somalia

SO

Somali Shilling

SOS

South Africa

ZA

Rand

ZAR

South Georgia and GS the South Sandwich Islands

Pound Sterling

GBP

Spain

ES

Euro

EUR

Sri Lanka

LK

Sri Lankan Rupee

LKR

St Helena

SH

St Helena Pound

SHP

St Pierre and Miquelon

PM

Euro

EUR

Sudan

SD

Sudanese Pound (Dinar no longer used)

SDG

Suriname

SR

Surinam Guilder (also known as Florin)

SRG

Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands

SJ

Norwegian Krone

NOK

Swaziland

SZ

Lilangeni

SZL

Sweden

SE

Swedish Krona

SEK

Switzerland

CH

Swiss Franc

CHF

Syrian Arab Republic

SY

Syrian Pound

SYP

Taiwan, Province of TW China

New Taiwan Dollar

TWD

Tajikistan

TJ

Tajik Rouble (Russian Ruble [RUR] was formerly in use)

TJR

Tanzania, United Republic of

TZ

Tanzanian Shilling

TZS

Thailand

TH

Baht

THB

Togo

TG

Franc de la Communaut financire africaine

XAF

Tokelau

TK

New Zealand Dollar

NZD

Tonga

TO

Pa'anga

TOP

Trinidad and Tobago

TT

Trinidad and Tobago Dollar

TTD

Tunisia

TN

Tunisian Dinar

TND

Turkey

TR

New Turkish Lira

TRY

Turkmenistan

TM

Turkmenistani Manat

TMM

Turks and Caicos Islands

TC

US Dollar

USD

Tuvalu

TV

Australian Dollar

AUD

Uganda

UG

Ugandan Shilling

UGS

Ukraine

UA

Hryvna and Karbovanet

UAH, UAK

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

SU

USSR Rouble

SUR

United Arab Emirates

AE

UAE Dirham

AED

United Kingdom

GB

Pound Sterling

GBP (sometimes incorrectly seen as UKP)

United States of America

US

US Dollar

USD

United States Minor UM Outlying Islands

US Dollar

USD

Uruguay

UY

Uruguayan Peso

UYU

Uzbekistan

UZ

Uzbekistani Som (Russian Ruble [RUR] was formerly in use)

UZS

Vanautu

VU

Vatu

VUV

Venezuela

VE

Bolivar Fuerte

VEF

Viet Nam

VN

Dng

VND

Virgin Islands (British)

VG

US Dollar (Pound Sterling and East Caribbean Dollar also circulate)

USD (also GBP, XCD)

Virgin Islands (US) VI

US Dollar

USD

Wallis and Futuna Islands

WF

Franc des Comptoirs franais du Pacifique

XPF

West Africa

XO?

West African Franc

XOF

Western Sahara

EH

Moroccan Dirham and Mauritanian Ouguiya

MAD, MRO

Yemen (unified North and South)

YE (formerly YE for North Yemen and YD for South Yemen)

Riyal (Dinar was used in South Yemen)

YER (YDD formerly in use in South)

Zambia

ZM

Zambian Kwacha

ZMK

Zimbabwe

ZW

US Dollar (and other currencies)

USD

Terms Related to 'E' (Electronic): E-Commerce

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, or e-business consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.

Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-tobusiness or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com. Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where the buyer is directly online to the seller's computer usually via the internet. There is no intermediary service. The sale and purchase transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time such as Amazon.com for new books. If an intermediary is present, then the sale and purchase transaction is called electronic commerce such as eBay.com. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.

Electronic business
Electronic business, commonly referred to as "eBusiness" or "e-business", may be defined as the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic commerce focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with individuals, groups and other businesses [1]. In practice, e-business is more than just e-commerce. While e-business refers to more strategic focus with an emphasis on the functions that occur using electronic capabilities, e-commerce is a subset of an overall e-business strategy. E-commerce seeks to add revenue streams using the World Wide Web or the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners and to improve efficiency using the Empty Vessel strategy. Often, e-commerce involves the application of knowledge management systems.

E-Payment
E-Payment is a smart option for businesses and organizations to collect their bills or other payments on-line through Post office network. If you are a business looking for collection of your bills and other payments from customers across the country, Post Office offers you a simple and convenient solution

E-Card
An E-card is a postcard, sent by means of the Internet, usually through email.

A user sending an e-card to a person would select a pre-written card style with image and message, and would add their own personal message, and specify the recipient's email address. On sending the card, the recipient would receive an email with a link to the ecard provider's webpage, and this link would go to the ecard as a webpage, with the sender's personal message and card. Note that the actual card is not usually sent through the email, but only a link to the card hosted as a website.

E-Ticket
An e-ticket (electronic ticket) is a paperless electronic document used for ticketing passengers, particularly in the commercial airline industry. Virtually all major airlines now use this method of ticketing. When a customer books a flight by telephone or using the Web, the details of the reservation are stored in a computer. The customer can request that a hardcopy confirmation be sent by postal mail, but it is not needed at the check-in desk. A confirmation number is assigned to the passenger, along with the flight number(s), date(s), departure location(s), and destination location(s). When checking in at the airport, the passenger simply presents positive identification. Then necessary boarding passes are issued, and the passenger can check luggage and proceed through security to the gate area. The principal advantage of e-ticketing is the fact that it reduces booking expense by eliminating the need for printing and mailing paper documents. Another advantage is that it eliminates the possibility of critical documents getting lost in the mail or being sent to the wrong address.

E-Marketing
Internet marketing, also referred to as i-marketing, web-marketing, onlinemarketing or e-Marketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet. The Internet has brought media to a global audience. The interactive nature of Internet marketing in terms of providing instant responses and eliciting responses are the unique qualities of the medium. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to be broad in scope because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-mail and wireless media. Management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems are also often grouped together under internet marketing. Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including: design, development, advertising, and sales. Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along many different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, e-mail marketing, and Web 2.0

strategies. In 2008, The New York Times - working with comScore - published an initial estimate to quantify the user data collected by large Internet-based companies. Counting four types of interactions with company websites in addition to the hits from advertisements served from advertising networks, the authors found the potential for collecting data upward of 2,500 times on average per user per month.

E-Learning
E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The Information and communication systems, whether networked or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process.[1] The term will still most likely be utilized to reference out-of-classroom and in-classroom educational experiences via technology, even as advances continue in regard to devices and curriculum. E-learning is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classroom opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio. Abbreviations like CBT (Computer-Based Training), IBT (Internet-Based Training) or WBT (Web-Based Training) have been used as synonyms to e-learning. Today one can still find these terms being used, along with variations of e-learning such as elearning, Elearning, and eLearning. The terms will be utilized throughout this article to indicate their validity under the broader terminology of E-learning.

E-Government
e-Government (short for electronic government, also known as e-gov, digital government, online government, or connected government) is creating a comfortable, transparent, and cheap interaction between government and citizens (G2C government to citizens), government and business enterprises (G2B government to business enterprises) and relationship between governments (G2G inter-agency relationship). There are four domains of e-government namely, governance, information and communication technology(ICT), business process re-engineering(BPR)and e-citizen

Types Of Taxes

Taxes Paid by the Individual

There are 7 types of taxes that are paid for by an individual. 1. Income Taxes: These taxes are paid out by anyone who earns an income by any means. April 15th is the day that income tax filings are due in the United States, and anyone earning income needs. Income taxes are subject to deductions and tax credits; they are usually not paid by people under a certain income or who have special situations such as a disability. 2. Property Taxes: These are paid by anyone who owns property such as land, a home or commercial real estate. These taxes are often collected by the state and county to help fund their budgets. While income taxes are subject to deductions or credits, these taxes are often fairly rigid. Licensing fees on cars, recreational vehicles and watercraft are property taxes as well. 3. Consumptive Taxes: These are taxes on sales goods or items that are subjected to being used by either an individual or business. While everyone understands that a small amount of money is added on to the purchase of goods in the stores, many people overlook other taxes. A fishing or hunting licesnse is a tax. Toll road fees are a tax, even if they call it a user fee. So are travel fees.

Taxes Paid by Businesses

Some of the other 7 types of taxes are those paid by businesses 4. Corporate Taxes: All business structures pay taxes on the income made in that particular business. Tax consequences are important when structuring a business. For example, sole proprietorships will pay their taxes through their regular income taxes, while a S-corporation pays quite differently. An C-corporation is best held by shareholders because of tax implications. Of all of the seven types of taxes, this one is usually the one that requires the use of a professional to figure out the complicated tax requirements. 5. Payroll Taxes: These taxes are taken out by the businesses before income is distributed to the individual in exchange for the work that was done. These are commonly called "FUDA" and "FICA" and businesses need to match a certain amount of these payroll taxes. This is an additional cost of having an employee, and one reason why "independant contractors" have become so popular. These payroll taxes must be paid by the individual contractor if the regular business is not paying them. "FUDA" and "FICA" fund social security and other similar programs.

Main Types of Taxes: Other Taxes

6. Capital Gains taxes are paid on investments that have appreciated. Frequently these investments have been sold. Examples would be stocks, bonds, and real estate. Most losses can be "written off" on the federal income tax level, and like corporate taxes, these

are usually best handled by professional tax preparers. 7. Inheritance or Estate Taxes: Of the 7 types of taxes, this is the only type where a tax can happen because of a death. A certain amount of estate money that may be passed on with no tax consequence. Once that level is met, however, the taxes are usually quite steep. Life insurance is often used to offset inheritance taxes, and is one reason insurance is so critical in estate planning. While few people relish paying taxes, everyone enjoys having good schools, roads and services. In the end, taxes improve our overall quality of life.

Difference between Verification and Validation:

The ISO would say that Verification is a process of determining whether or not the products of a given phase of the software development cycle meets the implementation steps and can be traced to the incoming objectives established during the previous phase. The techniques for verification are testing, inspection and reviewing. Validation is a process of evaluating software at the end of the software development process to ensure compliance with software requirements. The techniques for validation are testing, inspection and reviewing. Validation:Determination of the correctness of the products with respect to the user needs and requirements. Verification:Determination of the correctness of the product with respect to the test conditions/requirement imposed at the start. Verification ensures that the system complies with organizations standards & processes. Validation physically ensures that the system operates according to plan. Relies on non-executable methods of analyzing various artifacts. Executes the system functions through a series of tests that can be observed & evaluated. Answers the question "Did we build the right system?" Answers the question "Did we build the system right?" E.g. Check sheets, traceability matrix, Uses functional or structural testing techniques to catch defects. Includes Requirement reviews, design reviews, code walkthroughs, code inspections, test reviews, independent static analyzers, confirmation in which 3rd party attests to the document, desk checking. Includes Unit testing, coverage analysis, black box techniques, Integrated testing, System testing & User Acceptance testing. Most effective, it has been proven that 65% defects can be discovered here. Effective, but not as effective as verification, for removing defects. It has been proven that 30% of defects can be discovered here. Can be used throughout SDLC.

Is International Trade Appropriate for Small Businesses?

The answer is definitely yes! According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, big companies make up about 4 % of U.S. Exports. Which means that 96% of exporters are small companies. Why is international trade so important to starting small businesses? In some cases the products or services you may wish to market are not available or made in your home country. For example, think about selling cashmere sweaters. You may need to become an importer in order to compete with imported products sold by your competitors. International trade is enormously beneficial for entrepreneurs and enables producers of goods and services to move beyond the U.S. market of 280 million people to the world market of 6.2 billion. While international trade accounted for 5% of U.S. economic growth in 1950, today it has become an integral part of business, accounting for more than 25% in 2002. For many small companies importing and exporting is becoming an essential cornerstone in achieving success, yet it requires knowledge of business disciplines far beyond the basic dos and donts of operating a domestic business.

Advantages and Disadvantages of International Trade

Advantages to consider:
Enhance your domestic competitiveness Increase sales and profits Gain your global market share Reduce dependence on existing markets Exploit international trade technology Extend sales potential of existing products Stabilize seasonal market fluctuations Enhance potential for expansion of your business Sell excess production capacity Maintain cost competitiveness in your domestic market

Disadvantages to keep in mind:

You may need to wait for long-term gains Hire staff to launch international trading Modify your product or packaging Develop new promotional material Incur added administrative costs Dedicate personnel for traveling Wait long for payments Apply for additional financing Deal with special licenses and regulations

Digital Cash
A system that allows a person to pay for goods or services by transmitting a number from one computer to another. Like the serial numbers on real dollar bills, the digital cash numbers are unique. Each one is issued by a bank and represents a specified sum of real money. One of the key features of digital cash is that, like real cash, it is anonymous and reusable. That is, when a digital cash amount is sent from a buyer to a vendor, there is no way to obtain information about the buyer. This is one of the key differences between digital cash and credit card systems. Another key difference is that a digital cash certificate can be reused. Digital cash transactions are expected to become commonplace by the year 2000. However, there a number of competing protocols, and it is unclear which ones will become dominant. Most digital cash systems start with a participating bank that issues cash numbers or other unique identifiers that carry a given value, such as five dollars. To obtain such a certificate, you must have an account at the bank; when you purchase digital cash certificates, the money is withdrawn from your account. You transfer the certificate to the vendor to pay for a product or service, and the vendor deposits the cash number in any participating bank or retransmits it to another vendor. For large purchases, the vendor can check the validity of a cash number by contacting the issuing bank.